Vital Characters of Project-Cooperators Driving the Success of Cacao Plantation Establishment

Abstract

One way to realize the targeted 100 thousand metric tons of dried cocoa beans by the Philippines on year 2022 is the massive establishment of new cacao plantations. With the financial support through the grant-in-aid program of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources, Research and Development, Central Mindanao University reached-out to neighboring communities and helped the people in Bukidnon, Philippines to establish new cacao plantations using the high-yielding clones recommended by the National Seed Industry Council. A total of 39 project-cooperators were involved and were provided with farm inputs as well as seminars and trainings on cacao production through the "Science and Technology Community-Based Farm (STCBF) for a Sustainable Cacao Production in Bukidnon" project. However, it cannot be denied that characters of project-cooperators have great influence on the performance of cacao plantation. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of prior learnings (previous seminars and trainings on cacao production), regularity of farm visit, involvement in farm hands-on activities and level of technology adoption of project-cooperators on the performance of established cacao plantation. Characters of project-cooperators with regard to farm management were documented during the farm monitoring and evaluation conducted by our team. Results revealed that project-cooperators who visited their farm regularly have better cacao plantation performance than those of project-cooperators who visited their farm occasionally. Apparently, cacao plantation performed better if project-cooperators were highly receptive to transferred technology. These findings can be used as guide to agricultural extension workers in Bukidnon, Philippines in the selection of project-cooperators or project beneficiaries with regard to establishment of cacao plantations.

Full text

Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal P-ISSN: 1421-1425
Volume XX, Number 3 (2020): 245-252 E-ISSN: 2252-6757
CITATION: Valleser, V., C., Arbes, J., L., Melencion, A., B., Cosrojas, K., D., J., Dayondon, G., R. (2020). Vital Characters
of Project-Cooperators Driving the Success of Cacao Plantation Establishment in Bukidnon, Philippines,
Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal, 20(3), 245-252 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2020.020.3.8
VITAL CHARACTERS OF PROJECT-COOPERATORS
DRIVING THE SUCCESS OF CACAO PLANTATION
ESTABLISHMENT IN BUKIDNON, PHILIPPINES
Vences C. Valleser1*, Josephine L. Arbes2, Andrew B. Melencion1, Karen
Debbie J. Cosrojas3, Glenn R. Dayondon4
1Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Central Mindanao University, Philippines
2Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, College of Agriculture, Central Mindanao University,
Philippines
3Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Central Mindanao University, Philippines
4Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, Philippines
*corresponding author: vcvalleser@gmail.com
Abstract: One way to realize the targeted 100 thousand metric tons of dried cocoa beans by the Philippines
on year 2022 is the massive establishment of new cacao plantations. With the financial support through the
grant-in-aid program of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources, Research
and Development, Central Mindanao University reached-out to neighboring communities and helped the
people in Bukidnon, Philippines to establish new cacao plantations using the high-yielding clones
recommended by the National Seed Industry Council. A total of 39 project-cooperators were involved and
were provided with farm inputs as well as seminars and trainings on cacao production through the “Science
and Technology Community-Based Farm (STCBF) for a Sustainable Cacao Production in Bukidnon”
project. However, it cannot be denied that characters of project-cooperators have great influence on the
performance of cacao plantation. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of prior learnings
(previous seminars and trainings on cacao production), regularity of farm visit, involvement in farm hands-
on activities and level of technology adoption of project-cooperators on the performance of established cacao
plantation. Characters of project-cooperators with regard to farm management were documented during the
farm monitoring and evaluation conducted by our team. Results revealed that project-cooperators who
visited their farm regularly have better cacao plantation performance than those of project-cooperators who
visited their farm occasionally. Apparently, cacao plantation performed better if project-cooperators were
highly receptive to transferred technology. These findings can be used as guide to agricultural extension
workers in Bukidnon, Philippines in the selection of project-cooperators or project beneficiaries with regard
to establishment of cacao plantations.
Keywords: Cacao farmer; cocoa plantation; farm management; farm monitoring; technology adoption.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2020.020.3.8 Received 26 May 2020
Accepted 30 June 2020
Available online 29 July 2020
INTRODUCTION
The huge market demand along with persistent
favorable prices made cacao as a priority crop in the
Philippines nowadays. Global consumption of cocoa
per capita currently reaches 0.59 kg, with an
estimated annual increase by 4% (Izaati, Anindita,
& Sujarwo, 2020). In the Philippines, production
volume of cacao from 2014-2018 was increasing
linearly (Figure 1). However, this volume is still
inferior compared to the targeted 100,000 MT of
dried beans by 2022 (Department of Agriculture
[DA], 2017). In order to improve cacao productivity
in the country, establishment of new cacao

