REPRESENTATION OF PERFORMATIF UTTERANCE ON «PARIS JE T'AIME »

Abstract

This research is qualitative research. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the markers and the purpose of the performative speech act in the sequel Paris Je t'aime. The Outcomes of this study is a journal article and the book on the performative speech act in French. The data is collected by the method of observation. The referential (identity) method is used to analyze the data.
We use semantic validity The results showed that; First, the verdictive utterances have four purposes, namely to understand, estimate, diagnosis, and describe. Second, the exercitif utterance has a variety of functions, they are to govern, forgiveness, agree, and invoke. Third, the promisive utterance has 4 functions, they are to promise, decide, to will and to agree. Fourth, the comportatif utterance has 2 functions; they are to thank and to criticize. Fifth, the expositive utterance has 9 functions, they are to declare, to deny, correct, to mention, to argue, to say, to translate, to illustrate, and to explain. The performative utterance has diverse markers, both verbal markers (lexicon) and nonverbal markers (context).

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PROCEEDINGS

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PROCEEDINGS
THE 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
AND LINGUISTICS ON
LANGUAGE TEACHING
(I-COLLATE)
“Literacy in Linguistics and Language Education”
Yogyakarta, 20-21 October 2017
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

iii"
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YOGYAKART A STATE SITY
PROCEEDINGS
THE 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
(I-COLLATE)
“Literacy in Linguistics and Language Education”
UNY Hotel
Friday-Saturday, October 20-21, 2017
xxviii, 529 pages, 21,5 x 29,7 cm
Copyright @ October 2017
ISBN: 978-602-50583-0-1
20-21 October 2017
Editor: Dr. Sulis Triyono, M.Pd.
Steering Committee:
Prof. Dr. Zamzani, M.Pd.
Prof. Dr. Suhardi, M.Hum.
Prof. Dr. Endang Nurhayati, M.Hum.
Prof. Dr. Margana, M.Hum., M.A.
Dr. Sulis Triyono, M.Pd.
Ashadi, Ed.D.
Dr. Wening Sahayu, M.Pd.
Dr. Dwiyanto Djoko Pranowo, M.Pd.
Dr. Tadkiroatun Musfiroh, M.Hum.
Published by:
Faculty Of Language And Arts Yogyakarta State University
Address:
Karangmalang, Yogyakarta 55281
Telp. (0274) 550843 - Fax. (0274) 548207
Laman: fbs.uny.ac.id

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REPRESENTATION OF PERFORMATIF UTTERANCE
ON «PARIS JE T'AIME »
Rohali, N.Nastiti Utami, Dian S
Faculty of Languages and Arts FBS UNY
Abstract
This research is the qualitative research. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the
markers and the purpose of performative speech act in the sequel Paris Je t'aime. The Outcomes of
this study is a journal articles and the book on the performative speech act in French. The data is
collected by the method of observation. The referential (identity) method is used for analyze the data.
We use the semantic validity The results showed that; First, the verdictive utterances has four
purposes, namely to understand, estimate, diagnosis, and describe. Second, the exercitif utterance has
the variety of functions, they are to govern, forgiveness, agree, and invoke. Third the promisive
utterance has 4 functions, they are to promise, decide, to will and to agree. Fourth, the comportatif
utterance has 2 functions; they are to thank and to criticize. Fifth, the expositif utterance has 9
function, they are to declare, to deny, correct, to mention, to argue, to say, to translate, to illustrate,
and to explain. The performative utterance has diverse markers, both verbal markers (lexicon) and
nonverbal markers (context).
Kata Kunci:
speech acts, pragmatic, performative
PRELIMINARY
Language as a communication
tools has a role important in human life. In
delivering ideas and feelings, speakers use
the language with a various kinds and
forms of utterance. Each utterance has a
different form and function. According to
Austin (1962) when someone says
something, in fact, he also do something.
So there is a relation between utterance
and action.
The aim of this research is to
describe the representation and the
markers of performative on «Paris Je
t'aime».
LITERATURE REVIEW
Austin (1962) considers that a
speech has the power to do what he called
performatif utterance. Performatif verbs
can be divided into five groups, they are
verdictive, exercitive, promissive,
comportative, and expositive.
The verdictifs is related to states of
innocence (acquitter), to punish
(condamner), to understand (comprendre),
to decree (décréter), to count (calculer),
to estimate (estimer), to evaluate (évalue),
to classify (classer), to diagnose
(diagnostiquer), describe (décrire), and to
analyze (analyzer).
The exercitif is the utterance which
is related to envoi (renvoyer), to isolate
(excommunier), to order (commander), to
punish (condamner), to agree (accorder),
to pass (léguer), to forgiveness
(pardonner), to beg (supplier), proclaim
(proclamer), to announce (promulguer), to
present (dédier), and to declare (declarer).
The promissif is the utterance to
promise (promettre), to agree (convenir),
to make arrangements (contracter), to
decide (decider), to want (avoir
l'intention), to swear (jurer de), to grant
(consentir) and to fun (favoriser).
The comportatifs is speech that
requires the speaker to apologize
(s'excuser), thankful (remercier), to
congratulate (féliciter), to mercy
(compatir), to criticize (critiquer), to
welcome (souhaiter la bienvenue) and to
provoke (provoquer).

