Diversity and Species Selection in Urban Forestry: Reflection from Maitighar to Tinkune Road of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the diversity of tree species planted along the roadside and to access the appropriateness of species choice objectively. Total census along Maitighar to Tinkune road section of Kathmandu Valley was performed. Saplings of woody species were planted along the 4 rows (two on borders and two at middle dividers, cumulatively 3.2 km X 4 lines = 12.8 km) of the road. Total saplings were enumerated and documented individually. A total of 61 woody species belonging to 28 families of 2531 individual were accounted. The floral diversity shows that relatively higher diversity (Biodiversity Index: 0.024, Samson Index: 18, Shannon Index: 3.36) within the limited extends. The choice of species for roadside plantation in this area seemed unprofessional and haphazard species selection. Critical analysis indicates the cruelty and likely accidents in the road would increase far high due to plantation than currently occurring because of inappropriate species choice for plantation. Otherwise, not only increase the maintenance cost, time, pollution and risks associated with but also reduce the aesthetic beauty, faith and ownership as socio-cultural and environmental benefits of urban settings. Therefore, species choice and maintaining diversity in urban areas is a serious concern for decision-maker to be conscious before plantation. The findings would be a reference for plantation focusing on diversity and species selection in urban forestry in and outside the country.

Full text

J o u r n a l of En v i r o n m e n t S c i ences, Vo l u m e - 6 , 2 0 2 0
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Diversity and Species Selection in Urban Forestry: Reflection from
Maitighar to Tinkune Road of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Hari Prasad Pandey1 and Dol Raj Luitel2*
1 Ministry of Forests and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal
2 Department of Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal
*Corresponding email: luiteldr2@gmail.com
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the diversity of tree species planted along the roadside and to
access the appropriateness of species choice objectively. Total census along Maitighar to
Tinkune road section of Kathmandu Valley was performed. Saplings of woody species were
planted along the 4 rows (two on borders and two at middle dividers, cumulatively 3.2 km X 4
lines = 12.8 km) of the road. Total saplings were enumerated and documented individually. A
total of 61 woody species belonging to 28 families of 2531 individual were accounted. The
floral diversity shows that relatively higher diversity (Biodiversity Index: 0.024, Samson
Index: 18, Shannon Index: 3.36) within the limited extends. The choice of species for roadside
plantation in this area seemed unprofessional and haphazard species selection. Critical
analysis indicates the cruelty and likely accidents in the road would increase far high due to
plantation than currently occurring because of inappropriate species choice for plantation.
Otherwise, not only increase the maintenance cost, time, pollution and risks associated with
but also reduce the aesthetic beauty, faith and ownership as socio-cultural and environmental
benefits of urban settings. Therefore, species choice and maintaining diversity in urban areas
is a serious concern for decision-maker to be conscious before plantation. The findings would
be a reference for plantation focusing on diversity and species selection in urban forestry in
and outside the country.
Keywords: floral diversity; Kathmandu valley; species choice; urban forestry
Introduction
The mind and management of tree plantations in urban areas to make the ambient
environment clean and green is urban forestry. The urban forestry is generally practiced by
municipal and commercial arborists, environmental policymakers, city planners, researcher,
educators and community activists. The major benefits of urban forestry include- minimize
the heat through evapotranspiration, provides shading to streets and buildings, improve
human comfort, reduces the risk of heatstroke, improve air quality by absorbing pollutants,
carbons sequestration, water absorption, noise control, traffic control (Pearlmutter et al.,
2017; Konijnendijk et al., 2005;Kielbaso, 2008; Negi,1998) as well as promote social
harmony inclusiveness (Peters et al., 2010; Lamichhane and Thapa, 2012).Roadside greenery
also improves the appearance of the highway by adding a variety of amenities and enhances
the aesthetic appeal of surroundings due to their foliage, flowers and shape. Though the
benefits of urban forestry for urban dwellers are incalculable for long and healthy life, very
little attention has been given on it in Nepal (Gautam et al., 2006). Some of the governmental
organizations have been taken an initiative on urban forestry through research and studies
from their annual program in recent years like Department of Forests, Department of Forests
Research and Training Center, and Department of Plant Resources as well as some University
student to pursue their thesis (Lamichhane and Thapa, 2012).
The concept of maintaining greenery along the roadsides of Kathmandu Valley has seemed to
begin before the 14th century. Importance of roadside greenery at ancient time of Kathmandu