Vences C. Valleser, Josephine L. Arbes, Andrew B. Melencion, Karen Debbie J. Cosrojas, Glenn R. Dayondon
Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal Volume XX, Number 3 (2020): 245-252
246
plantations using the high-yielding clones
recommended by the National Seed Industry
Council (NSIC) is of great advantage. The active
involvement of local farmers is very much needed to
materialize this approach. But, it is also important to
consider the sociodemographic profile of farmers as
this factor affects the performance of cacao
plantation.
In our previous study, we found out that land
tenure status of project-cooperators significantly
influenced the establishment of new cacao
plantations (Valleser, Dayondon, Arbes, Melencion,
& Cosrojas, 2020) in Bukidnon, Philippines.
Though we have provided the project-cooperators
with seminars and trainings related to cacao
production, we have not considered the previous
cacao production trainings (aside from the trainings
we provided them) attended by each project-
cooperator. In Cameroon, agricultural training
strongly affects and correlates with food crop
production (Tambi, 2019). Moreover, Ahmad,
Jadoon, Ahmad and Khan (2007) reported that there
was an increase in crop yield and an upward trend in
vegetables and fruit crops production in Mansehra
district as a result of agricultural training.
Figure 1. Volume of cocoa dried bean production
in the Philippines from 2014-2018; adopted
from Valleser et al. (2020)
Aside from training or prior learnings, characters
of farmers might also affect the performance of
cacao plantation. Tarabla and Dood (1990) reported
that farmer's personal and social characteristics
affects milk yield and quality of dairy animals. Also,
it cannot be denied that farms located adjacent to
farmer’s household is easy to manage than those
distant farms. Kassali, Ayanwale and Williams
(2009) reported that farm distance from the farmers’
place of residence affects the farmers’ technical
efficiency in Oke-ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria.
Inevitably, farm distance could be one of the reasons
why some farmers are hesitant to visit their farms in
a regular basis. Relative to this, farmer’s consistency
to visit the farm could be an essential factor
influencing the farm’s performance. In effect, level
of technology adoption could also be affected.
This study evaluated the influence of project-
cooperators’ prior learnings (trainings), and
characters (regularity of farm visit, involvement in
farm hands-on activities and level of technology
adoption) on the establishment of cacao plantation
in Bukidnon, Philippines.
RESEARCH METHODS
Study Implementation
This study was conducted at the two municipalities
(Lantapan and Maramag) and two cities
(Malaybalay and Valencia) of Bukidnon province in
the Philippines on August 2016 to July 2019. This
study was part of our outputs in the PCAARRD
funded project titled “Science and Technology
Community-Based Farm (STCBF) for a Sustainable
Cacao Production in Bukidnon”.
With the help of local government unit (LGU)
representatives from the collaborating
municipality/city, 39 project-cooperators were
identified and selected. The 39 project-cooperators
involved in this project were distributed as follows:
nine from Lantapan, 10 from Maramag, 15 from
Malaybalay City, and five project-cooperators came
from Valencia City.
Establishment of Cacao Plantations
We provided various seminars and trainings to
project-cooperators from 2016-2019 which were
relevant to cacao production. Then, CMU provided
agricultural inputs (planting materials and
fertilizers) for them to establish new cacao
plantations. We also provided them technical
assistance during the establishment phase of cacao
plantation.
Monitoring and Evaluation
We monitored and evaluated the performance of
each established cacao plantation regularly. Project-
cooperators’ characters were also monitored and
documented. We rated the performance of each
cacao plantation established using 1-7 (1- poor; 3-
satisfactory; 5- very good; and 7- outstanding)
hedonal rating scale previously used by Valleser et
al. (2020). For the purpose of this study, we consider
only the performance of cacao plantation during the
completion of STCBF for a Sustainable Cacao
Production in Bukidnon project as influenced by
project-cooperators’ characters. Performance rating
of cacao plantation was mainly based on 1) growth

