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Sixty-first Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds

June 2020
Ornithology 137(3)

DOI:10.1093/auk/ukaa030

Authors:

Carla Cicero

University of California, Berkeley

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Sixty-first Supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list

of North American Birds

R. Terry Chesser,1,2,* Shawn M. Billerman,3 Kevin J. Burns,4 Carla Cicero,5 Jon L. Dunn,6

Andrew W. Kratter,7 Irby J. Lovette,3 Nicholas A. Mason,8 Pamela C. Rasmussen,9 J. V. Remsen, Jr.,8

Douglas F. Stotz,10 and Kevin Winker11

1 U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA

2 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA

3 Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA

4 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA

5 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

6 24 Idaho Street, Bishop, California, USA

7 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

8 Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

9 Michigan State University Museum and Department of Integrative Biology, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

10 Science & Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA

11 University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA

* Corresponding author: chessert@si.edu

Authors are members of the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature—North and Middle America, of the American Ornithological Society

(formerly American Ornithologists’ Union), listed alphabetically after the Chairman.

Published June 30, 2020

This is the 20th supplement since publication of the

7th edition of the Check-list of North American Birds

(American Ornithologists’ Union [AOU] 1998). It

summarizes decisions made between April 15, 2019 and

April 15, 2020 by the American Ornithological Society’s

(formerly American Ornithologists’ Union’s) Committee

on Classification and Nomenclature—North and Middle

America. The Committee has continued to operate in the

manner outlined in the 42nd Supplement (Banks et al.

2000). During the past year, Shawn M. Billerman and

Nicholas A.Mason were added to the committee.

Changes in this supplement include the following: (1)

3 species (Buteo rufinus, Brotogeris chiriri, and Lanius

collurio) are added to the main list, including 1 species

transferred from the Appendix, on the basis of new dis-

tributional information; (2) 2 species (Anas diazi and

Formicarius moniliger) are added to the main list because

of splits from species already on the list; (3) 1 species

(Zimmerius parvus) is added to the main list because of

a split from a species already on the list, as well as from

2 extralimital species; (4) 2 scientific names are changed

(to Sarkidiornis sylvicola and Turdus eunomus) because

of splits from extralimital species, although the English

names are retained; (5) the English name and distributional

statement of 1 species (Zosterops japonicus) are changed

because of a split from an extralimital species; (6) the dis-

tributional statement of 1 species (Thalasseus maximus)

is changed because of a split from an extralimital spe-

cies; (7) 1 species (Corvus caurinus) is lost by merger with

a species already on the list; (8) 1 species (Uraeginthus

bengalus) is removed from the main list and placed in the

Appendix; (9) 7 genera (Gymnasio, Poliocrania, Sipia,

Dendroma, Pseudopipra, Helopsaltes, and Loriotus) are

added due to splits from other genera, resulting in changes

to 7 scientific names (Gymnasio nudipes, Poliocrania exsul,

Sipia laemosticta, Dendroma rufa, Pseudopipra pipra,

Helopsaltes ochotensis, and Loriotus luctuosus); (10) 1

genus (Atthis) is lost by merger with a genus already on the

list, resulting in changes to 2 scientific names (Selasphorus

heloisa and S.ellioti); (11) the gender ending of the scien-

tific name of 1 species (Cyanolyca nanus) is corrected; (12)

the English name of 1 species (Epinecrophylla fulviventris)

is changed; (13) 1 new species (Alcedo atthis) is added

to the Appendix; (14) 5 species (Anser anser, Coccyzus

melacoryphus, Haematopus ostralegus, Pluvialis apricaria,

and Pseudobulweria rostrata) are added to the list of spe-

cies known to occur in the United States; and (15) 4 species

(Numida meleagris, Estrilda melpoda, E.troglodytes, and

Lonchura malacca) are removed from the list of species

known to occur in the UnitedStates.

More sweeping changes derive from adoption of a

new classification for a portion of the hummingbird sub-

family Trochilinae, encompassing the genera Chlorostilbon

through Hylocharis, which results in the following: (1) 7

Volume 137, 2020, pp. 1–24

DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukaa030

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

species (Cynanthus auriceps, C. forficatus, C. canivetii,

Microchera cupreiceps, M. chionura, Goldmania bella,

and Eupherusa ridgwayi) are transferred to currently

recognized genera; (2) 9 genera (Phaeoptila, Riccordia,

Basilinna, Pampa, Leucolia, Saucerottia, Chrysuronia,

Polyerata, and Chlorestes) are added because of splits from

other genera; (3) 6 genera (Cyanophaia, Elvira, Goethalsia,

Lepidopyga, Hylocharis, and Juliamyia) are deleted, 5 of

which (all except Hylocharis) are subsumed into other

genera; and (4) a new linear sequence is adopted for these

genera and species.

Three subfamilies (Phasianinae, Tetraoninae, and

Meleagridinae) are deleted, and new linear sequences

are adopted for families in the order Suliformes, genera

in the family Rallidae, species in the genera Dendrortyx,

Megascops (and related genera), Chloroceryle, Ara, Forpus,

Myrmeciza (and related genera), and Progne, and spe-

cies in the families Phalacrocoracidae, Cathartidae, and

Locustellidae, all due to new phylogeneticdata.

Literature that provides the basis for the Committee’s

decisions is cited at the end of this supplement, and

citations not already in the Literature Cited of the 7th

edition (with supplements) become additions to it. A list

of the bird species known from the AOS Check-list area

can be found at http://checklist.americanornithology.org/

taxa, and proposals that form the basis for this supplement

can be found at https://americanornithology.org/nacc/

current-prior-proposals/2020-proposals/.

The following changes to the 7th edition (page num-

bers refer thereto) and its supplements result from the

Committee’s actions:

p. xiii. New criteria are adopted for assessing the es-

tablishment of introduced species, largely following the

revised standards of the American Birding Association

(Pranty etal. 2008). In particular, the minimum persistence

time for establishment has been changed from 10 to 15 yr,

to allow for more accurate determination of the ability of

an introduced species to persist in thewild.

