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A STUDY ON SOME STORED PRODUCTS INFECTED BY CALOGLYPHUS BERLESEI
... The two acarid mites, A. siro and T. putrescentiae decreased germination form 20 to 70% for cereals and from 4 to 100% for vegetables [5]. The effect of C. berlesei on some stored products (soybean, wheat, maize and fishmeal) on some chemicals change was studied by Gamal Eldin et al. [6]. This mite decreased protein content, but fiber were increased. ...
This study deals with biology and life table parameters of the predatory mite, Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans were evaluated on three astigmatid mites as prey (i.e. Acarus siro (Linnaeus), Caloglyphus berlesei (Michael) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)) under laboratory conditions. Three constant temperatures (22, 27 and 32 ± 2°C) and constant relative humidity 80 ± 5% were used. Statistical analysis indicated significant difference between prey types and the three different temperatures. The shortest life cycle was recorded on A. siro (11.60 and 8.0 days) at 32°C, while the longest was on C. berlesei (29.5 and 21.2) at 22°C for females and males, respectively. Longest female longevity was on A. siro (43.6 days) at 22°C and shortest was 20.65 days on T. putrescentiae at 32°C. Highest fecundity was found on A. siro (196.50 eggs/female) at 27°C and lowest one was 69.10 eggs/female on C. berlesei at 22°C. The highest net reproduction rate of increase (R0) was 113.2 ♀/♀/generation at 27°C on A. siro. Obtained results suggested that C. malaccensis could develop and reproduce within a wide range of temperatures and prey types. It can also be used as a biological control agent to reduce the amount of acarid mite pests that infest stored commodities. ARTICLE HISTORY
In an era of eco-friendly development, the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts has become a focus of researcher attention. The present work introduces method of a green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (G ZnO NPs) using orange peel extract and their size and morphology were examined using high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Additionally, its impact in comparison with chemically synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles (C ZnO NPs) was examined on females, nymphs and larvae of stored grain mites Caloglyphus mycophagous (Megnin) and Mycetoglyphus fungivorus Oudemans. Stored mites are responsible for notable losses of cereals including wheat, rice, soybeans and maize which are among the essential agricultural goods that contribute to the bulk of a global food security basis. Three different concentrations of both types of ZnO NPs (10, 30 and 60 ppm) were utilized. The mortality rate (%) was recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour (h) post-exposure to each tested concentration. The results of high-resolution transmission electron microscope showed that the size of C and G ZnO NPs were 35 and 3 nm, respectively. Both types of ZnO NPs showed toxicity against tested stages and the mortality rates were increased by concentration and exposure time increase. Chemical ZnO NPs was more effective than G ZnO NPs to all stages of mites post -initial exposures, and then all had the same effect by passing time. Females and nymphs of both tested mites recorded 100% mortality after 72h post-exposure to 60 ppm of both ZnO NPs, while larvae of M. fungivorus recorded this mortality percentage after 24h post-exposure to all tested concentrations of each ZnO NPs except with G ZnO NPs at 10ppm, the mortality was (90%). The same result (100%) was observed in C. mycophagous larvae after 48h post-exposure. The deposited eggs by treated females of each mite were highly significantly decreased and did not hatch at all. Strong adherences of tested ZnO NPS were visualized clearly attached to different parts of dead females by images of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result of this work suggests that G ZnO NPs are effective candidate agents against storage mites.
The stored grain mites which are one of the important pests of stored grains can modify the chemical composition of the stored wheat. The change in quality of wheat grains in terms of physical characteristics (thousand kernel weight, moisture, wet and dry gluten), chemical characteristics (crude protein, crude fat, fiber, ash and starch) and flour quality tests (falling number and dough rheological characteristics) of wheat variety Lasani-08 when infested by varying levels of mite infestation for six months were observed under laboratory conditions. Maximum moisture contents (18.13%) were observed in grains having highest number of mites (7513), while minimum moisture contents (16.40%) were found in the grains without mites. Thousand kernel weight, wet gluten, dry gluten, crude protein, fat and starch contents were found minimum in the treatments having maximum number of mite population that was 26.07g, 23.33%, 7.13%, 10.07%, 0.72% and 64.14% respectively as compared to control which was 38.50g, 30.47%, 9.20%, 13.85%, 1.28% and 66.17% after six months of storage. The fiber contents increased significantly in highly infested grains (3.47%) as compared in control (1.07%). The ash contents increased in the infested grains, which was from 1.23% in control to 3.47% in the treatment initially treated with 20 pairs of mites. Falling number, water absorption, dough development time, dough stability, mixing tolerance index and softening of dough was also decreased to 428.33 sec, 56.03%, 3.27 min, 4.30 min, 49.67 BU and 76.67 BU, respectively in the highly infested grains as compared to control which was 651.67 sec, 60.73%, 5.13 min, 6.03 min, 67.67 BU and 141.67 BU, respectively. The results will help to determine the nutritional changes in mite infested wheat during storage.
