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Mujeres y digitalización. De las brechas a los algoritmos
Abstract and Figures
Este estudio analiza las tres brechas digitales de género, relativas al desigual acceso a las infraestructuras y herramientas digitales; el nivel de competencias digitales y de usos de Internet, que coloca a las mujeres en una posición desfavorable respecto a las oportunidades que ofrecen para el empleo las nuevas herramientas digitales, y la tendencia a colocar a los hombres en el centro de los espacios de participación sociopolítica digital.
Además de ello también analiza:
- Las transformaciones de la digitalización en el mercado de trabajo: creación y destrucción de empleos e identificación de las competencias profesionales asociadas a dicha digitalización.
- Los sesgos de género en la participación y liderazgo vinculados a la inteligencia artificial, el Big Data y el Machine Learning.
- Los condicionantes socioculturales, institucionales y psicosociales que explican la desigual distribución de roles y responsabilidades entre hombres y mujeres, así como algunas de las intervenciones, internacionales y nacionales, llevadas a cabo tanto a nivel educativo como de políticas públicas y empresas en los ámbitos TIC/STEM.
http://www.inmujer.gob.es/diseno/novedades/M_MUJERES_Y_DIGITALIZACION_DE_LAS_BRECHAS_A_LOS_ALGORITMOS_04.pdf
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... In addition, Martín Fernández and Martínez Cantos (2009) introduced a third gender digital gap regarding the use of the most advanced ICTs. However, Sáinz, Arroyo, and Castaño (2020) refer to three gender digital gaps: the differences between men and women in the access to ICTs, the disparities in the level of competencies in ICT management, and the benefits acquired through the use of ICTs. These three aspects of the digital gender gap are contemplated in OECD (2018), where the digital financial inclusion is incorporated. ...
The aim of this study is to examine the digital gender divide in the European Union (EU) countries by applying two widely used indicators: percentage of the population who has used the Internet in the last 3 months (ICT-USE indicator) and percentage of the population who has made an online purchase in the last 3 months (ICT-PURCHASE indicator). With these indicators, the digital gender gaps are shown in absolute and relative terms. In addition, the European convergence beta and sigma, between the years 2007 and 2019, is also analyzed. The results among European countries show that the ICT-USE indicator has a lower dispersion than the ICT-PURCHASE indicator; hence, in general, the digital gender divide or gap is usually lower when ICT-USE is used in comparison with ICT-PURCHASE. The highest values of the digital gender gap in the EU, regardless of the indicator used, are found in Croatia and Italy, reflecting an unfavorable position for women. Ireland is also in this group, but in its case, the results show an unfavorable position for men. Additionally, Cyprus does not register gender differences in either of the two indicators analyzed. Finally, the convergence between European countries is corroborated, both in the indicators analyzed and in the different gender digital gaps built.
En las últimas décadas países como Portugal han realizado un esfuerzo económico importante para poder introducir las TIC en sus escuelas. El objetivo que nos proponemos con este trabajo es identificar las características socio-profesionales del profesorado del primer ciclo de enseñanza básica de la región del Algarbe (Portugal) y su relación con el tiempo de uso de las TIC en sus aulas, entre otros factores. La metodología utilizada es cuantitativa siendo el instrumento principal el cuestionario. La muestra quedó constituida por 156 docentes de la región. Entre los resultados encontramos que las docentes tienen una mayor frecuencia semanal de uso de las TIC que sus compañeros varones y que cuanta más formación se cursa más horas de implementación de las TIC en el aula se produce. Finalmente, concluimos con una serie de reflexiones sobre la formación y la integración de las TIC que pueden servir a prácticos, teóricos e instituciones.
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El sector de las industrias culturales y creativas fue uno de los más afectados por la Covid-19. Las ICC (industrias culturales y creativas) fueron las primeras en cerrar durante los meses iniciales de pandemia, y han sido las últimas en recuperarse. En 2020, el sector tuvo una caída del 50% en su oferta a consecuencia de las restricciones, los cierres y confinamientos generalizados en todo el mundo.
Disponible en: https://www.obsbusiness.school/actualidad/informes-de-investigacion/informe-obs-medio-pan-y-un-libro-industrias-culturales-y-creativas-ante-la-pandemia
Algorithmic discrimination at work
The present study examines the five principles of the life course perspective—life span development, time and place, agency, timing, and linked lives—and their interplay on the experiences of 26 emerging adults (11 males and 15 females) during their transition from college completion into the STEM labor force in Spain. Findings derived from the in-depth interviews focus on the multilevel challenges these young people face and the set of strategies they develop to overcome them. From a gender perspective, the challenges reveal the structural inequalities (many associated with existing gender stereotypes) that women encounter throughout their educational and professional trajectory. The research also identifies how these women and men display agentic features (at a micro-level) and mobilize different types of networks (at a meso-level) to overcome this adverse structural context, especially, during the economic post-crisis in Spain.
With the quickly rising popularity of social media within the past decade, researchers have started to investigate the relationship between social media use and various psychological wellbeing variables. Given social media’s similarity to traditional media, and the unique types of social comparisons that may occur on these platforms, body image has been a variable of interest. However, this literature has produced mixed findings and lacks a consensus on the valence of this relationship. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to provide a quantitative review of cross sectional research on this topic to provide clarification on the relationship between social media use and body image. An analysis of sixty-three independent samples (N = 36,552) using a mixed-model analysis revealed an overall effect size of r = .156, CI [.123, .188], indicating a small, positive, and significant relationship between social media use and body image disturbance. Type of social media use, body image dimension, country grouping, age, and ethnicity were all found to be significant moderators of this relationship. Strengths and limitations of the meta-analysis, as well as future directions for this line of research are discussed.