Change the first sentence of the second paragraph

under “Criteria for Inclusion” to the following: “Species

that have been introduced by humans, either deliberately

or accidentally, are considered to be established if the

following criteria are met: (1) the species is documented

by a specimen or published photograph, (2) there are

persistent records for at least fifteen years, (3) the spe-

cies is represented by a bona fide population rather than

by scattered individuals, (4) the population can survive

routine mortality and breeding failure, (5) the popu-

lation is reasonably stable or increasing through suc-

cessful reproduction, and (6) a publication documents

the meeting of these criteria (cf. Roberson 1993, Pranty

etal. 2008) .”

p. xiii. Revised guidelines for English names are

adopted, superseding those set forth in AOU (1983)

and modified in AOU (1998). Delete the current English

names subsection in its entirety and replace it with the

text available online at https://americanornithology.org/

nacc/guidelines-for-english-bird-names/.

pp. xvii–liv. Increase the number in the title of the

list of species to 2,158. Insert the following names in

the proper position as indicated by the text of this

supplement:

Sarkidiornis sylvicola CombDuck.

Anas diazi MexicanDuck.

Selasphorus heloisa Bumblebee Hummingbird.

Selasphorus ellioti Wine-throated Hummingbird.

Phaeoptila sordida Dusky Hummingbird.

Riccordia ricordii Cuban Emerald.

†Riccordia bracei Brace’s Emerald.

Riccordia swainsonii Hispaniolan Emerald.

Riccordia maugaeus Puerto Rican Emerald.

Riccordia bicolor Blue-headed Hummingbird.

Cynanthus auriceps Golden-crowned Emerald.

Cynanthus forficatus Cozumel Emerald.

Cynanthus canivetii Canivet’s Emerald.

Basilinna leucotis White-eared Hummingbird.

Basilinna xantusii Xantus’s Hummingbird.

Pampa curvipennis Wedge-tailed Sabrewing.

Pampa excellens Long-tailed Sabrewing.

Pampa rufa Rufous Sabrewing.

Microchera cupreiceps Coppery-headed Emerald.

Microchera chionura White-tailed Emerald.

Goldmania bella Pirre Hummingbird.

Eupherusa ridgwayi Mexican Woodnymph.

Leucolia violiceps Violet-crowned Hummingbird.

Leucolia viridifrons Green-fronted Hummingbird.

Saucerottia cyanocephala A zure-crowned Hummingbird.

Saucerottia hoffmanni Blue-vented Hummingbird.

Saucerottia beryllina Berylline Hummingbird.

Saucerottia cyanura Blue-tailed Hummingbird.

Saucerottia edward Snowy-bellied Hummingbird.

Chrysuronia coe ruleogularis Sapphire-throated Humming bird.

Chrysuronia humboldtii Humboldt’s Sapphire.

Polyerata amabilis Blue-chested Hummingbird.

Polyerata decora Charming Hummingbird.

Chlorestes candida White-bellied Emerald.

Chlorestes eliciae Blue-throated Goldentail.

Chlorestes julie Violet-bellied Hummingbird.

Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard.(A)

Gymnasio nudipes Puerto RicanOwl.

Brotogeris chiriri Yellow-chevroned Parakeet.(I)

Epinecrophylla fulviventri s Checker-throated Stipplethroat.

Poliocrania exsul Chestnut-backed Antbird.

Sipia laemosticta Dull-mantled Antbird.

Formicarius moniliger Mayan Antthrush.

Dendroma rufa Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner.

Pseudopipra pipra White-crowned Manakin.

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R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al. Check-list supplement

Zimmerius vilissimus Guatemalan Tyrannulet.

Zimmerius parvus Mistletoe Tyrannulet.

Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike.(A)

Cyanolyca nanus DwarfJay.

Zosterops japonicus Warbling White-eye. (H,I)

Helopsaltes ochotensis Middendorff’s Grasshopper-

Warbler.(A)

Turdus eunomus Dusky Thrush.(A)

Loriotus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager.

Delete the followingnames:

Sarkidiornis melanotos CombDuck.

Phasianinae

Tetraoninae

Meleagridinae

Atthis heloisa Bumblebee Hummingbird.

Atthis ellioti Wine-throated Hummingbird.

Chlorostilbon auriceps Golden-crowned Emerald.

Chlorostilbon forficatus Cozumel Emerald.

Chlorostilbon canivetii Canivet’s Emerald.

Chlorostilbon ricordii Cuban Emerald.

†Chlorostilbon bracei Brace’s Emerald.

Chlorostilbon swainsonii Hispaniolan Emerald.

Chlorostilbon maugaeus Puerto Rican Emerald.

Cynanthus sordidus Dusky Hummingbird.

Cyanophaia bicolor Blue-headed Hummingbird.

Campylopterus curvipennis Wedge-tailed Sabrewing.

Campylopterus excellens Long-tailed Sabrewing.

Campylopterus rufus Rufous Sabrewing.

Elvira chionura White-tailed Emerald.

Elvira cupreiceps Coppery-headed Emerald.

Thalurania ridgwayi Mexican Woodnymph.

Amazilia candida White-bellied Emerald.

Amazilia amabilis Blue-chested Hummingbird.

Amazilia decora Charming Hummingbird.

Amazilia cyanocephala Azure-crowned Hummingbird.

Amazilia beryllina Berylline Hummingbird.

Amazilia cyanura Blue-tailed Hummingbird.

Amazilia hoffmanni Blue-vented Hummingbird.

Amazilia edward Snowy-bellied Hummingbird.

Amazilia violiceps Violet-crowned Hummingbird.

Amazilia viridifrons Green-fronted Hummingbird.

Goethalsia bella Pirre Hummingbird.

Lepidopyga coeruleogularis Sapphire-throated

Hummingbird.

Juliamyia julie Violet-bellied Hummingbird.

Hylocharis humboldtii Humboldt’s Sapphire.

Hylocharis eliciae Blue-throated Goldentail.

