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Social History Conference Paper: Conversion Therapy in Post-war India

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Abstract

Historically, ‘deviant’ sexuality, namely homosexuality or any non-heteronormative sexuality has been scrutinised and punished by those in authority. During British colonialism, ideas about sexual propriety were spread by those seeking to exert control over the bodies of the colonised. These categorisations of normative and non-normative sexualities, as well as the legislation that codified them, continued after independence. One of the more complex instances of this is India. Although homosexuality was decriminalized in, it divided opinion along political, medical and gendered lines. The debates range from whether the existence of homosexuality in India is actually ‘Indian’, or whether it is an Islamic/Colonial imposition which corrupted the prior sexual purity of India. These debates underpin the discourses surrounding homosexuality; particularly legal, medical and religious discourse. Despite a state of moral ambivalence to same-sex relations, the construction of homosexuality as a mental health issue is still prevalent in India. Although the majority of global health organisations have rejected the idea of homosexuality as sexual deviance, the Indian Psychiatric Association, and India itself, have been slow to take a stance on this particular issue. Homosexuality as a diagnosis gives unique insight, not only in to the attitudes of the Indian elite which were informed by so-called British ‘morality’, but also into the wider dialogue of medicalization and psychiatry between India and the rest of the world. Indian psychiatry did not merely follow in the footsteps of its colonial predecessors in constructing homosexuality in this way, so how did the medicalization of homosexuality occur?
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""%"'#

 """'%"
" 
('%455
"%!
1
" !#
Precolonial Indian Same-Sex Interaction
" "!!
%! !"#6"!!
7-!89:)%7"!
" "%!#
!! "
(#6!;!<
"7"
% !
#"!!
0$%%!#
!
" 
-%"%
!#0"""!%%
"1
!%%%!!
!%%%
sati ="">"%#8%
"%!" !""
#
!!"
!" !!
"!
"" !!#
Colonial Law – Section 377
"*" !"
455#!
?@A? !B%!C
#!%%"
#!%
"%%" !#455
""!%
'#
'!%""%
 !"!%"#'-
'!"
"%2B"C
%"#%
hijras %%%
 !"#!"
%
" !%#
!&!
'DE?@#&!%
#%(!'
!"!%!
%#!%" 
%"!" !
"%
1!'1#
Postcolonial Homophobia
 "%!!
"!#"
"  !
 !1
%!#6!
"!!%
!!!"
!% !%!#
1"
" !!""%
  !#
 "% !
!< !%
 '%#
" !
"%"%"
(#
 !"%
"" "#0
.!"/0
" !%" 
"%""#$!%"
!%""%!1'"
*#!"
"%!"#
"","
"!"#0!
1/
Aversion Therapy to Conversion Therapy
" !""
!!%!#
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 '!"!%.!/
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