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Instagram photo sharing and its relationships with social rewards and well‐being
Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies
Abstract
Photo sharing is one of the most popular online activities and prior research has revealed conflicting findings regarding its relationships with well‐being. While a number of studies have found sharing photos improves well‐being, other studies have found that photo sharing actually worsens well‐being. This research examined the relationship between well‐being and social rewards generated from sharing different types of photos on the most used online photo sharing platform, Instagram. Our research focused on the active sharing of photos on Instagram rather than the passive consumption of photos, so the relationship with well‐being could be better understood. Our research also differentiated between sharing photos of oneself and other photos and investigated the difference between positive and negative social rewards to understand their relationships with well‐being. These aspects have not been previously explored. Results from an online survey of 373 participants found that online social rewards of likes and positive comments was correlated with well‐being. Well‐being was significantly correlated with sharing photos of oneself as compared with other types of photos. Social rewards satisfaction was significantly correlated with well‐being and was found to be a predictor of well‐being, which suggests satisfaction of online interactions is associated with well‐being. One obvious implication for social media design and policy would be to provide additional facilities for allowing ease of sharing photos that maximize social rewards and satisfaction levels. Social media providers could enable users to monitor their well‐being levels to maximize their satisfaction with social rewards so as to improve their well‐being levels.
... For example, likes are perceived as social support by social media users [34], and receiving a higher number of likes on a social media post has been linked to higher self-esteem [35,36]. Specific to Instagram users, when people receive more positive social rewards (i.e., number of likes and positive comments) on the app, they report greater subjective well-being [37]. Given humans' innate need for social interactions [5], such inbound communications are an important aspect of online social interaction which may account for differential associations with subjective well-being. ...
... Additionally, literature considering the active/passive dichotomy often contains poor conceptualizations and inconsistent measurement [32], as well as a disproportionate focus on Facebook use [33]. Moreover, the active/passive dichotomy, as currently investigated, fails to account for two specific aspects of social media use: receiving communications and monitoring of personal content, both of which have been related to individuals' well-being [37,41]. To address these issues, the aim of the present study was to assess subjective well-being in emerging adults and associate it with objective observational data of their Instagram use. ...
... Selfie images are characterized as photos taken of oneself and uploaded to a social media platform [43]. Posting of selfies on Instagram specifically has increased across time [44], with 85% of all shared images on the platform consisting of selfies [37]. Selfie posts have also been found to generate 1.1 to 3.2 times more follower reactions (likes and comments) than non-selfie posts [44]. ...
Over 70% of Americans use social media platforms, like Instagram. With this high prevalence, researchers have investigated the relationship between social media use and psychological well-being. Extant research has yielded mixed results, however, as most measures of social media use are self-reported and focus on amount of use. Even when studies account for type of social media use, such as active or passive use, there remains much to be captured. To address this, we asked participants to report their satisfaction with life and then recorded their actual Instagram activity for 10 minutes after posting a “selfie” portrait to their account. We coded the observed Instagram activity into the following four clusters of experiences: communications received, communications sent, monitoring self-related content, and exploring other-related content. We found that greater life satisfaction was associated with higher frequency of receiving communications and viewing other-related content. Life satisfaction was not associated with frequency of sending communications and self-monitoring. Surprisingly, none of the clusters of Instagram experiences were negatively associated with life satisfaction. Our findings highlight the importance of objective data and moving beyond the active/passive dichotomy of social media use to consider additional experiences.
... Instagram lets users share pictures and numbers, like how many accounts they follow how many posts they've made, and how many likes and comments each post gets. Some studies show that posting photos can make people feel better, while others say it can have a negative effect (Maclean, Al-Saggaf, & Hogg, 2020). The need to get lots of likes and comments can push some people to develop harmful habits such as eating disorders mental health issues, and body image problems (Rahaman et al., 2022). ...