Hylocharis leucotis White-eared Hummingbird.

Hylocharis xantusii Xantus’s Hummingbird.

Megascops nudipes Puerto Rican Screech-Owl.

Epinecrophylla fulviventris Checker-throated Antwren.

Myrmeciza exsul Chestnut-backed Antbird.

Myrmeciza laemosticta Dull-mantled Antbird.

Philydor rufum Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner.

Dixiphia pipra White-crowned Manakin.

Zimmerius vilissimus Paltry Tyrannulet.

Cyanolyca nana DwarfJay.

Corvus caurinus NorthwesternCrow.

Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye. (H,I)

Locustella ochotensis Middendorff’s Grasshopper-

Warbler. (A)

Turdus naumanni Dusky Thrush.(A)

Uraeginthus bengalus Red-cheeked Cordonbleu. (H,I)

Tachyphonus luctuosus White-shouldered Tanager.

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

genus Dendrortyx:

Dendrortyx leucophrys

Dendrortyx macroura

Dendrortyx barbatus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

family Phasianidae:

Meleagris gallopavo

Meleagris ocellata

Bonasa umbellus

Falcipennis canadensis

Lagopus lagopus

Lagopus muta

Lagopus leucura

Centrocercus urophasianus

Centrocercus minimus

Dendragapus obscurus

Dendragapus fuliginosus

Tympanuchus phasianellus

Tympanuchus cupido

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus

Perdix perdix

Phasianus colchicus

Lophura leucomelanos

Pavo cristatus

Francolinus pondicerianus

Francolinus francolinus

Gallus gallus

Tetraogallus himalayensis

Alectoris chukar

Coturnix japonica

Pternistis erckelii

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

genus Selasphorus:

Selasphorus calliope

Selasphorus rufus

Selasphorus sasin

Selasphorus platycercus

Selasphorus heloisa

Selasphorus ellioti

Selasphorus flammula

Selasphorus scintilla

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

Selasphorus ardens

Adopt the following linear sequence for species currently

listed from Chlorostilbon auriceps through Hylocharis

xantusii in the Trochilinae, adding asterisks before 2 spe-

cies to indicate their uncertain generic placement:

Phaeoptila sordida

Riccordia ricordii

†Riccordia bracei

Riccordia swainsonii

Riccordia maugaeus

Riccordia bicolor

Cynanthus latirostris

Cynanthus auriceps

Cynanthus forficatus

Cynanthus canivetii

Chlorostilbon assimilis

Basilinna leucotis

Basilinna xantusii

Pampa curvipennis

Pampa excellens

Pampa rufa

Abeillia abeillei

Klais guimeti

Orthorhyncus cristatus

Campylopterus hemileucurus

Chalybura urochrysia

Chalybura buffonii

Thalurania colombica

Microchera albocoronata

Microchera cupreiceps

Microchera chionura

Goldmania violiceps

Goldmania bella

Eupherusa ridgwayi

Eupherusa poliocerca

Eupherusa cyanophrys

Eupherusa eximia

Eupherusa nigriventris

Phaeochroa cuvierii

Trochilus polytmus

Leucolia violiceps

Leucolia viridifrons

Saucerottia cyanocephala

Saucerottia hoffmanni

Saucerottia beryllina

Saucerottia cyanura

Saucerottia edward

Amazilia rutila

Amazilia yucatanensis

Amazilia tzacatl

*Amazilia luciae

*Amazilia boucardi

Chrysuronia coeruleogularis

Chrysuronia humboldtii

Polyerata amabilis

Polyerata decora

Chlorestes candida

Chlorestes eliciae

Chlorestes julie

Adopt the following linear sequence for genera in the

family Rallidae:

Neocrex

Cyanolimnas

Pardirallus

Amaurolimnas

Aramides

Rallus

Crex

Porzana

Gallinula

Fulica

Porphyrio

Micropygia

Coturnicops

Hapalocrex

Laterallus

Zapornia

Adopt the following linear sequence for families in the

order Suliformes:

FREGATIDAE

SULIDAE

ANHINGIDAE

PHALACROCORACIDAE

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

family Phalacrocoracidae:

Phalacrocorax penicillatus

Phalacrocorax urile

Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Phalacrocorax carbo

Phalacrocorax auritus

Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

family Cathartidae:

Gymnogyps californianus

Sarcoramphus papa

Coragyps atratus

Cathartes aura

Cathartes burrovianus

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R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al. Check-list supplement

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

genera Psiloscops, Gymnasio, and Megascops:

Psiloscops flammeolus

Gymnasio nudipes

Megascops trichopsis

Megascops clarkii

Megascops choliba

Megascops barbarus

Megascops cooperi

Megascops kennicottii

Megascops asio

Megascops seductus

Megascops guatemalae

Megascops centralis

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

genus Chloroceryle:

Chloroceryle amazona

Chloroceryle aenea

Chloroceryle americana

Chloroceryle inda

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

genus Ara:

Ara ararauna

Ara severus

Ara tricolor

Ara macao

Ara chloropterus

Ara militaris

Ara ambiguus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

genus Forpus:

Forpus cyanopygius

Forpus passerinus

Forpus conspicillatus

Adopt the following linear sequence for species cur-

rently or formerly in Myrmeciza, and insert an asterisk to

indicate the uncertain generic placement of Myrmeciza

zeledoni:

Myrmeciza longipes

*Myrmeciza zeledoni

Poliocrania exsul

Sipia laemosticta

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

genus Progne:

Progne tapera

Progne subis

Progne elegans

Progne chalybea

Progne sinaloae

Progne cryptoleuca

Progne dominicensis

Adopt the following linear sequence for species in the

family Locustellidae:

Helopsaltes ochotensis

Locustella lanceolata

Locustella fluviatilis

Note: The entries below follow the current linear sequence

as established in this and previous supplements, although

entries continue to be cross-referenced to page numbers in

AOU(1998).

