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ARCHITECTURE OF SMART HEALTH CARE SYSTEM USING ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
M.M.Kamruzzaman
Department of Computer and Information Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, KSA
mmkamruzzaman@ju.edu.sa
ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly
useful for doctors, nurses, radiologists,
researchers, pharmacists, emergency medical
service, and many other healthcare professionals.
This paper proposes the creation of a smart
healthcare system using artificial intelligence as a
means of efficiently solving challenges in the
healthcare industry and as a tool for optimizing
patient care plans. The proposed AI-assisted
system shows that it can support a patient who is
admitted to the hospital through emergency
medical services, easily process the patient’s data,
and offer early detection of serious diseases. It can
automatically recognize the complicated patterns
which have been obtained from radiologists, can
analyze complete human molecular data and
genetics in the clinic, and can support doctors by
producing AI-generated radiologist reports,
clinical laboratory reports, and many other
decision-support tools. The proposed architecture
can easily handle diverse and complicated
healthcare problems and can be used by any
modern hospital to save time and money. This
work also shows the recent development of AI
applications in healthcare, which could be used in
the proposed architecture.
Index Terms— Artificial intelligence, smart
healthcare, Machine learning, Deep learning.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the healthcare market, Artificial intelligence (AI) was
valued at about $1441 million in 2016, and by 2023, it is
estimated that it will reach approximately $22,700 million.
AI plays a role in gathering information, then it processes
that information and makes a perfect prediction by using
algorithms that have been tested repeatedly to diminish the
margin of error. The important AI technologies in this
context include the natural processing of languages, physical
robotic systems, and machine learning, along with deep
learning and neural networks. The main aim of AI in
healthcare is to analyze the important connections between
patient outcomes and treatment methods for prevention [1-
5].
Different AI algorithms have been created for different
applications. [6] proposes using target recognition and
image interpretation, [7] suggests using a remote sensing
image retrieval algorithm based on an improved Sobel
operator, [8] indicates large-scale, high-dimensional data
processing for images of the human brain in order to
establish a hierarchical model of hidden relational logic,
detecting the criminals of future smart cities using AI is
explained in [9], video stream based on object detection is
proposed in [10], and [11] shows how to extract images of
cultivated land using deep learning. [12] uses deep learning
for diagnosis fault from images. A hash network algorithm
based on deep neural networks is proposed in [13] to
retrieve animal images from a massive network of images.
[14] proposes a moving target tracking algorithm based on
block information.
AI has also been applied in different fields of smart health
services, such as robotic surgery, cardiology, cancer
treatment, and neurology [16]. Drug development has been
addressed, and so has patient monitoring and personalized
medication, as well as helping doctors make perfect
decisions [17], finding related medical data or information
from different textbooks and journals [18], storing patient
data on the Cloud for easy access, and so on.
The purpose of this paper is to provide an
architecture for an AI-based smart healthcare system where
patients will get complete support throughout the course of
978-1-7281-1485-9/20/$31.00 (c) 2020 IEEE
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their lives. This AI-based support will come from all
departments, including Emergency Medical Service (EMS),
nursing, doctors, radiologists, clinical laboratories,
pharmacy, and so on. Researchers will also be able to use
patients’ data and AI-based decision-making for further
development in the health care system. This proposed
system will also explain how to deploy the recent
developments in AI to automate the whole healthcare
system, which is unprecedented in existing research.
2. ARCHITECTURE OF SMART HEALTH SYSTEM
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Figure 1 shows the proposed architecture for AI-
supported smart healthcare systems, where AI supports
doctors, patients, nurses, Emergency Medical Service
(EMS), pharmacists, radiologists, clinical laboratories, and
researchers. The following sections explain how those actors
are receiving that support:
2.1 Patient:
Hospitals that use this architecture for smart
healthcare systems will provide a sensor-based wireless
device to track each of its listed patients. That device,
whether placed at home or in the hospital, will automatically
update the patient’s daily information in a centralized
database system. AI will make decisions based on the
patient’s data, and Emergency Medical Service (EMS) will
be provided if required.
The most important role AI will play for patients is that
it provides all the pertinent patient data in a timely manner
and properly screens the patients’ affected part. AI advises
the patient and guides the physician in giving proper
treatment. These AI-based support systems are sometimes
smarter than a physician and can give a proper diagnosis and
can treat patients with serious conditions more effectively
than a doctor. This AI-based decision support system is
under a process of continuous improvement based on
several factors such as new patient data, rate of cure, et
cetera. The medical research center will always maintain the
system, which will be explained later.