valley reflect from an announcement made by Mr
A.D.) with a huge amount of money for punishment (NRs
those who cut trees along the
along with his settlement territory. However, just outside of King Territory, people had a
long-
standing tradition of planting
pedestrians a convenient resting spot (
At the time of Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher (1901
expanded and trees were planted on both
species like monkey puzzle (
introduced in Kathmandu valley. Today, most of the old remaining roadside trees in
Kathmandu Valley are proof
of then Chandra
periods, mostly pine (Pinus
species), monkey puzzle (
available species including fast
Maharajgunj, Patan, Balaju, Lai
(http://ecs.com.np).
After the introduction of modern urban environmental planning in the 1960s and 1970s, the
Government of Ne
pal renovated roads and trails throughout the city. In the process, many of
Kathmandu’s older streets were expanded to protect fully developed trees and planting new
one where no trees existed even in
planners shifted their focus on three lines green belt along the road. Soon after the
construction of Ring Road in Kathmandu Valley, more than one hundred thousand fast
growing trees were planted along that road to beautify the Valley
with environmental experts).
The systematic research-
based species selection
in an urban plantation in Kathmandu has not yet
been reported. However, properties like
evergreen and fast-
growing species were
seemed to be planted. The major planted
species were Populus
species
species, birch (Betula
alnoides
tree (Albizzia indica
), willow (
and Jacaranda mimosifolia
in and around the
Kathmandu.
In recent decades, Kathmandu has
been
facing tremendous pressure from a
mushrooming population and po
promoting green value is
an ultimate need but a
serious challenge. Several attempts have been
made to planting several thousands of tree
species along the roadside with various
institutions like Kathmandu
Ministry of Forests and Environment, Department of Forests and Soil Conservation,
Department of Environment, and several International Non
Non-
Governmental Organizations. However, plantation looks haphazard w
the principles of species choice for
of the plantations show emergency plantation, means ad
planning and implementation system. Therefore, we attempted to analyze the species choice
and diversity of plant species on th
J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me
valley reflect from an announcement made by Mr
Jayasthithi
Malla, (Nepali King,1380
A.D.) with a huge amount of money for punishment (NRs. 5 at that time) and send
those who cut trees along the
Sadaks
(roadsides). But, his focus plantation was remaining
along with his settlement territory. However, just outside of King Territory, people had a
standing tradition of planting
Pipal trees (Ficus religiosa
) in strategic places affording
pedestrians a convenient resting spot (
Chautara, paty and pauwas).
At the time of Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher (1901
-
1929 A.D.), many paths were
expanded and trees were planted on both sides of the way. Chandra Shamsher imported new
species like monkey puzzle (
Araucaria araucana
) an evergreen tree from Europe and
introduced in Kathmandu valley. Today, most of the old remaining roadside trees in
of then Chandra Shamsher’s vision. At the time of Rana regime
species), monkey puzzle (Araucaria araucana
available species including fast
-
growing Populus, Eucalyptus were planted in Lainchaur,
Maharajgunj, Patan, Balaju, Lainchaur and Babarmahal area within Kathmandu valley
After the introduction of modern urban environmental planning in the 1960s and 1970s, the
pal renovated roads and trails throughout the city. In the process, many of
Kathmandu’s older streets were expanded to protect fully developed trees and planting new
one where no trees existed even in
a single line. After
the 1980s, urban environmental
planners shifted their focus on three lines green belt along the road. Soon after the
construction of Ring Road in Kathmandu Valley, more than one hundred thousand fast
growing trees were planted along that road to beautify the Valley
(Personal communicati
based species selection
in an urban plantation in Kathmandu has not yet
been reported. However, properties like
growing species were
seemed to be planted. The major planted
species
, Eucalyptus
alnoides
), mimosa or silk
), willow (
Salix babylonica)
in and around the
In recent decades, Kathmandu has
facing tremendous pressure from a
mushrooming population and po
llution,
an ultimate need but a
serious challenge. Several attempts have been
made to planting several thousands of tree
species along the roadside with various
Metropolitan and other Municipalities of K
Ministry of Forests and Environment, Department of Forests and Soil Conservation,
Department of Environment, and several International Non
-
Governmental Organizations and
Governmental Organizations. However, plantation looks haphazard w
the principles of species choice for
and proper
plantation techniques in urban forestry. Most
of the plantations show emergency plantation, means ad
-
hoc, without any systematic
planning and implementation system. Therefore, we attempted to analyze the species choice
and diversity of plant species on the plantation site through a case study from Maitighar to
Figure 1
: A section view of Maitighar
near Babarmahal Forestry Complex area.
J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me
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Malla, (Nepali King,1380
-1395
. 5 at that time) and send
to prison
(roadsides). But, his focus plantation was remaining
along with his settlement territory. However, just outside of King Territory, people had a
) in strategic places affording
1929 A.D.), many paths were
sides of the way. Chandra Shamsher imported new
) an evergreen tree from Europe and
introduced in Kathmandu valley. Today, most of the old remaining roadside trees in
Shamsher’s vision. At the time of Rana regime
Araucaria araucana
) and other locally
growing Populus, Eucalyptus were planted in Lainchaur,
nchaur and Babarmahal area within Kathmandu valley
After the introduction of modern urban environmental planning in the 1960s and 1970s, the
pal renovated roads and trails throughout the city. In the process, many of
Kathmandu’s older streets were expanded to protect fully developed trees and planting new
the 1980s, urban environmental
planners shifted their focus on three lines green belt along the road. Soon after the
construction of Ring Road in Kathmandu Valley, more than one hundred thousand fast
-
(Personal communicati
on
Metropolitan and other Municipalities of K
athmandu Valley,
Ministry of Forests and Environment, Department of Forests and Soil Conservation,
Governmental Organizations and
Governmental Organizations. However, plantation looks haphazard w
ithout considering
plantation techniques in urban forestry. Most
hoc, without any systematic
planning and implementation system. Therefore, we attempted to analyze the species choice
e plantation site through a case study from Maitighar to
: A section view of Maitighar
-Tinkune road,
near Babarmahal Forestry Complex area.