1. [p.58] Arecord of Anser anser in the United States is

recognized. Change the last paragraph of the distributional

statement to the following:

Accidental in Greenland, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,

and Quebec. Accidental in Connecticut (Wallingford, New

Haven County, 22 February–8 March 2009; photos; Kaplan

and Hanisek2012).

2. [p. 58] Sarkidiornis sylvicola is treated as a species

separate from extralimital species S. melanotos. Remove

the species account for S.melanotos and replace it with the

following new account:

Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering. CombDuck.

Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering, 1907, in

Museu Paulista, São Paulo, Catálogo Fauna Brasileira

1: 72. (Iguapé, São Paulo, Brazil, and Buenos Aires,

Argentina.) New name for Anas carunculata

Lichtenstein, 1819, preoccupied by Anas carunculata

Vieillot, 1816, Nouvelle Dictionnaire Histoire

Naturelle, nouv. éd., vol. 5, p.109.

Habitat.—Freshwater Lakes and Ponds, Freshwater

Marshes (0–1200 m; Tropical to Temperatezones).

Distribution.—Resident locally in tropical America

from eastern Panama (Río Chucunaque in eastern Darién,

casually west to La Jagua, eastern Panamá province), south

through northern South America to northwestern Peru,

southeastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay

(generally absent from Amazonia).

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered

conspecific with S.melanotos (Pennant, 1769)[Knob-billed

Duck], but separated based on differences in plumage and

because the original lump of these species (by Delacour

and Mayr 1945) was based on hybridization in captivity.

3. [p. 68] Anas diazi is treated as a species separate

from A. platyrhynchos. Change the species account for

A. platyrhynchos as follows: delete mention of the diazi

group from the habitat and distributional statements and

change the Notes to: “The Anas platyrhynchos complex

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

includes 14 closely related species; A.platyrhynchos appears

to be most closely related to the New World radiation, which

includes A.diazi, A.fulvigula, A.rubripes, A.wyvilliana, and

A. laysanensis, and to A. poe cilorhyncha J. R. Forster 1781

[Indian Spot-billed Duck] and A. zonorhyncha Swinhoe,

1866 [Eastern Spot-billed Duck] in the Old World (Lavretsky

etal. 2014a). In various older treatments, some or even all

New World taxa were treated as conspecific under the name

A.platyrhynchos (e.g., Johnsgard 1961, 1967). Anas rubripes

and A.fulvigula hybridize frequently with A. platyrhynchos

in an area of broad overlap, largely as a result of introductions

and range expansions of the latter into the range of A.rubripes

and A.fulvigula. These 3 forms differ somewhat behaviorally

and tend to segregate as species (Brodsky and Weatherhead

1984, Brodsky etal. 1988, Hepp etal. 1988, Ford etal. 2017,

Lavretsky et al. 2019b), but early genetic studies found

them difficult to differentiate (Ankney et al. 1986, Ankney

and Dennis 1988, Avise etal. 1990, McCracken etal. 2001,

Lavretsky etal. 2014a, b). More recent genomic studies have

found that they are genetically separable (Lavretsky et al.

2015, 2019a,b), with differences likely the result of selection

and demographic processes (Kirby etal. 2004, Lavretsky etal.

2019b). Further, genetic evidence suggests that hybridization

is not as widespread as previously believed (Ford etal. 2017),

and that A.platyrhynchos and A.rubripes do not represent a

hybrid swarm (Lavretsky etal. 2019b). See comments under

A.diazi.”

Insert the following new species account after the ac-

count for A.platyrhynchos:

Anas diazi Ridgway. MexicanDuck.

Anas diazi Ridgway, 1886, Auk 3: 332. (San Ysidro,

Puebla, Mexico.)

Habitat.—Freshwater Marshes (0–2500m).

Distribution.—Breeds from southeastern Arizona,

southern New Mexico, and west-central Texas south in

the highlands of Mexico to Jalisco, Michoacán, México,

Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, andPuebla.

Winters in the breeding range and east to southern

Coahuila, San Luis Potosí, and eastern Tamaulipas.

Nonbreeding birds occur casually throughout the year

north through much of Colorado and in Utah north to

Great Salt Lake, west to the Lower Colorado River Valley,

and east to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Accidental west

to San Luis Obispo County, California, north to Albany

County, Wyoming, and east to southwestern Nebraska.

Difficulties distinguishing this species from A. fulvigula

may be decreasing detection east of its usualrange.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered

conspecific with A. platyrhynchos, although prior to this

(until AOU 1973) the 2 were treated as separate species.

Newly separated based on assortative mating in the narrow

contact zone between these species (Bellrose 1976, Hubbard

1977, Brown 1985) and genomic data that indicate restricted

gene flow between them (Lavretsky etal. 2015, 2019a).

4. [p.123] Records of Numida meleagris in the United

States are recognized as belonging to populations that

were never established (Pratt et al. 1987; contra Walker

1967, Berger 1981, AOU 1983, 1998). Remove this spe-

cies from the list of species known to occur in the United

States, remove “in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1874 on Hawaii

and possibly other main islands, perhaps not well estab-

lished),” from the second paragraph of the distributional

statement, and add the following paragraph to the end of

the distributional statement:

Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (in 1874 on Kauai;

many later introductions on Kauai and other main islands),

but populations failed to become established (Pyle and

Pyle 2017).

5. [pp.123–124] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mi-

tochondrial DNA sequences (Tsai etal. 2019) have shown

that our current linear sequence of species in the genus

Dendrortyx does not refle ct their evolutionary relationships.

These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Dendrortyx, insert the

following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Tsai et al.

(2019).

Rearrange the sequence of species in Dendrortyxto:

Dendrortyx leucophrys

Dendrortyx macroura

Dendrortyx barbatus

6. [pp. 114–123] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and

mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data

(Crowe etal. 2006, Wang etal. 2013, Hosner etal. 2016)

have shown that our current subfamily structure and linear

sequence of species in the family Phasianidae do not re-

flect their evolutionary relationships. These findings result

in the following changes:

Delete the heading Subfamily PHASIANINAE:

Partridges and Pheasants, and the headings and Notes

for Subfamily TETRAONINAE: Grouse, and Subfamily

MELEAGRIDINAE: Turkeys. Insert the following Notes

under the heading and citation for Phasianidae:

Notes.—Formerly divided into subfamilies Phasianinae,

Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae, but analyses of genetic

and morphological data (Crowe et al. 2006, Wang et al.