Fig.1 Architecture of smart health system using artificial intelligence
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2.2 Emergency Medical Service (EMS):
Sensor-based devices that are always with the patients’
hands can be useful for EMS. AI assists EMS in decision-
making as well as providing emergency treatment for
serious patients, like stroke patients. AI-based algorithmic
computers ask for several inputs like temperature, blood
pressure, and so on, to monitor the patients’ status and
provide fast aid for a short time. The AI plays a role in
drawing blood from the patient, and also provides directions
to nurses. Nurses update the patients’ status with the help of
AI. It also helps direct patients to the designated hospital for
a particular disease.
2.3 Nurses
Nurses can easily handle massive amounts of patient
data with the help of smart AI-based devices without having
to enter the data manually. Nurses are always updated from
the AI-based system, which receives the patients’ data from
their smart devices. AI also assists nurses in evaluating
disease status and helps them to anticipate future
interventions.
2.4 Doctors:
AI makes everything easier and faster by monitoring
and screening the patient as well as providing support for
making decisions quickly. AI can easily convert the
unstructured data into the structured form, giving accurate
results, and leading to the perfect diagnosis. Doctors get
help from AI-generated radiologist reports, clinical
laboratory reports, and many other decision-support tools.
Doctors can utilize AI to analyze important discussion
between nurses and patients as well as patient notes. It also
helps doctors to pinpoint the effected parts which reduce
patients’ quality of life and target effect areas before they
develop into chronic ailments.
2.5 Radiologists
Radiologists benefit from AI with regard to detecting
and monitoring diseases. AI algorithms have shown
exceptional progress with tasks related to image recognition.
AI mainly provides assessments of radiological graphs, and
automatically recognizes complicated patterns in the form of
images. Recent AI applications detect the pediatric bone age
known as RSNA, to show the effected part in greater detail
than can be detected by the naked eye. As we know, lung
cancer is the most common and harmful type of tumor
which needs rapid detection and treatment. Screening for
lung cancer is necessary to identify the pulmonary nodules.
AI can automatically identify nodules, which are then
categorized as malignant or benign.
Mammography screening is a big challenge for most
radiologists because of the long process. But AI can assist in
interpreting the results, and easily characterizes calcium
deposits in the breast of the affected person. The use of AI
algorithms in this respect not only reduces the chronic
disease’s progression but also helps radiologists identify
patients with serious conditions and treat them on a priority
basis. AI also suggests which patients need to go to the
radiologist’s department. For example, the person whose leg
is broken and who is unaware of this fact needs to go to
Radiology immediately.
2.6 Clinical laboratories
The use of AI has increased tremendously in the daily
operations and procedures of clinical laboratories.
Digital pathology enables capturing pathology
information such as whole slide images (WSI) and uses
machine learning to spot subtle patterns and provide the
pathologist with detailed information. Use of AI in clinical
microbiology laboratory settings supplements human
ingenuity and is the gold standard in full-laboratory
automation. The algorithms used make it possible to
automatically read and interpret growth on plates, recognize
colony morphology, and serve other essential functions. The
AI-based clinical laboratories of this proposed system will
test the diminutive volume of serum or blood from different
samples in a single day and provide accurate answers to all
the clinical questions which are difficult for human beings.
For the detection of colon, lung, and breast cancer, the CAD
system has been implemented progressively, which is one of
the greatest applications of AI. Thus, CAD has become a
common and popular AI application in clinical practice. AI
has given a new approach for the analysis of complete
human molecular data, as well as genetics. AI has the
potential to fathom and solve numerous challenges related to
clinical trials.
2.7 Pharmacy
In pharma, AI mainly refers to the use of automated
algorithms to perform those tasks or activities which depend
or rely on human intelligence. AI has a great impact on
pharmacies and drug stores’ operational efficiency. The
proposed system will automatically provide notification
about shortages of medicine, oversold or high/low demand
of medicine, et cetera. AI has empowered pharmacists to
move from just filling prescriptions to the management of
the disease and of the patient’s engagement. AI mainly
identifies the relationship between different health problems
and the types of medicines or drugs best suited to treat them.
Hospitals that use the proposed system will provide AI-
based mobile apps to monitor the patients’ use of
medications in real-time. These apps utilize a webcam to
verify whether or not the patients are taking these drugs or
medicines as prescribed. Researchers and scientists who are
developing new medicines or drugs are also using these
pharmaceutical data, which will be explained in the next
section.
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2.8 Researchers:
The proposed system helps researchers collect data
more rapidly and obtain predictive analyses of new
medicines or new diseases. AI can automatically write the
stories provided by the doctors and nurses, and researchers
can use formatted data for research purposes, obtaining a
perfect and accurate report. This report helps researchers
find the main cause of disease and gather the best evidence
of its interactions with various biomedical entities, as well
as optimizing the manufacturing process.
AI also permits researchers to verify the blend of
biomarkers and recruit the patient, providing the opportunity
for diagnosis. With the new indications, AI allows
researchers to repurpose different drugs, as well as extricate
the biological knowledge for discovering new ones. AI also
plays an important role in testing different compounds
against cells and identifying different compounds that need
more analysis and time. AI speeds up the screening process
and gives quicker results compared to the analysis done by
human beings.