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The expositifs has the relation with
to affirm (affirmer), to deny (nier), to
describe (décrire), to correct (corriger), to
mention (mentionner), to argues
(argumenter), to say (dire), to translate
(interpreter), to bear witness ( témoigner),
to report (rapporter), to illustrate
(illustrer), to explain (expliquer) to means
(signifier), and to refer (se referrers).
RESEARCH METHODS
The source of the data in this study
is the utterance in the movie of "Paris Je
t'aime" which consists of 12 sequels.
Movies « Paris Je t'aime »Is a short film
between 10 to 30 minutes that contain the
dialogue in different contexts and different
situations of context..
The data are collected with
observation technique (Alwasilah, 2003)
or observation (Moleong, 2010) I use also
referential method and distributional
method (Sudaryanto : 2015). The
semantic validity was used to analyze the
data Darmiyati (1993). The semantic
validity was the measures of the level of
sensitivity of the symbolic meanings that
are relevant to a particular context.
RESEARCH RESULT
In this chapter, we will describe the
data about the types of performative
utterance and their function, and also the
markers of these types. According the data,
There are five type of performative
utterance on “Paris Je t’aime” such as the
following.
The Verdictive
The verdictive utterance has four
functions they are to understand
(comprendre), to estimate (estimer), to
diagnose (diagnostiquer), and to describe
(décrire). The verbal marker of this
utterance are comprendre, savoir, je n’ai
pas pu suivre, j’ai rien pigé and je n’ai
pas très bien saisi, such as the exemples.
(1)
Gaspard
(a Elie)
:
Oui ... mais je
comprends ...
Gaspard
(to Elie)
:
Yes .. I
understand, but
It was Gaspard and Elie, They
met in the lobby of the apartment. They
have not actually known each other.
However, Gaspard continued to say
something to her. When Ellie was not sure
that they met ever, Gaspar said ... je
comprends Oui ... mais « I understand ...
but ... »
The verbal markers of to estimate
(estimer) are utilization of the verbes like
estimer croire, dan penser and the
syntactic construction like on simple
phrase : GN+V+GN and compound
sentence : GN + V + Que + Ph and. The
following is the speech with the intention
of estimating. Gaspard asks Ellie about her
opinion or estimate of a woman's heart.
(2)
Gaspard :
Tu crois en
l’âme seul,
quel qu’un qui
serait une autre
moitié ?
Gaspard
:
"Do you think,
in a lonely
heart, someone
will become
an integral part
? "
The verdictive can be used to
diagnose. The markers can be either verbal
utterances or a non-verbal or ative context.
The following utterance occurred when a
woman fainted on the street, a man who
happened was a doctor, and he diagnose
and then suggested something.
(3)
Médecin
Je suis
Médecins. Il
faut rester là ...
pas couche
allonge