Tinkune areas of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal (Figure 1).
Objective
The main objective of this study was to assess (diversity and species choice) the urban
plantation from Maitighar to Tinkune road
The specific objectives are:-
•
To assess the floral diversity of the roadside plantation.
•
To examine the choice of species in the roadside avenue.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
The present study area was a
roadside plantation that
covers
on in between and both sides of
the main road from Maitighar to
Tinkune section of Kathmandu
Valley, Nepal. The total distance
of the study site was about 3.2
Km with 3-
4 rows of plantations
collectively (12.8 km) (Figure
2).
Data Collection
: The data
collection process includes the
following methods;

Primary Data Collection
The primary data were collected
in autumn 2015. The numbers of
individual planted tree in the
field were accounted through
direct visits to every
planted
seedlings/saplings along the road
from Maitighar to Tinkune
section. Total Species, the
spacing between every
successive plant, as well as any
damage due to human activities
including dead tree were
recorded (Figure 3 and 4). The
total enumerated t
ree species
were recorded with their
phonological
characteristics like
structures of leaves, flowers, stem, and branching system. The photographs of each tree
species were taken to verify the identification. Most of the species were identified in the
field
by the research team. Some unidentified species were identified with the help of
botanist (Taxonomists) from the Department of Plant Resources.
identify the species with references to the photographs of individual species.
J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me
Tinkune areas of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal (Figure 1).
The main objective of this study was to assess (diversity and species choice) the urban
plantation from Maitighar to Tinkune road
of Kathmandu Valley.
To assess the floral diversity of the roadside plantation.
To examine the choice of species in the roadside avenue.
The present study area was a
covers
on in between and both sides of
the main road from Maitighar to
Tinkune section of Kathmandu
Valley, Nepal. The total distance
of the study site was about 3.2
4 rows of plantations
collectively (12.8 km) (Figure
: The data
collection process includes the
Primary Data Collection
The primary data were collected
in autumn 2015. The numbers of
individual planted tree in the
field were accounted through
planted
seedlings/saplings along the road
from Maitighar to Tinkune
section. Total Species, the
spacing between every
successive plant, as well as any
damage due to human activities
including dead tree were
recorded (Figure 3 and 4). The
ree species
were recorded with their
characteristics like
structures of leaves, flowers, stem, and branching system. The photographs of each tree
species were taken to verify the identification. Most of the species were identified in the
by the research team. Some unidentified species were identified with the help of
botanist (Taxonomists) from the Department of Plant Resources.
The taxonomist helps to
identify the species with references to the photographs of individual species.
Figure 2
: Google map screenshot showing the study area in Kathmandu
Valley
Figure 3
: A photograph showing a glimpse of Maitighar
road, Kathmandu Valley
during data collection period
J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me
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The main objective of this study was to assess (diversity and species choice) the urban
structures of leaves, flowers, stem, and branching system. The photographs of each tree
species were taken to verify the identification. Most of the species were identified in the
by the research team. Some unidentified species were identified with the help of
The taxonomist helps to
identify the species with references to the photographs of individual species.
: Google map screenshot showing the study area in Kathmandu
: A photograph showing a glimpse of Maitighar
-Tinkune
during data collection period