2013, Hosner etal. 2016) indicate that the species formerly

included in Tetraoninae and Meleagridinae are embedded

within the Phasianinae.

Rearrange the sequence of species in the Phasianidaeto:

Meleagris gallopavo

Meleagris ocellata

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Bonasa umbellus

Falcipennis canadensis

Lagopus lagopus

Lagopus muta

Lagopus leucura

Centrocercus urophasianus

Centrocercus minimus

Dendragapus obscurus

Dendragapus fuliginosus

Tympanuchus phasianellus

Tympanuchus cupido

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus

Perdix perdix

Phasianus colchicus

Lophura leucomelanos

Pavo cristatus

Francolinus pondicerianus

Francolinus francolinus

Gallus gallus

Tetraogallus himalayensis

Alectoris chukar

Coturnix japonica

Pternistis erckelii

7. [p.248] Records of Coccyzus melacoryphus in the United

States are recognized. Delete the last sentence of the distribu-

tional statement and add the following new paragraph:

Accidental in southern Texas (brought to a rehabilitation

center in Weslac, Hidalgo County, 10 February 1986; spec-

imen, LSUMNS; Lockwood 1999, Pyle etal. 2019) and in

southern Florida (Delray Beach, Palm Beach County, 6–10

February 2019; photos; Pyle etal. 2019, Kratter et al. 2020).

8. [pp.311–312] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mi-

tochondrial DNA sequences (McGuire etal. 2014, Licona-

Vera and Ornelas 2017) have shown that Selasphorus is

paraphyletic with respect to Atthis, and that our current

linear sequence of species in the genus Selasphorus does

not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These findings

result in the following changes:

Delete the heading Genus ATTHIS Reichenbach and

the Notes under this heading, move the citation for Atthis

into the synonymy of Selasphorus, and change the Notes

under Selasphorus to the following:

Notes.—See comments under S. heloisa. Sequence of

species follows McGuire etal. (2014) and Licona-Vera and

Ornelas (2017).

Change Atthis heloisa to Selasphorus heloisa and

Atthis ellioti to Selasphorus ellioti, add parentheses

around the authority for S. ellioti, make the appropriate

change in the generic abbreviation within the existing

Notes for S.ellioti, and change the Notes under S.heloisa

to the following:

Notes.—Also known as Heloise’s Hummingbird.

Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) placed in Atthis with sister

species S. ellioti, but genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014,

Licona-Vera and Ornelas 2017) indicate that Selasphorus

as previously constituted was paraphyletic with respect to

Atthis, as anticipated by Howell and Webb (1995).

Rearrange the sequence of species in Selasphorusto:

Selasphorus calliope

Selasphorus rufus

Selasphorus sasin

Selasphorus platycercus

Selasphorus heloisa

Selasphorus ellioti

Selasphorus flammula

Selasphorus scintilla

Selasphorus ardens

9. [pp. 289–303] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and

mitochondrial DNA sequences (McGuire et al. 2014,

Hernández-Baños etal. 2020) have shown that the generic

limits and linear sequence of species in a portion of the

subfamily Trochilinae (genera from Chlorostilbon through

Hylocharis) do not accurately reflect their evolutionary

relationships. We adopt a new classification based on their

conclusions, which results in the following changes:

Rearrange the sequence of genera and species currently

listed from Chlorostilbon auriceps through Hylocharis

xantusii as follows, in keeping with the genus transfers de-

tailed below and adding parentheses to the author names

for Cynanthus forficatus, Pampa rufa, Eupherusa ridgwayi,

and Saucerottia cyanura, and removing parentheses from

the author names for Pampa excellens and Polyerata

decora:

Genus PhaeoptilaGould

Phaeoptila sordidaGould

Genus Riccordia Reichenbach

Riccordia ricordii (Gervais)

Riccordia bracei (Lawrence)

Riccordia swainsonii (Lesson)

Riccordia maugaeus (Audebert and Vieillot)

Riccordia bicolor (Gmelin)

Genus Cynanthus Swainson

Cynanthus latirostris Swainson

Cynanthus auriceps(Gould)

Cynanthus forficatus (Ridgway)

Cynanthus canivetii (Lesson)

Genus ChlorostilbonGould

Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence

Genus BasilinnaBoie

Basilinna leucotis (Vieillot)

Basilinna xantusii (Lawrence)

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Genus Pampa Reichenbach

Pampa curvipennis(Deppe)

Pampa excellensWetmore

Pampa rufa (Lesson)

Genus Abeillia Bonaparte

Abeillia abeillei (DeLattre andLesson)

Genus Klais Reichenbach

Klais guimeti (Bourcier)

Genus Orthorhyncus Lacépède

Orthorhyncus cristatus (Linnaeus)

Genus Campylopterus Swainson

Campylopterus hemileucurus(Deppe)

Genus Chalybura Reichenbach

Chalybura urochrysia(Gould)

Chalybura buffonii (Lesson)

Genus ThaluraniaGould

Thalurania colombica (Bourcier)

Genus MicrocheraGould

Microchera albocoronata (Lawrence)

Microchera cupreiceps (Lawrence)

Microchera chionura(Gould)

Genus GoldmaniaNelson

Goldmania violicepsNelson

Goldmania bella (Nelson)

Genus EupherusaGould

Eupherusa ridgwayi (Nelson)

Eupherusa poliocercaElliot

Eupherusa cyanophrys Rowley andOrr

Eupherusa eximia (DeLattre)

Eupherusa nigriventris Lawrence

Genus PhaeochroaGould

Phaeochroa cuvierii (DeLattre and Bourcier)

Genus Trochilus Linnaeus

Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus

Genus Leucolia Mulsant, Verreaux and Verreaux

Leucolia violiceps(Gould)