Vital Characters of Project-Cooperators Driving the Success of Cacao Plantation Establishment
Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal Volume XX, Number 3 (2020): 245-252
247
of cacao with reference to cacao plants at CMU’s
high-yielding varieties (HYV) of cacao clonal
garden for a particular stage of growth, 2) plant
mortality, 3) pests and diseases damaged, and 4)
degree of field sanitation (Valleser et al., 2020).
Data Gathered and Statistical Analysis
Project-cooperators’ prior learnings and characters
(regularity of farm visit, involvement in farm hands-
on activities and level of technology adoption) were
evaluated in composite manner regardless of
municipality/city. We used t-test in the statistical
analysis of data. So, each project-cooperators’ prior
learnings and characters were grouped into two.
Project-cooperators were categorized as (1)
with prior learnings and (2) without prior learnings
(Table 1). These prior learnings include all the
previous seminars/trainings related to cacao
production attended by project-cooperator before
they join the STCBF for a Sustainable Cacao
Production in Bukidnon project.
In terms of regulariy of farm visit, the two
categories of project-cooperators were: (1) regular
and (2) occasional (Table 1). Farmers who visted
their farms at least three times per week were
categorized under the ‘regular’. Whereas, farmers
who visted their farms at less than three times per
week were considered as ‘occassional’.
For the involvement in farm hands-on
activities, we grouped the project-cooperators as (1)
with involvement and (2) without involvement
(Table 1). Farm hands-on activities include all
activities from land preparation to harvesting. Those
project-cooperators belonging to without
involvement in farm hands-on activities relied
mainly on paid laborers to maintain their cacao
plantations.
In terms of level of adoption to technology
transferred, we grouped the project-cooperators as
(1) >50% and (2) ≤50% (Table 1). In this study, we
transferred two technologies such as intercropping
with annual/perennial crops and water impounding
or provision of irrigation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Project-Cooperators’ Prior Learnings on the
Performance of Cacao Plantation
Prior learnings gained through seminars, trainings
and workshops could improve the farm decision-
making of farmers. Agricultural trainings have a
positive impact on agricultural productivity (Tambi,
2019; Ahmad et al., 2007). However, in our study,
prior learnings of project-cooperators (aside from
the seminars and trainings we provided them) before
joining the project seem to have no positive effects
on the establishment of cacao plantation (Figure 2).
Performance of cacao plantations established by
project-cooperators with or without prior learnings
or trainings on cacao production were statistically
comparable. This result also confirms the positive
impact of the seminars/trainings as well as the
recommendations (based on our farm monitoring
and evaluation visits) we provided to project-
cooperators during the project implementation on
the success of cacao plantation establishment.
Regularity of Farm Visit by Project-Cooperators
on the Performance of Cacao Plantation
Cacao is a perennial tree crop. As observed in the
province, cacao farmers does not devote regular
weekly visit to their farms considering that the crop
will start to produce pods after two years from field
transplanting. During the vegetative growth of
cacao, cultural management practices such as
manual weeding, fertilizer application, and pruning
can be employed at monthly interval. Hence, there’s
no need to conduct regular weekly monitoring. But,
our study revealed that cacao plantations managed
by project-cooperators who visited their farms
regularly (at least thrice a week) performed better
than those established plantations by project-
cooperators who only visited their farms
occasionally (Figure 3).
Cacao farming therefore is intensive. Though
most of the cultural management practices can be
employed at monthly interval, devoting regular time
in the farm has an advantage. Farmers could plan for
possible measures on recurring problems especially
pests and diseases in the farm. Most of the project-
cooperators residing adjacent to their farms were the
one’s who conducted regular weekly visits.
Whereas, those project-cooperators with farms in
distant locations conducted only occasional
monitoring. According to Kassali et al. (2009), farm
distance from the farmers’ place of residence affects
the farmers’ technical efficiency in Oke-ogun area
of Oyo State, Nigeria. Thus, having a project-
cooperators residing near the farm would be an
advantage in the establishment of cacao plantation.
This will allow project-cooperators to effectively
monitor their farms leading to a successful cacao
plantation establishment.