While rich medical, behavioral, and socio-demographic data are key to modern data-driven research, their collection and use raise legitimate privacy concerns. Anonymizing datasets through de-identification and sampling before sharing them has been the main tool used to address those concerns. We here propose a generative copula-based method that can accurately estimate the likelihood of a specific person to be correctly re-identified, even in a heavily incomplete dataset. On 210 populations, our method obtains AUC scores for predicting individual uniqueness ranging from 0.84 to 0.97, with low false-discovery rate. Using our model, we find that 99.98% of Americans would be correctly re-identified in any dataset using 15 demographic attributes. Our results suggest that even heavily sampled anonymized datasets are unlikely to satisfy the modern standards for anonymization set forth by GDPR and seriously challenge the technical and legal adequacy of the de-identification release-and-forget model.
This special brings together innovative and multidisciplinary research (sociology, economics, and social work) using data from across Europe and the US to examine the potential flexible working has on the gender division of labour and workers’ work–life balance. Despite numerous studies on the gendered outcomes of flexible working, it is limited in that the majority is based on qualitative studies based in the US. The papers of this special issue overcome some of the limitations by examining the importance of context, namely, family, organisational and country context, examining the intersection between gender and class, and finally examining the outcomes for different types of flexible working arrangements. The introduction to this special issue provides a review of the existing literature on the gendered outcomes of flexible working on work life balance and other work and family outcomes, before presenting the key findings of the articles of this special issue. The results of the studies show that gender matters in understanding the outcomes of flexible working, but also it matters differently in different contexts. The introduction further provides policy implications drawn from the conclusions of the studies and some thoughts for future studies to consider.
The present qualitative study analyzes how a group of young people already involved in STEM fields perceive the prototypical person working in STEM. Gender differences between participants in technological and non-technological STEM fields were analyzed. A total of 27 young people (59.3% women) took part in the interviews (Mean Age=25.48 years). Of them, 16 participants were working in STEM professions, and 11 were enrolled in the final courses of STEM degrees. The results of the content analysis were examined in light of social role theory and the multidimensional structure of gender stereotypes. Men in these fields were therefore attributed an unappealing and weird physical appearance. Some female participants linked STEM professionals’ intellectual abilities to the stereotype that men have higher abilities in these fields. Whereas females attributed effort and perseverance to STEM professionals’ intellectual aptitudes, males referred to the development of soft skills. Participants in technological STEM fields connected the stereotype of being a ‘weirdo’ to a boring job, whereas those in non-technological fields linked it to their unconventional character. Some participants were disappointed by a lack of correspondence between expectations and the actual job STEM professionals do. Moreover, females in technological STEM fields commented on the job’s low social impact, while males mentioned low attainment of technical qualifications. Most referents in STEM fields were masculine, some of whom were present in the mass media. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.
This article describes the use made of the Internet by immigrant children living in Spain and the opportunities and risks it involves. Specifically, it deals with children from the Maghreb, Ecuador, and Sub-Saharan Africa, three regions which account for a quarter of Spain’s foreign-born population. A qualitative methodology was used, based on in-depth interviews with 52 children from these countries and educators from their support centres. Immigrant minors usually access the Internet via their smartphones rather than via computers. They have a very high rate of smartphone use and access the Internet over public Wi-Fi networks. However, they make little use of computers and tablets, the devices most closely associated with education and accessing information. Internet usage is fairly similar among immigrant and Spanish teens, although the former receive more support and mediation from their schools and institutions than from their parents. The Internet helps them to communicate with their families in their countries of origin. As one educator puts it, “they have gone from sending photos in letters to speaking to their families every day on Skype”. Some teens, particularly Maghrebis, sometimes suffer from hate messages on social networks.
This experimental study examined the effects of engaging on social media with attractive female peers on young adult women's body image. Participants were 118 female undergraduate students randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions. Participants first completed a visual analogue scale measure of state body image and then either browsed and left a comment on the social media site of an attractive female peer (n = 56) or did the same with a family member (n = 62) and then completed a post-manipulation visual analogue scale measure of state body image. A 2 × 2 mixed analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between condition and time. Follow-up t-tests revealed that young adult women who engaged with an attractive peer on social media subsequently experienced an increase in negative body image (dependence-corrected d = 0.13), whereas those who engaged with a family member did not (dependence-corrected d = 0.02). The findings suggest that upward appearance comparisons on social media may promote increased body image concerns in young adult women.
Proyecto de investigación interdisciplinar financiado por la Fundació “La Caixa” http://waww.blogs.uoc.edu
Esta investigación en curso pretenden entender por qué hay mujeres que deciden no participar u ocultar su participación en Wikipedia, identificando causas y proporcionando recomendaciones para la comunidad de editores, contribuyendo así a eliminar el sesgo de género presente en la que es la fuente de información más importante en Internet, la Wikipedia.
Equipo de investigación:
Julio Meneses (Estudios de Psicología y Ciencias de la Educación)
Julià Minguillón (Estudios de Informática, Multimedia y Telecomunicación)
Núria Ferran-Ferrer (Estudios de Ciencias de la Información y de la Comunicación)
Eduard Aibar (Estudios de Artes y Humanidades)
Sergi Fàbregues (Estudios de Psicología y Ciencias de la Educación)