This study investigates the development and validation of the Social Media Interaction Scale (SMIS) using a cross-sectional correlation research design. Participants were selected using probability random sampling methods with sample size calculated on the basis of Yamane Formula. Social media usage was defined as various internet tools emphasizing social communication and creative expression. Informed consent was taken and confidentiality was maintained. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 respectively. Phase I focused on interviews with the experts and developed item pool. Phase II carried out content validity. Phase III comprised a try-out. In Phase IV, the sample sufficiency was assessed using KMO and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity on a probability sample of 306 students (19 to 25 years). Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation and Kaiser Normalization identified three distinct components: Cognitive Engagement (CE), Behavioral Engagement (BE), and Affective Engagement (AE). Another probability sample of 257 students yielded the values of CMIN/DF ratio were 3.2. The goodness of fit index (GFI), as well as the comparative fit index (CFI), were estimated to be equal to .912 and .914 respectively. Phase V analyzed the concurrent validity and Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients were 0.22 (p <0.01) and 0.86 respectively on a sample of 257 students. Conclusively, SMIS is a valid and reliable instrument developed to measure the phenomenon of social media engagement among youth. The SMIS is useful for screening youth with overindulgence tendencies in social media and to provide guidance and counselling in this aspect.
... According to research on affective habituation, repeated exposures to pleasurable stimuli reduce people's sensitivity to them 128,129 . Digital media provides a regular stream of rewarding stimulation, including connection, social rewards, entertainment, and information 73,74,130,131 . It is thus possible that digital media heightens one's desired level of attentional engagement, making activities that are less stimulating experienced as more boring. ...
In an era where entertainment is effortlessly at our fingertips, one would assume that people are less bored than ever. Yet, reports of boredom are higher now than compared to the past. This rising trend is concerning because chronic boredom can undermine well-being, learning, and behaviour. Understanding why this is happening is crucial to prevent further negative impacts. In this Perspective, we explore one possible reason—digital media use makes people more bored. We propose that digital media increases boredom through dividing attention, elevating desired level of engagement, reducing sense of meaning, heightening opportunity costs, and serving as an ineffective boredom coping strategy.
... Several studies (Lo and McKercher, 2015;Arefieva et al., 2021;Egger and Yu, 2021;Oltra et al., 2021) show that Instagram, as a photo-sharing platform (Maclean et al., 2020), plays an important role as a source of inspiration and, therefore, also for travel decisions. Iglesias-S anchez et al. (2020) emphasize that photos can convey emotions, which is why Instagram has become an important marketing tool for destinations. ...
Purpose
This study aims to understand how traveling Instagrammers should be characterized by bridging socio-psychological concepts with Instagram usage and travel typologies.
Design/methodology/approach
Using analysis of variance, differences between non-Instagrammers and passive and active users were identified with regard to their personality traits and human values; traveling Instagrammers and their travel types were characterized in more detail using k-means clustering, and, finally, posting behavior was examined using multiple regression.
Findings
The results demonstrate significant differences between the user groups in terms of their personality traits, their human values and their travel behavior. The multiple regressions provide deeper insights into tourists’ Instagram posting.
Research limitations/implications
This study was conducted on 1,100 German travelers, meaning that the results are only valid for this cultural context. All data were collected using an online panel and participants received incentives, and thus extrinsic rewards, instead of using merely intrinsic motivation to take part in the survey.
Originality/value
This study contributes to a better understanding of Instagram usage behavior when traveling and adds valuable insights to this field of research. At the same time, the results are relevant for tourism businesses wishing to optimize their communication and marketing strategies.
... (Sheldon and Bryant, 2016) identified a new motivation for Instagram use, 'documentation,' i.e., using Instagram as a virtual photo album to store images and memories. However, compared to their popularity and reach, digital photo sharing applications generally, and Instagram, in particular, have not gained the attention warranted Alhabash & Ma, 2017;Maclean et al., 2020). To address this, we pose the following research question: RQ1: What are the salient motives of photo sharing on Instagram? ...
Instagram is one of the fastest-growing photo sharing social media platforms. Drawing from the uses and gratification theory (U&G theory), this study examines the gratifications in photo sharing on Instagram. Participants were 639 respondents from India aged between 15 to 62 years. This study identified seven gratifications: disclosure, peer influence, trend influence, self-promotion, diversion, habitual pastime, and social interaction. Hierarchical regression of the survey reported that active users with disclosure and peer influence gratification shared more photos online. This study also found that: Age is in positive correlation with peer influence and negative correlation with diversion; gender differences were identified among disclosure, peer influence, self-promotion, and social interaction gratifications.
