The economic and environmental sustainability can be enhanced by polygeneration of added value chemicals and materials through process integration opportunities. Reuse and recycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) rich as well as lean streams can generate syngas, hydrogen, formic acid, methane, ethylene, methanol, Fischer-Tropsch liquid, succinic acid, etc. as well as materials such as epoxides as
... [Show full abstract] precursor to polymers and carbonates through mineralisation reactions for construction applications. This chapter shows the two most effective tools to develop biorefinery flowsheets incorporating CO2 capture and reuse: techno-economic analysis tools, by process synthesis, simulation, heat integration and economic analysis and CO2 pinch analysis, targeting and exchange network design. The systematic tools have been demonstrated to develop integration configurations for CO2 utilisation and exchange that leads to lowest or zero CO2 emission. Mass pinch analysis has also been applied for the planning of carbon-constrained energy sector and eco-industrial parks.