Leucolia viridifrons (Elliot)

Genus Saucerottia Bonaparte

Saucerottia cyanocephala (Lesson)

Saucerottia hoffmanni (Cabanis andHeine)

Saucerottia beryllina(Deppe)

Saucerottia cyanura(Gould)

Saucerottia edward (DeLattre and Bourcier)

Genus AmaziliaLesson

Amazilia rutila (DeLattre)

Amazilia yucatanensis(Cabot)

Amazilia tzacatl (De laLlave)

Amazilia luciae (Lawrence)

Amazilia boucardi (Mulsant)

Genus Chrysuronia Bonaparte

Chrysuronia coeruleogularis(Gould)

Chrysuronia humboldtii (Bourcier and Mulsant)

Genus PolyerataHeine

Polyerata amabilis(Gould)

Polyerata decoraSalvin

Genus Chlorestes Reichenbach

Chlorestes candida (Bourcier and Mulsant)

Chlorestes eliciae (Bourcier and Mulsant)

Chlorestes julie (Bourcier)

Remove the citation for Phaeoptila from the synonymy of

Cynanthus, and insert the following new heading, citation,

and Notes after the species account for Selasphorus ardens:

Genus PHAEOPTILAGould

Phaeoptila Gould, 1861, AMonograph of the Trochilidae,

part 5, text to plate340. Type, by original designation,

Cyanomyia sordidaGould.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)included in

Cynanthus, but see Stiles etal. (2017) for resurrection of

Phaeoptila based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014).

Change Cynanthus sordidus to Phaeoptila sordida,

move the account for this species to follow the heading and

citation for Phaeoptila, and insert the following Notes at

the end of the species account:

Notes.—See comments under Phaeoptila.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes

after the species account for Phaeoptila sordida:

Genus RICCORDIA Reichenbach

Chlorestes δ Riccordia Reichenbach, 1854, Journal für

Ornithologie 1 (Beiliegend zu Extraheft): 8. Type, by

subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Riccordia

ramondii Reichenbach=Ornismya ricordii Gervais.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)included in

Chlorostilbon, but see Stiles etal. (2017) for resurrection

of Riccordia based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014).

Change the generic names of Chlorostilbon ricordii,

C.bracei, C.swainsonii, C.maugaeus, and Cyanophaia bi-

color to Riccordia; delete the genus heading for Cyanophaia;

move the citation for Cyanophaia into the synonymy of

Riccordia; make the appropriate changes in generic names

or abbreviations within the existing Notes; and place the

accounts for these species under the heading and citation

for Riccordia.

Insert the following Notes under the heading Genus

CHLOROSTILBONGould:

Notes.—See comments under Riccordia and Cynanthus.

Transfer Chlorostilbon auriceps, Chlorostilbon forficatus,

and Chlorostilbon canivetii to the genus Cynanthus, make

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the appropriate changes to generic names within the ex-

isting Notes, and replace the last two sentences of the ex-

isting Notes for C. canivetti with the following: Formerly

(e.g., AOU 1998), along with C. auriceps and C. forficatus,

placed in Chlorostilbon, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for

transfer of these species to Cynanthus based on genetic

data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Remove the citation for Basilinna from the synonymy

of Hylocharis, and insert the following new heading, cita-

tion, and Notes after the species account for Chlorostilbon

assimilis:

Genus BASILINNABoie

Basilinna Boie, 1831, Isis von Oken 1831: col. 546.

Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855),

Trochilus leucotis Vieillot.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)included in

Hylocharis, but see Stiles etal. (2017) for resurrection of

Basilinna based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014), as

anticipated by Howell and Webb (1995).

Change Hylocharis leucotis to Basilinna leucotis and

Hylocharis xantusii to Basilinna xantusii, move the ac-

counts for these species to follow the heading and citation

for Basilinna, and replace the existing Notes for both spe-

cies with the following:

Notes.—See comments under Basilinna.

Remove the citation for Pampa from the synonymy of

Campylopterus, and insert the following new heading, ci-

tation, and Notes after the species account for Basilinna

xantusii:

Genus PAMPA Reichenbach

Pampa Reichenbach, 1854, Journal für Ornithologie

1 (Beiliegend zu Extraheft): 11. Type, by monotypy,

P. campyloptera Reichenbach = Ornismya pampa

Lesson=Trochilus curvipennisDeppe.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)included in

Campylopterus, but see Stiles etal. (2017) for resurrection

of Pampa based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014).

Change Campylopterus curvipennis to Pampa

curvipennis, Campylopterus excellens to Pampa

excellens, and Campylopterus rufus to Pampa rufa; place

the accounts for these species under the heading and cita-

tion for Pampa; make the appropriate changes in generic

names or abbreviations within the existing Notes; and either

insert the following Notes (for P.rufa) or add the following

sentence to the end of the existing Notes (for P.curvipennis

and P.excellens): See comments under Pampa.

Insert the following Notes under the heading Genus

CAMPYLOPTERUS Swainson:

Notes.—See comments under Pampa.

Transfer Elvira chionura and E. cupreiceps to the genus

Microchera, delete the genus heading for Elvira, move the

citation for Elvira into the synonymy of Microchera, and

insert the following Notes at the end of the species ac-

counts for M. chionura and M. cupreiceps:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed in

Elvira, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of these species

to Microchera based on genetic data (McGuire et al. 2014).

Transfer Goethalsia bella to the genus Goldmania, de-

lete the genus heading for Goethalsia, move the citation

for Goethalsia into the synonymy of Goldmania, and in-

sert the following sentence at the beginning of the existing

Notes for G. bella: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed

in Goethalsia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of this

species to Goldmania based on genetic data (McGuire et

al. 2014).

Transfer Thalurania ridgwayi to the genus Eupherusa,

and insert the following sentence at the end of the existing

Notes for this species: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1998) placed in

Thalurania, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of this

species to Eupherusa based on genetic data (McGuire et

al. 2014).