... Users engage in social media activities related to personal, social and work life, according to the COR theory (29,32,56). In previous studies, it has been found that individuals use social media disclosure to gain social rewards in the form of gratifications and satisfaction (57,58); and extrinsic and intrinsic rewards (49,59). Furthermore, social media networking and activities affect peers / colleagues' behavior (60), which consequently affect superior's decisions related to job reward (61). ...
Background
Social media activities affect every aspect of human life, be it personal, social or professional. Previous studies have confirmed the role of social media in affecting health in terms of releasing stress and providing social support. Increased occupational health disorders and increased time spent on social media activities motivate us to investigate this phenomenon in the context of occupational health. Therefore, the objective of this study is to measure the effects of social media activities related to personal and social life as well as work-life on health and wellbeing of office employees, on their job efforts and job rewards, and in moderating the effect of effort-reward imbalance on health and wellbeing.
Methods
Initially, to develop constructs related to social media activities, web-based structured interviews were conducted with five office employees working in the oil and gas industry for the last 5 years. Then, using an online questionnaire survey, data was collected from 424 office employees working in the oil and gas industry in Malaysia. Using statistical software for social science (SPSS) and Smart PLS, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to identify reliability and validity (discriminant validity, convergent validity and composite validity) of the constructs. Following this, path analysis was conducted and the moderating effects were identified.
Results
Social media activities related to work-life decrease health and wellbeing by 11% and weaken the negative effect of effort-reward-imbalance on health and wellbeing by 17.6% at a 1% level of significance. The results of social media activities related to personal and social life strengthen the negative effect of effort-reward imbalance on health and wellbeing by 12% and negatively affects health and wellbeing and job rewards by 13, 55%, respectively. The direct effect of effort-reward imbalance and job efforts is significantly negative on health and wellbeing by 59 and 10%, respectively.
Conclusion
It is concluded that social media activities of the office employees significantly moderate the effect of effort-reward imbalance on health and wellbeing and intervene in job rewards in the organizations. Hence, the effect of social media activities reduces the health and wellbeing of office employees.
... The pervasiveness of social media in everyday life is largely due to both its socially gratifying nature and habitforming affordances and functionality. Social media has a remarkable capacity to satisfy the innate need for social con-nection and curiosity about what others are doing-often serving as a conduit for social capital by providing a wide range of information and services and offering abundant opportunities for people to connect, keep tabs on social events, and gratify their belonging needs [1,4,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. Furthermore, social media provides a steady supply of built-in incentives such as alerts, notifications, likes, and "friend" requests. ...
“Fear of Missing Out” (FOMO) is an all-consuming feeling that is associated with mental and emotional stress. Such strains are caused by a compulsive concern that one is missing an opportunity for a socially rewarding experience often spotted on social media networks. While several personality and psychological factors have been empirically validated as correlated with FOMO, so far, little research has examined the effects of perceived group centrality (i.e., the extent to which group members feel included in the group) and fear of social exclusion on FOMO. Therefore, this study is aimed at examining the mechanism that links these socially driven factors and the need to belong with social media use and, consequently, FOMO, using structural equation modeling. A total of 490 college students ( mean age = 20.56 , SD = 1.44 ) completed a self-reported questionnaire that included measures of FOMO, the need to belong, social media use, perceived centrality, and fear of social exclusion. The need to belong emerged as the best predictor of FOMO, increasing it both directly and indirectly through the significant mediation of social media use. Females reported a greater need to belong and consequently more FOMO. Females also reported greater use of social media and greater perceived group centrality. Perceived centrality increased FOMO through social media use, but this indirect effect was not significant.
ABSTRACT
Many individuals watch digital influencers' videos on social media for stress relief, emotional support, and a sense of connection akin to friendship. This study aims to investigate how digital influencers cultivate stickiness among followers through parasocial interaction, addresses the limited focus on followers' social well-being in previous research, which primarily concentrates on behavioral intentions. Additionally, the role of follower stickiness to digital influencers, a measure of their market value, remains relatively limited. By incorporating Source Credibility Model as digital influencers' characteristics and integrating Social Compensation Theory along with empathy as followers' traits, we investigate the effects of these factors on parasocial interaction, and the mediating role of online social well-being in the relationship between parasocial interaction and stickiness. An online survey was conducted with 597 participants who had browsed digital influencer videos. The results demonstrate a positive impact of both digital influencers' characteristics and followers' traits on parasocial interaction, providing a novel perspective on boosting digital influencers' market value through integrating Social Contagion Theory and emphasizing the importance of improving followers’ social well-being after interacting with digital influencers. Moreover, the findings highlight the mediating role of online social well-being in strengthening the bond between followers and digital influencers.