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panier ... Ouais
c'est rien,
manque de
sucre .... il faut
manger des
carottes ou des
betteraves ...
Doctor
I'm a doctor.
You have to
keep it down.
Do not curl up
.. Yes it's okay,
cut down on
sugar ... eat
carrots or
beetroot.
The marker of that utterance is not
a verbal marker, but the context markers
thai is médecin, il faut rester, c’est rien….
The Exercitive
The exercitive utterances has a
various functions , they are to govern
(commander), to forgive (pardoner), to
agree (accorder), and to request (supplier).
The function of to order (commender) has
four forms: (a) use of verbs commender de
+ inf, (b) the use of verbs in the imperative
form, (c) the use of interrogatif sentence,
and (4) the use of the declaratif sentence.
Here's an example of speech exercitif.
Jean Claude is being questioned. he
answered the questions while he looked
towards his parents. By using negative
imperative sentences, the speakers
command Jean Claude to face the camera,
not facing his parents.
(4)
Une
Voix
Ne Regarde pas
test parents ...
Regarde la
camera
Sound
Do not look at
your parents.
Look at the
camera
The function of to forgive can be
grouped on to apology and to forgive.
Some of the expressions used in the
apology like excusez-moi, je m'excuse,
pardon, je vous prie de mexcusez, and
others.
The following are the examples of
the function of to apology. The context is
when the sick woman was inside the car, a
man helper apologized for not being able
to serve anything.
(5)
Un
Homme :
Je suis désolé,
je rien à vous
offrir j'ai ....
Man :
I'm sorry, I do
not have
anything to be
offered ...
The other function of exercitive is
to agree (accorder). There are many verbal
markers in this utterance like d'accord,
être à votre disposition, s' entender, and so
on.
(6)
Gaspard
Ce qui est
important c'est
la lourde
Gaspard
The important
thing is the
weight.
Le patron
: D'accord
Employer
: Agree
Gaspard was chatting with his boss.
He states that the most important is the
problem of weight, and he agrees with the
utterance d'accord.
To request is the other function of
the exercitive. To request is like to
command but the sense is more polite. The
following utterance was spoken by a man
(un homme) who has been helped by
Sophie. He request Sophi to take a coffee
with him. He use the markers je t'en prie.
(7)
Un
Homme :
Je voudrais te
donner ma

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carte, mais je
n'en ai plus.
C'est dommage.
Sophie, prends
un café tu avec
moi? Allez !!
... .. Je t'en
prie, prends un
café avec moi.
Man :
I want to give
you a business
card, but
unfortunately I
do not have
anymore.
Sophie, want to
have coffee
with me? Come
on ... !! I
request you to
drink coffee.
The Promissive
The data shows that there are three
functions of utterances promisif. They are
to promise (promettre), to decide
(decider), and to want (avoir l'intention).
The markers of the function of to promise
(prometre) can be using a verbal markers
such as promettre and nonverbal markers.
The context of the following
sentence is the youth bandit sought a
guitar, he forced and promised to return it.
Although he did not use the verb
promettre, but the context of the utterance
shows that it is the promise.
(8)
Un
homme :
Laisse-moi de
prendre ta
guitare ..., un
moment .., je te
la rends ... je
te la rends ...
Man :
Let me take
your guitar ...
just a minute ..
I will return it. I
will return
To make an utterance of to decide,
we can use a verbe such as décider à and
determiner. The following example is
spoken by a woman who refuses a man's
date.
(9)
Un
homme :
Euhh.. mais..
es-ce que tu
seras libre
demain soir ?
Une
Femme :
Non dessolée,
j’ai décidé
d’aller au
théâtre avec ma
copine.
Man :
Euhhhh. But
will you be free
tonight ?
Woman:
Sorry no. I've
decided to go
to the theater
with my
friends
The function of to accept (convenir
/ s'accorder) is reflected in the verbal
markers such as d'accord, oui, avoir
raison, and so on as in the following
example. The utterance was spoken by a
young boy in the river Seine when they
talk about a girl who was passing. A
Teenager (G2) agreed with the first
teenager (G1) on the body of the woman
who passed.
(10)
Garçon 2
: Ouais, ça
c'est
d'accord.
Teenagers
2
: Yes, I agree.
The Comportative
These utterances have diverse
functions, among others to thank
(remercier), and to congratulate (féliciter).