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes

after the species account for Trochilus polytmus:

Genus LEUCOLIA Mulsant, Verreaux and Verreaux

Leucolia Mulsant, and J.and E.Verreaux, 1866, Mémoires

Société Impériale Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg

12: 174. Type, by subsequent designation (Elliot, 1897;

Stiles etal., 2017), Cyanomyia viridifronsElliot.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)included in

Amazilia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of

Leucolia based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014).

Change Amazilia violiceps to Leucolia violiceps and

Amazilia viridifrons to Leucolia viridifrons, move the

accounts for these species to follow the heading and cita-

tion for Leucolia, make the appropriate changes in generic

names or abbreviations within the existing Notes, and in-

sert the following at the end of the existing Notes for each

species: See comments under Leucolia.

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Remove the citation for Saucerottia from the synonymy

of Amazilia, and insert the following new heading, cita-

tion, and Notes after the species account for Leucolia

viridifrons:

Genus SAUCEROTTIA Bonaparte

Saucerottia Bonaparte, 1850, Conspectus Generum

Avium 1(1): 77. Type, by original designation,

Saucerottia typica Bonaparte=Trochilus saucerrottei

[sic] DeLattre and Bourcier.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)included in

Amazilia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of

Saucerottia based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014).

Change the generic names of Amazilia cyanocephala,

A. hoffmanni, A.beryllina, A.cyanura, and A.edward to

Saucerottia; place the accounts for these species under

the heading and citation for Saucerottia; make the appro-

priate changes in generic names or abbreviations within

the existing Notes; and insert the following at the end of

the existing Notes for each species: See comments under

Saucerottia.

Insert the following Notes under the heading Genus

AMAZILIALesson:

Notes.—See comments under Leucolia, Saucerottia,

and Polyerata.

Insert the following at the end of the species account for

Amazilia luciae:

Notes.—This species and A. boucardi are almost cer-

tainly unrelated to true Amazilia, but were not included in

McGuire etal. (2014) and are of uncertain generic place-

ment. These species are retained in Amazilia until they

can be placed confidently based on newdata.

Insert the following at the end of the existing Notes

for Amazilia boucardi: See comments under Amazilia

luciae.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes

after the species account for Amazilia boucardi:

Genus CHRYSURONIA Bonaparte

Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, Conspectus Generum

Avium 1: 75. Type, by subsequent designation (G.

R.Gray, 1855), Ornismya oenoneLesson.

Notes.—Formerly considered an extralimital monotypic

genus, but see Stiles etal. (2017) for transfer of Lepidopyga

coeruleogularis and Hylocharis humboldtii to Chrysuronia

based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014).

Delete the genus heading for Lepidopyga and move

the citation for Lepidopyga into the synonymy of

Chrysuronia. Change Lepidopyga coeruleogularis

to Chrysuronia coeruleogularis and Hylocharis

humboldtii to Chrysuronia humboldtii, place the

accounts for these species under the heading and ci-

tation for Chrysuronia, make the appropriate changes

in generic names or abbreviations within the existing

Notes, and either insert the following Notes (for

C. coeruleogularis) or add the following sentence to

the end of the existing Notes (for C.humboldtii): See

comments under Chrysuronia.

Remove the citation for Polyerata from the synonymy

of Amazilia, and insert the following new heading, cita-

tion, and Notes after the species account for Chrysuronia

humboldtii:

Genus P OLY E R ATAHeine

Polyerata Heine, 1863, Journal für Ornithologie 11: 194.

Type, by monotypy, Trochilus amabilisGould.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)included in

Amazilia, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for resurrection of

Polyerata based on genetic data (McGuire etal. 2014).

Change Amazilia amabilis to Polyerata amabilis and

Amazilia decora to Polyerata decora, move the accounts

for these species to follow the heading and citation for

Polyerata, make the appropriate changes in generic names

or abbreviations within the existing Notes, and insert the

following at the end of the existing Notes: See comments

under Polyerata.

Delete the genus heading and citation for Hylocharis

and the genus heading for Juliamyia; move the citations

for Damophila, Juliamyia, and Neodamophila into the

synonymy of Chlorestes; and insert the following heading,

citation, and Notes after the species account for Polyerata

decora:

Genus CHLORESTES Reichenbach

Chlorestes Reichenbach, 1854, Journal für Ornithologie

1 (Beiliegend zu Extraheft): 7. Type, by subsequent

designation (Salvin, 1892), Trochilus notatusReich.

Notes.—Formerly considered an extralimital mono-

typic genus, but see Stiles et al. (2017) for transfer of

Amazilia candida, Hylocharis eliciae, and Juliamyia

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R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al. Check-list supplement

julie to Chlorestes based on genetic data (McGuire etal.

2014).

Change Amazilia candida to Chlorestes candida,

Hylocharis eliciae to Chlorestes eliciae, and Juliamyia

julie to Chlorestes julie; move the accounts for these spe-

cies to follow the heading and citation for Chlorestes; and

insert the following at the end of the species accounts for

C.candida and C.eliciae:

Notes.—See comments under Chlorestes.

Change the Notes under Chlorestes julieto:

Notes.—Previously (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) placed

in Damophila Reichenbach, 1854, but this name is

preoccupied by Damophila Curtis, 1832, a genus of

Lepidoptera (Özdikmen 2008). Later (Chesser et al.

2017) transferred to Juliamyia Bonaparte, 1854, but

genetic evidence indicates that it should be placed in

Chlorestes (McGuire et al. 2014). See comments under

Chlorestes.

10. [129–138] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mi-

tochondrial DNA sequences (Garcia-R et al. 2014, 2020)

have shown that the current linear sequence of genera in the

Rallidae does not reflect their evolutionary relationships.

After the heading Family RALLIDAE: Rails, Gallinules,

and Coots, replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of genera follows Garcia-R

etal. (2014, 2020).