Keywords：Digital Influencer, Source Credibility Model, Social Compensation Theory, Sociall Contagion Theory, Stickiness
Family and friends phubbing are neglected areas of research. The limited research available indicates that younger family members’ phubbing of older adults was interpreted to mean they were not significant in their younger family members’ lives and not deserving of their attention. Family phubbing increased loneliness and depression and decreased connectedness to family and satisfaction with life. Depression and social anxiety increased levels of friend phubbing, and friend phubbing decreased friendship satisfaction. Friend phubbing increased levels of attention seeking, and selfie liking, and was construed as face threatening. Friends ignored with smartphone during a face-to-face conversation found the behaviour annoying. There was also evidence to suggest that phubbing reduced happiness and increased sadness and made it difficult for phubbed individuals to disengage from the threatening stimuli. This chapter sheds light on these deleterious impacts and outlines several suggestions for future research.
Well-being is vital for university students regarding their short-term aims and long-term benefits in their academic, social, and professional lives. It is also evident that Instagram usage may relate to their well-being regarding relationships, connectedness, loneliness, interactions, socialization, social comparison, and emotional contagion. However, research results do not show a consensus on the relationship between Instagram use and well-being. Moreover, studies mainly focus on adolescents rather than university students. Thus, this study aims to examine the relationships between well-being and Instagram use and behaviors among university students. A questionnaire to interrogate the active and passive behaviors on Instagram and the PERMA Profiler was administered to 651 university students. The descriptive and correlational data were obtained to see the levels of Instagram use and habits and well-being. The results showed that university students had a normal functional level of well-being and exhibited passive behaviors rather than active behaviors on Instagram.
Photo sharing is one of the most popular online social media activities and has been associated with changes in mental health. Research investigating the effect of sharing photos on a social media user’s social connectedness, loneliness, and well-being has generated conflicting results. This study analyzed the effect of Instagram photo sharing on the relationships among social connectedness, loneliness, and well-being. The study focused on photos sharing separate to viewing photos to understand the specific effect of photo sharing. The research measured how those with transient and chronic levels of loneliness respond differently to photo sharing, which has not been previously considered. Well-being and loneliness are conceptualized as dependent variables that have a relationship with social connectedness as an independent variable, which is moderated by the number of photos shared. Results from an online survey of 373 participants found Instagram photo sharing does significantly moderate relationships among social connectedness, loneliness, and well-being. Highest levels of photo sharing were found to have the largest moderating effect. Levels of well-being decreased as social connectedness and photo sharing increased. Differences were found for types of loneliness where photo sharing was most beneficial at low levels of social connectedness for transient loneliness. In contrast, for those experiencing chronic trait loneliness, high levels of photo sharing were associated with highest levels of loneliness when social connectedness was high. One obvious implication for social media and policy may lie in education for users and technology enhancement for optimal photo sharing levels that minimize loneliness and maximize well-being.
A recurring claim in the literature is that active social media use (ASMU) leads to increases in well-being, whereas passive social media use (PSMU) leads to decreases in well-being. The aim of this review was to investigate the validity of this claim by comparing the operationalizations and results of studies into the association of ASMU and PSMU with well-being (e.g., happiness) and ill-being (e.g., depression). We found 40 survey-based studies, which utilized a hodgepodge of 36 operationalizations of ASMU and PSMU and which yielded 172 associations of ASMU and/or PSMU with well-/ill-being. Most studies did not support the hypothesized associations of ASMU and PSMU with well-/ill-being. Time spent on ASMU and PSMU may be too coarse to lead to meaningful associations with well-/ill-being. Therefore, future studies should take characteristics of the content of social media (e.g., the valence), its senders (e.g., pre-existing mood), and its receivers (e.g., differential susceptibility) into account.