Storage mites are considered to be detrimental to grain fitness and commonly cause a change in the chemical composition of the stored wheat. The present study showed the changes in nutritional value of the wheat grains of variety Lasani-08 when subjected to infestation with varying population levels of the acarid mite, Rhizoglyphus tritici (Acari: Acaridae) for one month and three months. Maximum moisture contents were 17.06 and 17.73% in infested grains as compared to 16.10 and 16.36% for control after one and three months of storage, respectively. The protein contents were lowest (12.66%) after three months of storage with highest level of mite infestation. Also, there was a significant effect of mite population on fat contents. Maximum decrease in fat contents was recorded after three months, which was from 1.28 and 0.93% for control and infested wheat with 20 pairs of mites, respectively. The fiber contents increased significantly in infested grains compared to control which was 1.03% to 1.72% and from 1.07 to 1.99 after one and three months interval, respectively. The ash contents increased in treated grains (2.03%) compared to control (1.23%) after three months of storage. Starch contents decreased after three months of storage with mite infestation. Although the ash and fiber increased with storage and mite infestation, the increase due to depletion of protein, fat and carbohydrate. It can be concluded that mites are responsible for nutrient depletion of wheat during storage.
Storage fungi and mites frequently cause injury of crops and contamination of crop agro-product (= “sensitive food ingredients”) by allergens and toxins. This may have serious practical consequences since currently the food safety is one of the most important priorities of EU-agricultural policy. However, the risk of occurrence of biotic-hazard in various agricultural product and food ingredients is not equal since they differ in their sensitivity to infestation/contamination by various fungi- and mite-hazards. Therefore, the goal of our study was to identify and review the fungi-hazards connected with occurrence of 5 key-species of mite-hazards, in 4 kinds of “sensitive food ingredients” that include poppy, mustards, lettuce and wheat grain. Different numbers of fungal-hazards (wheat: 44, poppy: 37, mustard: 13, lettuce: 31) were isolated from the tested 4 kinds of crop agro-product.. This indicates that their sensitivity to mite-associated fungal infestation/contamination increases in the following order: mustard, lettuce, poppy, and wheat. Mite-hazards differ in their vector-capacity of various fungi-hazards. Generally, predatory mites (i.e. Cheyletus spp.) represent lower risk than fungivorous and herbivorous species of mites (i.e. Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides) in terms of vectoring fungi-hazards. Many of the mites and fungi hazards rarely occurred independently. We therefore propose that (i) such pest-hazard-systems (i.e. fungi-mite-hazard-systems) should be called “associated-hazards”, (ii) the new and specific approaches to risk assessment of “associated hazards” should be developed and implemented into practice
Cereals are used as staple food almost all over the world. Wheat is the mostly used for human consumption in many areas of the world. Common wheat or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most widely cultivated in the world. Large quantity of wheat is milled into atta (a high-extraction flour), which is used for the production of flat breads, especially chapattis and naans. Wheat is highly nutritious crop which is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and minrals. Minerals play a vital role in the maintenance of human health. Cereals and legumes are rich in minerals but the bioavailability of these minerals is usually low due to the presence of antinutritional factors such as phytate, trypsin inhibitor and polyphenoles. Phytic acid is most important anti-nutrient because it is found in most of the cereals and have strong ability to complex multi-charged metal ions, especially Zn, Ca and Fe and make them unavailable for human body utilization. The simple traditional household technologies such as roasting, germination and fermentation, cooking and soaking have been used to process the cereal in order to improve the nutritional quality. The article described the antinutritional factors present in cereals and measures to minimize their effects.
Wheat and other stored products are vulnerable to attack of Khapra beetle, which deteriorates quality of the infested commodities, depletes nutrition value and makes them unfit for human consumption. The present investigations revealed radical changes in nutritional composition of the grains of different wheat varieties when subjected to artificial infestation with 10 pairs of Trogoderma granarium larvae for six months. Maximum changes in protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber and ash contents were observed in wheat variety BWP-97, whereas minimum changes were recorded in case of Wafaq-2001. Although protein, fat, fiber and ash contents increased with the increase in infestation level, yet the increase was just a percent increase due to depletion of carbohydrate and loss in total weight. Factually these variables decreased with the increase in infestation level.