The proposed system will also support Contract
Research Organizations (CRO) for research. The CRO is a
firm that helps support medical industries, pharmacies, and
biotechnology companies, but on a contract basis. They are
mainly introduced to minimize the costs of those companies
who are developing new drugs or medicines for healthcare
markets. CROs have a wide range of experience working
with scientists, researchers, and clinicians to define
particular questions that are beneficial for all.
3. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN HEALTH SERVICE
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI has amazed the world with its recent technologies,
and everyone in the medical professions is trying to adopt it.
A few of the recent developments, such as qXR for TB
screening, qER tool for Head CT scans, qScout-EMR,
InMotion ARM, Google AI for breast cancer detection,
which will be used in the proposed system are listed below:
3.1 qXR for TB screening:
qXR is a tool for scanning chest X-rays that detects
signs of pulmonary, hilar, and pleural tuberculosis. qXR
uses an AI algorithm that can detect both classic primary
pulmonary TB and its atypical manifestations [19]. In
addition to its applications with regard to tuberculosis, it has
the ability to screen for conditions such lung malignancies
in high-risk populations, COPD, and some cardiac disorders
simultaneously.
3.2 qER tool for Head CT scans
This is a tool detects, localizes, and determines the
extent a multiple types of brain pathologies, such as all
types of intra-cerebral bleeds, midline shift, mass effect,
infarcts, and cranial fractures, as shown in figure 4. The
accuracy is given in table 1.
Fig. 2. Interface of qXR tool (www.qure.ai)
Fig. 3. Chest X-ray screening by qXR (www.qure.ai)
Fig. 4. Interface of qER (www.qure.ai)
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3.3 qScout-EMR for contact registration and tracing
This tool can be accessed from any mobile device or
laptop. It is mainly designed for COVID-19, for registration
and contacting. However, we will collaborate with the
company to modify this app for all patients, for monitoring
daily symptoms. Figure 5 shows the interface for this tool.
3.4 InMotion ARM
InMotion robots are used as neurorehabilitation tools in
the United States and over 20 other countries. Extensive
research has shown InMotion robots are effective for
treatment of a number of motor impairments, including
spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, hemiplegic shoulder pain,
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and muscle
spasticity.
3. CONCLUSION
The proposed architecture shows that any healthcare
organization can implement this AI-based approach to as a
means of reducing costs and managing all stakeholders
efficiently and accurately. The proposed AI-assisted system
supports a patient starting from the time of their admission
into the hospital using emergency medical services,
processes the patient’s long data, detects serious diseases,
automatically recognizes complicated patterns, and can
analyze the complete human molecular data and patient
genetics in a clinic setting. It minimizes potential human
error on the part of the doctors by generating AI-generated
radiologist reports, clinical laboratory reports, and providing
many other decision-support tools, easing the decision
making process with regard to the early detection and
diagnosis of diseases. It not only processes the patient's raw
data, but also generates reports very quickly, which helps
researchers, doctors, nurses, and other stakeholders get the
support they need in an efficient manner. This work also
shows the recent developments which relate to the role of AI
in healthcare and which could be used in this proposed
architecture, such as detection of cancers in the early stages,
finding the genetic code linkages, developing new drugs, et
cetera. In other words, the proposed system will enhance the
capacity of healthcare professionals to understand their
patients’ basic needs, allowing them to more easily guide
and support their patients effectively, making optimal use of
the staff’s time and reducing costs. AI-based healthcare
offers a wealth of improvements to the healthcare industry,
Fi
g
. 6. InMotion ARM
(
www.bioniklabs.co
m
)
Fig. 5. Interface of qScout (www.qure.ai)
Abnormal
finding
AUC
(Confidence
interval) Specificity Sensitivity
Intraparenchymal
haemorrhage
0.95 0.86 0.9
Extradural
hemorrhage
0.97 0.87 0.95
Intracranial
haemorrhage
0.95 0.89 0.9
Subarachnoid
hemorrhage
0.95 0.89 0.9
Subdural
hemorrhage
0.96 0.89 0.9
Intraventricular
haemorrhage
0.98 0.91 0.95
Cranial Fracture 0.96 0.9 0.9
Infarct 0.94 0.87 0.87
Midline Shift 0.97 0.93 0.93
Mass Effect 0.93 0.88 0.88
Atrophy 0.92 0.84 0.84
Table 1. The accuracy of each algorithm
(www.qure.ai)
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and healthcare professionals and hospitals around the globe
need to move towards AI-based systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank the reviewers for the
suggestions which help to improve the quality of this paper.
In addition, the authors are also very thankful to Jouf
University, sakaka, Al Jouf, KSA for providing resources.
4.
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