Inconsistent results have been reported concerning the relationships between SNS usage and loneliness. The current two-wave panel study with a one year interval examined the possibility of reciprocal and curvilinear relationships between active public Facebook use and adolescents' social/emotional loneliness. Belgian adolescents from fifteen high schools participated (N = 1188, 55% male). The results showed a U-shaped relationship between (1) active Facebook use and social/emotional loneliness and (2) emotional loneliness and active Facebook use. Specifically, active Facebook use predicted decreased social/emotional loneliness among low to moderate users, while among heavy users, increased levels of social/emotional loneliness were predicted by active Facebook use. Emotional loneliness predicted higher active Facebook use among lonely adolescents. At the same time, emotional loneliness predicted decreased active Facebook use among adolescents who did not feel lonely. These findings stress to consider different types of loneliness, and reciprocal and curvilinear relationships in future social media research.
Background:
Internet provides tremendous educational benefits for college students and also provided better opportunities for communication, information, and social interaction for young adults; however, excessive internet use can lead to negative psychological well-being (PWB).
Objective:
The present study was conducted with the objective to find out the relationship between internet addiction and PWB of college students.
Materials and methods:
A multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out in college students of Jabalpur city of Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 461 college students, using internet for at least past 6 months were included in this study. Young's Internet addiction scale, consisting of 20-item, based on five-point Likert scale was used to calculate internet addiction scores and 42-item version of the Ryff's PWB scale based on six-point scale was used in this study.
Results:
A total of 440 questionnaire forms were analyzed. The mean age of students was 19.11 (±1.540) years, and 62.3% were male. Internet addiction was significantly negatively correlated to PWB (r = -0.572, P < 0.01) and subdimensions of PWB. Students with higher levels of internet addiction are more likely to be low in PWB. Simple linear regression showed that internet addiction was a significant negative predictor of PWB.
Conclusion:
PWB of college students negatively affected by internet addiction. Hence, it is essential to develop strategies for prevention of internet addiction which is very important for promoting PWB of college students.
The aim of this study is to examine, from the perspective of Hyperpersonal Theory, the role of the communication components, sender, receiver, channel, and feedback, in the impression formation of matrimonial sites' (MSs) users. The study used a sample of Saudi Arabian users to also understand the role of their culture in this process. The findings of the study indicate that senders were selective about presenting themselves and forming positive impressions but very religious users were less selective. As receivers, the important criteria used to form an impression about senders was the extent to which the senders' online behaviours were in line with Saudi social norms. These findings suggest that the study participants did not totally challenge their social norms when searching for a future spouse through an MS. With regards to the channel, the study participants thought the MS was effective for finding a spouse, supporting the argument that within a gender-segregated society an online setting would carry more information than a face-to-face setting.
In times of being always online and connected, cyberostracism—the feeling of being ignored or excluded over the Internet—is a serious threat to fundamental human needs: belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence. According to the temporal need-threat model, responses to ostracism lead to immediate and universal experiences of negative emotions as well as to thwarted need satisfaction. In two experiments (N1 = 105; N2 = 85), we investigated these effects using a new computerized tool, Ostracism Online (Wolf et al., 2015). In both studies we found that ostracism negatively affected emotional states, belongingness, self-esteem, and meaningful existence but not control. Furthermore, Facebook use as a coping strategy after being excluded had no significant impact on need restoration. In sum, our findings highlight that Ostracism Online is a useful tool to connect the research area of social media and ostracism.
Despite the rapid adoption of Facebook as a means of photo sharing, minimal research has been conducted to understand user gratification behind this activity. In order to address this gap, the current study examines users’ gratifications in sharing photos on Facebook by applying Uses and Gratification (U&G) theory. An online survey completed by 368 respondents identified six different gratifications, namely, affection, attention seeking, disclosure, habit, information sharing, and social influence, behind sharing digital photos on Facebook. Some of the study’s prominent findings were: age was in positive correlation with disclosure and social influence gratifications; gender differences were identified among habit and disclosure gratifications; number of photos shared was negatively correlated with habit and information sharing gratifications. The study’s implications can be utilized to refine existing and develop new features and services bridging digital photos and social networking services.