The thermal preferences in a grain mass and respiration at various temperatures in mites (Acari: Acarididae) of medical and economical importance [Acarus siro (L. 1758), Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes 1961, Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank 1871), and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank 1781)] were studied under laboratory conditions. Based on the distribution of mites in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., grain along a thermal gradient from 10 to 40 degrees C, L. destructor, D. farinae, and A. siro were classified as eurythermic and T. putrescentiae as stenothermic. The lowest preferred temperature was found for D. farinae (28 degrees C), followed by A. siro (28.5 degrees C), L. destructor (29.5 degrees C), and T. putrescentiae (31.5 degrees C). The relationship between the respiration rate and the temperature was similar for all four mite species. The highest respiration was found in the range from 31 to 33 degrees C. This is approximately 2 degrees C higher than the preferred temperature of these species. The lower temperature threshold of respiration ranged from 1 to 5 degrees C and the upper threshold ranged from 45 to 48 degrees C. Acclimatization of A. siro to temperature regimes of 5, 15, and 35 degrees C resulted in thermal preferences between 9 and 12 degrees C, 9 and 20 degrees C, and 28 and 35 degrees C, respectively. The respiration rate of acclimatized specimens increased with the temperature, reaching a maximum at 29.0 degrees C for mites acclimatized at 5 and 15 degrees C and a maximum at 33.7 degrees C for those acclimatized at 30 degrees C.
A significant decrease in essential amino acids of wheat, maize and sorghum was observed due to grain infestation caused by mixed populations of Trogoderma granarium Everts and Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius (50:50). Non-essential amino acids were also adversely affected. Among the essential amino acids, maximum reduction was found in methionine, isoleucine and lysine in infested wheat, maize and sorghum grains, respectively. Lysine, with lowest chemical score in uninfested and infested grains of three cereals, is the first limiting amino acid. Insect infestation caused significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the chemical score of all the essential amino acids, yet did not change the position of first and second limiting amino acids in wheat and sorghum. However, in case of maize, isoleucine became the second limiting amino acid. Infested grains also showed substantial reduction in essential amino acid index, calculated biological value and requirement index.
Twenty bisected grains of wheat infested with five pairs of the three commonest British grain-storage mites,Acarus siro L., Glycyphagus destructor (Shrank) andTyrophagus longior (Gervais), were examined every week for 20 weeks. Mite populations, the resulting damage to germ and endosperm, and visible fungal growth were observed at 20°C and relative humidities (r.h.) of 90% and 75%.
At 90% r.h.,A. siro populations reached nearly 14000 per test-tube before slowly dropping to 5000. The mites ate the germ before the endosperm, leaving an impenetrable layer of crushed endosperm cells between these regions. TheG. destructor population reached only 800 before declining to 300; these mites ate over 75% of the germ and small amounts of endosperm.Tyrophagus longior populations rose to 2200 mites before crashing at week 12 to the initial population level; these mites ate over 75% of the germ and small amounts of endosperm.
At 75% r.h., bothA. siro andT. longior populations were lower than at the higher r.h., peaking at 3000 and 1000 respectively and decreasing to 500 and 600 mites respectively.Glycyphagus destructor did markedly better than at 90% r.h., reaching 1500 before falling to 400. The damage at this humidity was slower to occur but was similar to that at 90% r.h. at the end of 20 weeks.
At both humidities visible fungus was always less abundant on infested grain that uninfested grain.
Varying concentrations of powdered leaves of Eucalyptus and Mentha and rhizomes of Curcuma were evaluated in controlling Tyrophagus putrescentiae in wheat flour. At higher concentrations, all these plant materials significantly decreased the population build-up of the mite. Eucalyptus and Mentha leaf powders were effective at concentrations ranging from 100 to 5% in bringing about a decrease in the fecundity of the mite and reducing the egg numbers to 51.66 and 25.49 per female, respectively, as compared to 98.16 eggs per female in the controls. Rhizomes of Curcuma were effective even at a concentration of 0.1% reducing the egg laying to 7.66 eggs per female in wheat flour. These materials were more deleterious to immature stages (ova and larvae) than to the mature stages of T. putrescentiae. When tested on whole grains of wheat these plant materials showed more pronounced effects in controlling the mite population compared to that in wheat flour. Curcuma rhizomes were the most promising for possible use against T. putrescentiae.
Arabinoxylans (AX) are the major polymers of wheat grain cell walls. The content and the structure of AX polymers show large differences between tissues and between wheat cultivars that affect the end-use properties and nutritional quality of the grain. The development of new wheat cultivars with enhanced quality, therefore, requires methods to exploit this variation and it is essential to understand and modulate the mechanisms controlling the key events of cell-wall polymer synthesis.This paper summarises recent knowledge on the structure and physicochemical properties of AX including variation between cultivars and tissues, methods for analysis and screening, biosynthetic mechanisms and approaches to identifying key genes. This knowledge is essential to understand AX properties and defined possible targets for plant breeding.