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Both of these utterances have different
verbal markers. The verbal markers of to
thank are characterized by the verbe
remercier and the lexicon such as merci
beaucoup, merci mille fois, merci à toute
ma vie, and so on as the the following
example.
(11)
Zarka
: Ça va, merci ..
! Ils m'ont lancé
une salle regard.
Zarka
: Thank you.
They looked at
me with dirty
view.
Zarka, a young girl, said Ça va, merci
“thank you” when François helped her
when she fell down.
To criticize, the French usually,
they use the context rather than the verbal
markers such as critique. The utterance
(12) was spoken by François to criticize
his friends who act grown up and
disturbing the women passing by. Look at
the example.
(12)
François:
Eh! Tu sais
quoi? Quand
tu seras assez
vieux pour te
raser, tu me
fais signe!
François
:
Eh. Know
what you are
?. Later when
you are old
enough and
can already
shave, let me
know.
The Expositive
The expositif has 9 function which
is to declared (affirmer ), to deny (nier}, to
mention (mentioner), to correct (corriger ),
to translate (interpreter), to argue
(argumenter), to illustrate (ilustrer), to
explain (expliquer), and to say (dire ).
These are the examples. This is common
that the contexts markers are used in the
expositive. For example, the following
utterances occurred after a man helped a
young woman. The man was sitting in the
driver's seat while the woman was lying
unconscious in the backseat. When it
struck the woman said.
(13)
Femme
: Vous ê é rest
test calme ....
Votre main sur
la nuque, ça me
fait du bien ..
Man
: You are very
calm ... your
hands are on the
back of my
neck, makes
me more
comfortable
To deny (Nier),commonly we use
the lexicon such as non, ne pas, personne.
For example, the following utterances
occurred on the side of the Seine, when
Zarka fell down. Zarka said that Francois
better than his friends who are always
teasing woman who passed by, but
François deny that he did not do that.
(14)
Zarka
: Bah ! t'es
encore plus
sage pour ca ....
François
: Ah non,
mais moi je
fais pas ça.
Zarka:
: Bah ! You're
much wiser
with that.
François
: Ah no, I did
not do that
To correct (corriger) usually done
with the lexicon mais, mais oui, and so on.

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Often, however, the purpose of to correct
is not to usethe verbal markers but a
context marker. The following example
was spoken by Claire that Papa was no
longer young. But Papa corrected with the
following utterance.
(15)
Claire
: Tu n'es pas
jeune
Père
: Non, mais c'est
de l'expérience
Claire
:You're not young
anymore
Papa
: None. But
experienced.
Another function of expositive is
to mention (mentionner). There is no
verbe marker but we used the context
markers such as the following example.
Gaspard asked Elie if she liked Jazz
music. So he mentioned some of his
favorite jazz singers.
(16)
Gaspard
: Tony Parker
? et Kurt C
obain? Moi,
j'adore Kurt
Cobain Tiens ...
!
Gaspard
: Tony Parker
? et Kurt
Cobain? Me, I
like Kurt
Cobain. Well,
this one… !
To translate means to switch the
messages from one language to another.
The verbal markers are used in translating
highly dependent on the source language
and the target language. In French lexicon
that is used for example ça veut dire, on
peut dire aussi, and so on such as in the
following example.
(17)
Elie
: It is blood red
... what kind of
blood Gaspard
?
Gaspard
: Le rouge the
... I think.
Elie and Gaspard were talking about a
project. They discussed about the color
they will use. Elie use English in
communication. She ask the type of the red
French and Gaspard translate it
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The sequel to the film «Paris Je t
'aime » Contain the various function of
performative. Every function has the
specific markers, both verbal markers and
the context markers.
It is recommended that this movie
can be used as the material of teaching and
learning, especially in French classes in
university such as in the listening courses
and speaking courses.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwasilah, Chaedar. A. 2003. Pokoknya
Kualitatif. Dasar-dasar
Merancang dan Melakukan
Penelitian Kualitatif. PT Dunia
Pustaka Jaya: Jakarta
Austin, J.L. 1962. How to do Thing With
Words. Hatvard University Press.
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
(Book)
Bruno AMBROISE . 2009. Performativité
et actes de parole. IFP, Université
Paris II CURAPP-ESS (CNRS,
Amiens) (Jurnal)
Darmiyati Zuchdi. 1993. Panduan
Penelitian Analisis Konten.
Yogyakarta : Lemlit IKIP
Yogyakarta
Moleong, J. Lexy .2010. Metodologi
Penelitian Kualitatif. Edisi Revisi
Cetakan ke28. Bandung: PT
Remaja ROSDAKARYA.
(Book)
Searle, John R. 1962. Meaning and Speech
Acts: Source: The Philosophical

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Review, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Oct.,
1962), pp. 423-432 (Book)
Sudaryanto. 2015. Metode dan Aneka
Teknik Analisis Bahasa :
Pengantar Penelitian Wahana
Kebudayaan secara Linguistis.
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