The study developed 2 measures of belongingness based on H. Kohut's (1984) self psychology theory. The Social Connectedness Scale and the Social Assurance Scale were constructed with a split-sample procedure on 626 college students. Internal reliability estimates for the 2 scales were .91 and .82, respectively. Test-retest correlations revealed good test stability over a 2-week period (
rs = .96 and .84, respectively). Cross-validation for the 2 measures was achieved with confirmatory factor analysis with an incremental fit index greater than .90. Scale functions are described and results are discussed in light of current research and theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Previous research has identified a wide range of indicators of social isolation that pose health risks, including living alone, having a small social network, infrequent participation in social activities, and feelings of loneliness. However multiple forms of isolation are rarely studied together making it difficult to determine which aspects of isolation are most deleterious for health. Using population-based data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we combine multiple indicators of social isolation into scales assessing social disconnectedness (e.g., small social network, infrequent participation in social activities) and perceived isolation (e.g., loneliness, perceived lack of social support). We examine the extent to which social disconnectedness and perceived isolation have distinct associations with physical and mental health among older adults. Results indicate that social disconnectedness and perceived isolation are independently associated with lower levels of self-rated physical health. However, the association between disconnectedness and mental health may operate through the strong relationship between perceived isolation and mental health. We conclude that health researchers need to consider social disconnectedness and perceived isolation simultaneously.
Covering every essential topic ranging from circulation and literacy instruction to reference and security, this benchmark text provides an up-to-date, broadly based view of library public service and its functions.
Supplying essential, foundational reading for students of library public services as well as an up-to-date overview for practitioners who wish to refresh their knowledge or acquaint themselves with a new area of responsibility, this book's broad and solid coverage will benefit anyone concerned with developing or maintaining the public face of the library. A revision and expansion of Libraries Unlimited'sIntroduction to Library Public Services: Seventh Edition, this edition has new chapters covering such topics as e-resources, collections, print and other media, and facilities and funding. Additionally, every chapter has been substantially updated and reorganized to better reflect the role of technology in library services today.
The book begins with background information on public services in libraries and an analysis of the library's public service philosophy. Then, the authors delve into staffing and assessment of services, moving logically to major functional areas of public services—reference, instruction, document delivery, circulation and reserves, collections, programming, safety and security issues, and facilities and funding. Real-life anecdotes from public, academic, and school libraries illustrate principles and concepts throughout the book. For each topic, the authors detail its role and philosophy, and offer key points to remember, references, and lists for further reading.
The current study reexamined the relationship between social media use and happiness by broadening the scope of social media and rethinking the conceptualization of happiness. Specifically, this study included platforms other than Facebook and tested differential effects of each platform. Because happiness is not entirely relative, it was hypothesized that social comparison would influence only relative happiness, which is only one part of overall happiness. A two-wave longitudinal survey among Korean females revealed that the use of blogs, Instagram, and LinkedIn is positively associated with social comparison at Wave 1 (W1), whereas Twitter is negatively associated. LinkedIn use was most strongly associated with social comparison. In turn, social comparison at W1 negatively predicted relative happiness at W2 (“I am happier than my friends”) but did not predict overall happiness at W2. Social media may lead us to believe that other people’s lives are better through social comparison. However, such comparison influences only part of overall happiness or life satisfaction. Without social comparison, social media have the potential to make us happier.
Although various scales have been developed with the aim of measuring students’ social anxiety in a variety of settings, none of the studies has addressed the measurement of social anxiety in social media platforms. This study describes the process of developing and validating a multidimensional Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU) that can be used to assess college students’ social anxiety arising from social media platforms. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, data collected from 174 students were used to provide evidence for validity and reliability of the structure and its underlying dimensions. A four-dimensional structure emerged: shared content anxiety, privacy concern anxiety, interaction anxiety, and self-evaluation anxiety. In the second phase, data collected from 510 college students were used to confirm four-factor structure of the 21-item SAS-SMU. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients for the dimensions ranged from .80 to .92, demonstrating a satisfactory level of reliability. Further validation studies were also conducted and their findings provided. This validated scale will be a useful tool for both researchers and instructors to assess college students’ social anxiety as social media users.
Facebook is the most popular social networking site in the world. It allows its users to present themselves, and interact with each other, in many different ways including sharing personal photos. The current study investigated the influence of social interaction variables Shyness, Loneliness, and Social Anxiety, the self-presentation variable Narcissism, and Facebook users' age on photo sharing. Within this we focused on the nature and frequency of posting photos, and how often these were interacted with. These variables have previously been investigated separately but not together. A total of 264 participants, 75 males and 189 females, ranging in age from 16 to 72 years (M = 31.65, SD = 13.24) answered an online questionnaire about Facebook use and individual difference characteristics. The kinds of photos posted were categorised as family, significant-other, friends, pets, oneself, parties, travel, sport, food, achievements, and other. Results revealed that time spent on Facebook, Age and Narcissism impacted positively, and Loneliness and Shyness impacted negatively, on the frequency of posting of some categories of photos online. Future research should extend the study of the impact of these social and self-presentation variables on Facebook behaviours.