Seven transgenic lines of a commercial wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar expressing transgenic subunits 1Ax1, 1Dx5 and 1Dy10, alone or in combination have been developed. Pasting properties were determined in these transgenic lines using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) in order to determine the possible impact of HMW-GS transgene expression on the starch properties. Expression of the HMW-GS transgenes increased the proportions of the corresponding 1Ax, 1Dx and 1Dy subunits affecting significantly the ratios of HMW-GS:LMW-GS and x-type:y-type HMW-GS. Starch granule size distribution varied significantly among all transgenic lines, with the Anza control and transgenic line T616 (expressing subunits 1Ax1 and 1Dy10) showing the highest and the lowest percentage of B granules, respectively. All transgenic lines increased the water-binding capacities (WBC) at 25 °C and 90 °C. Line T606 (expressing subunits 1Ax1 and 1Dx5) and line T590 (expressing subunit 1Dy10) showed the lowest and the highest values for peak viscosity, respectively. Notably, lines expressing only transgenic x-type subunits (T580, T581 and T606), with high ratios of x-type:y-type HMW-GS, had low peak viscosities, final viscosities and breakdown viscosities. Line T590 had the highest breakdown viscosity while lines T606 and T581 had the lowest.
Freeze dried powders of herring and blue whiting filets were heated for 0.5–4 h at 40 to 140 °C. The volatile components over the powders were analysed by solid phase micro extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.Principal component analysis was performed on the chromatographic areas. The patterns over the heated samples showed evolution with temperature exposure along one gradient, indicating that heating at high temperature over a short time interval can produce a similar pattern as heating at a lower temperature for a longer time interval.The response to heating was similar for both herring and blue whiting powders, and a common model based on partial least squares regression was developed for prediction of the temperature exposure. Chemical markers for evaluation of the temperature exposure in a heated fish powder were found. The best markers were pyridines, pyrazines, aromatic hydrocarbons, amides and selected volatile sulfur compounds.
The role of pyroglyphid mites in house dust allergy is well established and the major allergens from the common house dust mites (Dermatophagoides species) have been characterized. There is, however, relatively little progress in the understanding of the human IgE response to non-pyroglyphid storage mites, allergenic crossreactivity with other mite species and extent of environmental exposure. We studied 196 individuals from an urban environment who were not occupationally exposed to storage mites and found a 24% prevalence of specific IgE antibody to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and a 14% prevalence of RAST positivity to at least one of three storage mites, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus longior. All individuals with a positive RAST to storage mites had specific IgE to D. pteronyssinus. RAST inhibition studies with the eight sera with greater than 2% RAST binding to both families of mites showed considerable crossreactivity between D. pteronyssinus and the storage mites A. siro and T. longior and limited crossreactivity between D. pteronyssinus and L. destructor. This suggests that at least some of the response to storage mites observed by direct RAST is a consequence of crossreactivity with the more abundant D. pteronyssinus.
Allergic airway diseases are often caused by house dust mites (HDM) and storage mites (SM), respectively, and we were recently able to demonstrate that symptomatic German farmers are frequently sensitized to different mite species. The present study aimed to obtain information on the protein and immunobiochemical characteristics of the extracts of the following mites: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Acarus siro, Acarus farris, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Blomia tjibodas, Blomia topicalis, Blomia kulagini, Glycyphagus domesticus, Thyreophagus entomophagus, and Cheyletus eruditus. Specific IgE determinations were performed with EAST. The protein patterns of the mite extracts were studied by SDS-PAGE estimating the weighted-average molecular weights of the proteins. Using the Western blot technique, we determined the allergen pattern in several mite extracts. The allergens in each extract were classified in terms of the frequency of sensitization as major, intermediate, and minor allergens using allergograms. As already reported, a positive EAST to at least one mite was measured in 31/86 patients, and most sera were positive with several mite species. The majority of the mite extracts exhibited a very complex protein pattern according to SDS-PAGE. An allergen was found in Western blots of nearly all species equivalent to a molecular weight of 14 to 15 kD. This was, in our opinion, the first time that this particular allergen was detected in Blomia tjibodas and Glycyphagus domesticus. In conclusion, using EAST we were able to show that 36% of the German farmers tested were sensitized to SM. All mite extracts showed a complex protein pattern in the molecular weight range -95 kD to -10 kD. A common allergen band in the region of -14 to -15 kD was found in the majority of the mites studied, and it can be assumed that this corresponds with the group 2 allergen.
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