Vences C. Valleser, Josephine L. Arbes, Andrew B. Melencion, Karen Debbie J. Cosrojas, Glenn R. Dayondon
Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal Volume XX, Number 3 (2020): 245-252
248
Table 1. Characteristics of project-cooperators
1/Project-Cooperator
2/With Prior Learning
3/Regularity of Farm
Visit
4/Involvement in Farm
Hands-on Activities
5/Level of Technology
Adoption
6/Cacao Plantation
Performance Rating
LN-1
N
R
Y
>50%
7.00
LN-2
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
LN-3
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
LN-4
N
R
Y
>50%
7.00
LN-5
N
O
Y
≤50%
3.00
LN-6
N
R
Y
>50%
5.00
LN-7
N
R
N
≤50%
1.00
LN-8
N
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
LN-9
N
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
MC-1
N
R
Y
>50%
7.00
MC-2
Y
R
Y
>50%
5.00
MC-3
N
R
N
>50%
5.00
MC-4
N
R
N
>50%
3.00
MC-5
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
MC-6
N
R
N
>50%
3.00
MC-7
Y
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
MC-8
N
R
Y
>50%
5.00
MC-9
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
MC-10
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
MC-11
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
MC-12
N
R
Y
>50%
5.00
MC-13
N
R
Y
≤50%
1.00
MC-14
Y
O
N
>50%
5.00
MC-15
N
R
Y
≤50%
1.00
VC-1
N
O
N
≤50%
1.00
VC-2
N
R
Y
>50%
5.00
VC-3
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
VC-4
N
R
Y
>50%
5.00
VC-5
N
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
MR-1
N
R
Y
>50%
5.00
MR-2
N
R
Y
>50%
7.00
MR-3
N
O
Y
>50%
3.00
MR-4
N
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
MR-5
N
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
MR-6
N
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
MR-7
N
O
Y
≤50%
1.00
MR-8
Y
R
Y
>50%
3.00
MR-9
N
R
Y
>50%
3.00
MR-10
N
O
N
≤50%
1.00
Legends:
1/ LN- Lantapan; MC- Malaybalay City; VC- Valencia
City; MR- Maramag
2/ & 4/ Y- Yes; N- No
3/ R- regular; O- occasional
5/ >50%- more than 50% technology adoption; ≤50%- 50%
and below technology adoption
6/ 1- poor; 3- satisfactory; 5- very good; 7- outstanding
df= 37; tvalue= 0.09; not significant
Figure 2. Performance of cacao plantation
established by farmers with prior
learnings and without prior learnings
df= 37; tvalue= 4.25; highly significant
Figure 3. Performance of established cacao
plantation as influenced by the
regularity of farm visit by farmers
Project-Cooperators Involvement in Farm
Hands-on Activities on the Performance of Cacao
Plantation
Farm owners can effectively manage their farm if
they will be involved in farm hands-on activities
from land preparation to postharvest. In this study,
there are project-cooperators who are employed and
involved in business. In order to effectively manage
the establishment of cacao plantation, they hired
workers to perform the activities in the farm. But
those project-cooperators who relied their income
from the farm were the ones who do the cultural
management practices. However, t-test revealed that
involvement of project-cooperators in farm hands-
on activities had no significant impact on the
performance of established cacao plantation (Figure
4). Result implies the importance of having a skilled
farm worker to do the various cultural management
practices in cacao plantation.
The massive establishment of new plantations is
one of the potential ways to help revive the
Philippine cacao industry. However, it cannot be
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Yes No
Cacao plantation performance
rating
With prior learnings
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Regular Occasional
Cacao plantation
performance rating
Regularity of farm visit