Sharing behavior is a major element in understanding the influence of social networking services. The aim of the present study is to examine the motivations driving users to share photos on Instagram, a popular photo-sharing social networking service. This study applied the uses and gratifications approach to determine Instagram members’ reasons for sharing photos. Data (N=115) were collected from an online survey. A principal component factor analysis indicated that there were four motives for sharing photos: informativeness, community support, status-seeking, and self- representation. We also conducted correlation and regression analyses. Our results indicate that age, number of followers and number of followings on Instagram are related to the gratifications users seek on Instagram. Further, we found that users’ photo sharing was mainly motivated by the need for self-representation and status-seeking. Implications of our work are also discussed.
Social media use is a global phenomenon, with almost two billion people worldwide regularly using these websites. As Internet access around the world increases, so will the number of social media users. Neuroscientists can capitalize on the ubiquity of social media use to gain novel insights about social cognitive processes and the neural systems that support them. This review outlines social motives that drive people to use social media, proposes neural systems supporting social media use, and describes approaches neuroscientists can use to conduct research with social media. We close by noting important directions and ethical considerations of future research with social media.
One of the key characteristics of effective opinion leaders is that they are highly connected; they know many people and have numerous weak-tie relationships. Two studies were conducted that found evidence consistent with construct validity. The first (N = 35 and N = 57) found that connectors knew more people from a randomly selected list of names. A second study, with two surveys, was created (N = 561 and N = 189) such that the connectedness scores of some of the subjects in the first survey could be linked to how many subjects knew them in the second. Results indicated that those with higher connection scores were more likely to be known by others. Moreover, in the second survey, measures of Facebook use and bridging social capital were found to be associated substantially with connector scores.
This study provides a resolution for two contrasting hypotheses around media use, the augmentation and the displacement hypotheses. To do this, we conducted an online survey of 300 Korean adults examining the relationships among the social use of media, face-to-face communication, social isolation, connectedness, and subjective well-being. The results indicate that connectedness, not avoiding social isolation, mediates the effects of the social use of media on subjective well-being. On the other hand, both connectedness and avoiding social isolation mediate the effects of face-to-face communication on subjective well-being. These results suggest that the social use of media is limited to seeking connectedness to others, whereas face-to-face communication can facilitate avoiding social isolation as well as seeking connectedness, which can explain why the two contrasting hypothesis, the augmentation and the displacement hypotheses, can be right. In the domain of seeking connectedness, media can augment face-to-face communication. On the other hand, in the domain of avoiding social isolation, media may displace face-to-face communication.
The purpose of the current paper is to develop a theoretical model that identifies why people blog personal content and explains the effects of blogging in “real life.” Data from an online survey are analyzed using maximum likelihood procedures in LISREL 8.75 to test the structural model. Among 531 respondents from Cyworld, a popular social network and blogging site in South Korea, a randomly selected group of 251 users was used to develop the model. The other group of 280 users was used to confirm the usefulness of the revised model. Results (N = 251; N = 280) showed that impression management and voyeuristic surveillance are two major psychological factors that motivate individuals to post and read messages on personal blogs. Results also showed evidence for blogging’s real life consequences, measured by users’ perceived social support, loneliness, belonging, and subjective well-being.
Abstract Most previous studies assert the negative effect of loneliness on social life and an individual's well-being when individuals use the Internet. To expand this previous research tradition, the current study proposes a model to test whether loneliness has a direct or indirect effect on well-being when mediated by self-disclosure and social support. The results show that loneliness has a direct negative impact on well-being but a positive effect on self-disclosure. While self-disclosure positively influences social support, self-disclosure has no impact on well-being, and social support positively influences well-being. The results also show a full mediation effect of social support in the self-disclosure to well-being link. The results imply that even if lonely people's well-being is poor, their well-being can be enhanced through the use of SNSs, including self-presentation and social support from their friends.
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The use of social media vs the security of person - A research
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Instagram tests hiding how many people like a post. That has influencers worried
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