J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me - 6 , 20 20
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To document the
management
practices of the
plantation, a
discussion was
made with
workers who
were working on
maintenance for
roadside
plantation. The
few information
was gathered on
the origin of
planted species,
management system, irrigation, weeding, and manuring and pest management.
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed by using MS excel sheet. Floral diversity was analyzed by using
Shannon index and Simpson index. The diversity indices were estimated using the following
equations.
 Shannon Index (H)
Where,
p = proportion (n/N) of individuals of one particular species found (n) divided by total no. of
individuals found (N)
ln = natural log
∑ = the sum of the calculation
s = no. of species
 Simpson's Index
Since evenness and dominance are simply two sides of the same coin, their measures are
complimentary. Simpson's index is based on the probability of two individuals drawn at
random from an infinitely large community belonging to the same species;
Similarly, Pi is the proportion of individuals found in species i. for a finite community, this is
 ()   = ( − 1)/(∑( − 1))
Figure 4: Bird-eye view of study area and surroundings

J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me - 6 , 20 20
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Where,
p = proportion (n/N) of individuals of one particular species found (n) divided by total no. of
individuals found (N)
∑ = the sum of the calculation
s = no. of species
Source: Prof. Kerkhoff, 2010
Choice of species is subjectively judged in the view of researchers 'expertise. Results are
presented in graphs, charts and tabular forms.
 The biodiversity index
The biodiversity index was calculated by following Magurran (2004).
  = (ℎ .   ℎ )
ℎ  .   ℎ 
Result and Discussion
Floral Diversity
The study found 61 plant species belonging to 28families with 2531 total tree count from
Maitighar to Tinkune road. There are parallel three layers from beginning to the end of the
road. A continuous plantation was found along all sections of road in regular spacing except
along bridges and roundabout. The family-wise species richness indicated that Leguminosae
with 11 different species is planted along this roadside followed by Apocynaceae and
Cyaceae with 6 and 4 species respectively (Figure 5).
Diversity Indices
Diversity components that were considered in the study were Biodiversity index, Sampson
index, the distance between the species (density), numbers of family, total numbers of
species, and height of planted tree species (Table 2). Results showed that the diversity indices
6
4
11
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
1111111111111111
0 0
Apocynaceae
Cycaceae
Leguminosae
Araliaceae
Cupressaceae
Lythraceae
Malvaceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Apocynaceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Acanthaceae
Anacardiaceae
Araliaceae
Bignoniaceae
Cupressaceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Myricaceae
Pinaceae
Podocarpace…
Proteaceae
Rutaceae
Salicaceae
Solanaceae
Theaceae
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Family
No. of species
Family wise species richness
Figure 5: Species richness on planted tree species from Maitighar to Tinkune road

J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me - 6 , 20 20
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are relatively good in this plantation section. Quantitatively, Biodiversity index found 0.024,
Sampson indices are just above 18, and Shannon index is 3.36 (Table 2). Remarkably,
consisting of 28 families within a 3.2 km (cumulatively 3.2 x 4 = 12.8 km) alongside is great
diverse maintenance of floral diversity perspective.
The highest range of spacing was found to be 34 meters in front of Everest Hospital, near
Baneshwor, along the pavement (path) way that allowed the multiple entrances and exit as a
public avenue and the nearest species found on a meter in many instances. In the study area,
the species survival rate also found to be excellent (97.5%), the figure tells that only 65 plants
individuals were found to be dead, where 2531 individuals are vigorously growing.
Table 1: Overall summary of the diversity indices and diversity components
SN
Diversity components
Results
1 Biodiversity index 0.024
2 Sampson Index(fin.) 18.16
3 Sampson Index (Inf.) 18.04
4 Shannon Index 3.36
5 Total distance (km) 12.8
6 Total number of plants 2531 (excluding dead ones)
7 Total number of species 61
8 Total family 28
9 Range of space between plants(m) 1-34
10 Range of height(m) 0.2-2.5
Within 3.2 km (cumulatively 3.2 x 4 =12.8 km) distance, 81 different plant species from 28
different plant families showed very good species richness and diversity.
Species choice
In this plantation section of Kathmandu Valley, no systematic selections of species were
found. Several planted species were climatically unsuitable in Kathmandu valleys like
Cupressus species and Cedrus deodara. Out of 2531 total planted tree counted, 404 trees
(16%) is covered by Ficus Benjamina and Callistemon citrinus, Michelia kisopa, Cupressus
tolurosa with 210,129 and 125 counts respectively (Table 2).
Table 2 Total number of dominant species on Maitighar to Tinkune road
SN Vernacular name Scientific names Family Individual
trees
1 Swami Ficus benjamina Moraceae 404
2 Bottlebrush Callistemon citrinus Myrtaceae 210
3 Champ Michelia kisopa Magnoliaceae 129
4 Raj Sallo Cupressus torulosa Cupressaceae 125
5 Kapoor Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae 117
6 Laurel spp Persia species Lauraceae 117
7 Kyamuna Cleistocalyx species Myrtaceae 116
8 Kalkatte plant Camelia japonica Theaceae 102
9 Kaiyophul Gravelia robusta Proteaceae 95
10 NA Callindra species Leguminosae 92
The maintenance of very good spacing between plants in this section demonstrates the real
expectation in urban forestry (McKinney, 2008).The major purpose of this urban plantation
seems for ornamentation as well as to maintain the urban ecosystem intact. Besides, road site