Vital Characters of Project-Cooperators Driving the Success of Cacao Plantation Establishment
Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal Volume XX, Number 3 (2020): 245-252
249
denied that not all Filipinos venturing on cacao
production are involved in farm hands-on activities.
They are dependent on paid laborers to do the
cultural management practices in the farm. Thus, the
absence of labor force in cacao production would
have negative impact on the performance of cacao
plantations and a potential threat in bean yield
reduction. In relation, Dar (2019) mentioned that the
lack of labor is one of the problems in Philippine
agriculture. It is therefore necessary to consider the
labor force in the country to effectively manage the
newly established cacao plantations. Otherwise,
project-cooperators should be the ones to perform
the cultural management practices in their respective
farms.
Level of Technology Adoption by Project-
Cooperators on the Performance of Cacao
Plantation
The presence of irrigation and shade crops are
essential on the early vegetative growth of cacao in
the field. Hence, these were the basic technologies
aside from the use of high-yielding and early bearing
cacao clones that we recommended to project-
cooperators involved in this study. Yet some project-
cooperators wavered certainly because of being
laborious and some cacao growers in the province
were not employing these basic technologies in their
farms. Nonetheless, level of technology adoption
had a significant influence on the performance of
established cacao plantation (Figure 5). Cacao
plantation performed better when project-
cooperators embraced the technologies transferred
to them (Figures 7-9) compared to the farm of
project-cooperator who did not adopt (Figure 10).
Farmer’s level of technology adoption affects the
performance as well as productivity of the farm
(González, Ibarraran, Maffioli, & Rozo, 2009;
Khatur & Haider, 2016; Tesfaye, Bedada, & Mesay,
2016). Khatur and Haider (2016) reported that a one
percent increase in technology adoption leads to
increase in rice productivity by 0.22 percent in
Bangladesh. Moreover, Tesyafe et al. (2016)
reported that adoption of improved wheat variety
increased wheat productivity of adopters by about 1
to 1.1 t ha-1 than the nonadopters in Ethiopia.
Though we did not include the effects of
presence of irrigation and shade crops on the
establishment phase of cacao plantation, this study
emphasized the importance of employing such
technologies for the establishment of cacao
plantation in Bukidnon, Philippines.
df= 37; tvalue= 0.78; not significant
Figure 4. Performance of cacao plantation established
by project-cooperators with involvement and
without involvement on farm activities
df= 37; tvalue= 7.73; highly significant
Figure 5. Performance of cacao plantation as
influenced by the level of technology
adoption of project-cooperators
Figure 6. >50% level of technology adoption by
project-cooperator; pod-bearing two year-
old cacao trees in response to corn as
shade and small water impoundment as
source of water during dry periods at the
farm of project-cooperator from Lantapan,
Bukidnon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Yes No
Cacao plantation
performance rating
Involvement of project-cooperators in
farm works
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
≥50% <50%
Cacao plantation performance
rating
Level of technology adoption

Vences C. Valleser, Josephine L. Arbes, Andrew B. Melencion, Karen Debbie J. Cosrojas, Glenn R. Dayondon
Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal Volume XX, Number 3 (2020): 245-252
250
Figure 7. >50% level of technology adoption by
project-cooperator; vigorous 16 month-
old cacao trees in response to banana as
shade with the integration of annual
vegetables and with source of irrigation at
the farm of project-cooperator in
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
Figure 8. >50% level of technology adoption by
project-cooperator; vigorous 17 month-
old cacao trees in response to banana as
shade with the integration of annual
vegetables and with source of irrigation at
the farm of project-cooperator in
Lantapan, Bukidnon
Figure 9. >50% level of technology adoption by
project-cooperator; Vigorous 17 month-
old cacao trees in response to rubber as
shade and with source of irrigation at the
farm of project-cooperator in Maramag,
Bukidnon
Figure 10. ≤50% level of technology adoption by
project-cooperator; high plant mortality
and inferior growth of one year-old cacao
trees can be observed at the farm of
project-cooperator from Lantapan,
Bukidnon
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Regularity of farm visit as well as the level of
technology adoption are vital characters of project-
cooperators for a successful cacao plantation
establishment in Bukidnon, Philippines. Project-
cooperators should visit their farm regularly and be
receptive to technologies transferred or as
recommended by project implementers or the
agricultural extension workers. The Philippine
government through the local government units
therefore needs to consider these traits of farmers as
one of the bases in the selection process of project-
cooperators with regard to cacao plantation
establishment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Aquatic Resources Research and
Development (PCAARRD) for funding the “Science
and Technology Community-Based Farm (STCBF)
for a Sustainable Cacao Production in Bukidnon”
project. Sincere gratitude is also extended to Central
Mindanao University for the administrative support.
Local government units of Lantapan, Maramag,
Malaybalay City and Valencia City are likewise
acknowledged for the significant contributions
during the study implementation.
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