J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me - 6 , 20 20
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trees ultimately fulfilled the amenity, shelter, wind firm, evergreen and urban park. However,
Swami (Ficus benjamina) is the most common tree found in this study may not be a right
choice for this roadside plantation because the size of the tree, their location if not carefully
planned at planting, raise and crack the pavement with their roots. The same case is for Ficus
religiosa in some section of the road.
The expected benefits from the urban forestry are that prevents or at least reduce wind
erosion, reduce evaporation from the soil, moderate extreme temperatures. The physical
characteristics of planted trees species must be fast-growing, having straight stems, can be
prune as desire, evergreen, wind firmness, deep root system, relatively long-lived, not subject
to wind throw or breakage of large branches, and comparatively resistance to drought and
must be suitable in the local climate (http://www.fao.org). In Kathmandu Valley specific
deciduous trees also suitable for plantation because these trees have an important advantage
is their ability to provide shelter in summer but allow sunlight to penetrate in winter however
the leaves need to be gathered during and after leaf fall. The form and height of the species
must be suitable for the width of the street in which they are to be planted
(http://www.fao.org/). Besides, the roadside plantation must consider such trees which
produce edible fruits, pods, provide food and shelter for birds and when bloom must be
pleasant fragrant and valuable for beekeeping too. Recently, in the inauguration of plantation
years in Nepal, a practice has been started in Koteshwor-Ekantakuna-Kalanki Ring Road
section (Personal Communication with the Department of Forests and Soil Conservation,
2019).
There are several advantages of Maitighar to Tiknune plantation of Kathmandu by increasing
scenic beauty, ameliorate to the main road with a very good diversity of plant species but this
study identified some following shortcoming.
 Ficus bengamina and Ficus religiosa are two religious trees with a very dominant
habit that may not ideal because they are buttress forming, prop-rooted, branchy,
spread horizontal branching, deciduous, zoophile species. Thus may not consider as
an excellent choice of species for Roadsides Avenue. We found this is the most
abundant in the study area (Table 2)
 Gravelia robusta and Magnolia species are wind threw, surface feeder, deciduous,
branchy species. This may cause an accident in the road and its sides, regarded as a
decorative plant but not for roadside growing. Also, these species found commonly in
the study site (Table 2)
 Cupressus species and Cedrus deodara are upper temperate trees. These are
climatically unsuitable in Kathmandu Valley since this belongs to the ecological zones
of sub-tropical regions (average elevation of the valley is 1400 m above sea level)
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Conclusion
Only in 3.2 km (cumulatively 3.2x4=12.8 km) long main road of Kathmandu Valley, the
floral diversity (both richness and evenness) is very good with 61 different species within 28
plant families. The choice of species for this plantation showed unsystematic and unplanned.
Though species composition showed a wide range of varieties appropriate choice remained
haphazard and without considering the general principles of urban forestry. Therefore,
species choice is a serious concern for decision-maker to be conscious before plantation in an
urban environment. Proper and scientific species selection not only reduce the cost of species

J o u r n a l o f En vi ro n me nt Sc i en c e s, V ol u me - 6 , 20 20
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management, disaster risk, many types of pollutions and time for maintenance in term of
economic advantages but also facilitate to increase the aesthetic beauty, faith and ownership
as socio-cultural and environmental benefits of a heavily populated area in urban settings like
Kathmandu Valley.
Acknowledgements
We thank Ramji Shah, Ajay Kumar Mishra, Shanta Ram Baral and Ashok Kumar Chaudhary
for support in data collection. Also, we are indebted to Government of Nepal, Ministry of
Forests and Environment, then Central Forestry Training and Extension Centre, Babarmahal,
Kathmandu for providing a research plate-form as a part of project work in-service training in
2015 (Officer Level).
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