Rearrange the sequence of genera in the Rallidaeto:

Neocrex

Cyanolimnas

Pardirallus

Amaurolimnas

Aramides

Rallus

Crex

Porzana

Gallinula

Fulica

Porphyrio

Micropygia

Coturnicops

Hapalocrex

Laterallus

Zapornia

11. [p.149] A record of Haematopus ostralegus in the

United States is recognized. Substitute the following 2

paragraphs for the current final paragraph of the distribu-

tional statement:

Casual in Newfoundland (Fox Island near Tors Cove,

Avalon Peninsula, 24–25 May 1994; photos; Mactavish

1994; Lushes Bight, Long Island, 15–23 May 2019; photos;

e.g., https://ebird.org/checklist/S56448089; Eilliton,

5–9 April 2020; photos; e.g., https://ebird.org/checklist/

S66745673). Sight report from Eastport.

Accidental in Alaska (Buldir Island, western Aleutians,

26 May–13 June 2012; photos; Gibson etal. 2013).

12. [p.143] Records of Pluvialis apricaria in the United

States are recognized. Change the final paragraph of the

distributional statementto:

Casual in eastern North America in Labrador and

Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Maine, New

Jersey, and Delaware; and in Alaska (Ketchikan Airport,

Ketchikan, 13–14 January 2001; specimen, UAM; Piston

and Heinl 2001; St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, 24 January

2015; photos; https://ebird.org/checklist/S24051721;

Barrow, 19 June 2017; photos; https://ebird.org/checklist/

S37915248).

13. [pp.197–198] Thalasseus albididorsalis is considered

a species separate from T.maximus, resulting in the fol-

lowing changes to the species account for T.maximus:

In the breeding paragraph of the distributional state-

ment change “in South America on the coast of northern

Argentina; and in West Africa (islands off Mauritania).” to

“and in South America on the coast of northern Argentina.”

Change the wintering paragraph of the distributional state-

ment to “Winters from central California, the Gulf coast and

North Carolina south along both coasts of the Americas

to Peru, Uruguay, and Argentina.” In the final paragraph

of the distributional statement, change “also in the British

Isles, Norway, Spain, Gibraltar, and Mozambique; a sight

report from interior Mexico (Distrito Federal).” to “also in

the British Isles, France, and Spain; a sight report from in-

terior Mexico (Distrito Federal). Many European records

of this species, including one from Norway, were identified

as Thalasseus maximus sensu lato and their current spe-

cies identification is unclear; however, most records from

Gibraltar and Spain are believed to be of T.albididorsalis

(Dufour and Crochet 2020) .”

Replace the existing Notes with the following: Formerly

(e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with

T. albididorsalis (Hartert, 1921) [West African Crested

Tern], but separated based on genetic data that indicate

that T. albididorsalis is sister to T. bengalensis (Lesson,

1831) [Lesser Crested Tern] (Collinson etal. 2017), and

differences in vocalizations and morphology (summarized

in Dufour and Crochet 2020).

14. [p. 16] Records of Pseudobulweria rostrata in

the United States are recognized. Replace the last para-

graph of the distributional statement with the following 2

paragraphs:

Rare in the eastern Pacific Ocean off Panama (south-

east to the Azuero Peninsula), Costa Rica, El Salvador,

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

Guatemala, and western Mexico (north to the southern

Gulf of California off Baja California Sur and Sinaloa).

Accidental off Hawaii (2 km west of Nā-wiliwili

Harbor, Kauai; photos and measurements of bird in hand;

VanderWerf etal. 2018) and off North Carolina (Hatteras, 29

May 2018; photos; https://ebird.org/checklist/S46146022).

15. [pp. 28–36] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and

mitochondrial DNA sequences (e.g., Ericson et al. 2006,

Hackett etal. 2008, Prum etal. 2015) have shown that the

current linear sequence of families in the Suliformes does

not reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Insert the following at the end of the existing Notes under

Order SULIFORMES: Frigatebirds, Boobies, Cormorants,

Darters, and Allies: Linear sequence of families follows

Ericson etal. (2006), Hackett etal. (2008), and Prum etal.

(2015).

Rearrange the sequence of families in the Suliformesto:

FREGATIDAE

SULIDAE

ANHINGIDAE

PHALACROCORACIDAE

16. [pp.32–34] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mi-

tochondrial DNA sequences (Kennedy and Spencer 2014)

have shown that our current linear sequence of species in the

family Phalacrocoracidae does not reflect their evolutionary

relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading Family PHALACROCORACIDAE:

Cormorants, replace the existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Kennedy

and Spencer (2014).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the family

Phalacrocoracidaeto:

Phalacrocorax penicillatus

Phalacrocorax urile

Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Phalacrocorax carbo

Phalacrocorax auritus

Phalacrocorax brasilianus

17. [pp. 51–53] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and

mitochondrial DNA sequences (Johnson etal. 2016) have

shown that our current linear sequence of species in the

family Cathartidae does not reflect their evolutionary

relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

Insert the following Notes after the heading Family

CATHARTIDAE: New World Vultures:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Johnson

etal. (2016).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the family

Cathartidaeto:

Gymnogyps californianus

Sarcoramphus papa

Coragyps atratus

Cathartes aura

Cathartes burrovianus

18. [p.102] After the species account for Buteo regalis,

insert the following new species account:

Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar). Long-legged Buzzard.

Falco rufinus Cretzschmar, 1827, in Rüppell, Atlas Reise

Nördlichen Afrika, Vögel (1826), p.40, pl. 27. (Upper

Nubia, Shendi, Sennar, and Ethiopia.)

Habitat.—Primarily open, arid, semi-desert, uncul-

tivated country with gorges and crags for nesting; also

locally in woodlands. In winter open areas, including

grasslands.

Distribution.—Breeds from Hungary, southern

Ukraine, and Kazakhstan to northwestern China and

northwestern Mongolia and south to the Balkans, Cyprus,

Turkey, Sinai, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, south-central Iran,

western Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir.

Winters in southern part of breeding range and south in

Nile Valley to Sudan, throughout Pakistan, northwestern

India, and southern Tibet; rarely to Bhutan, central India,

and Bangladesh.

Resident in northwestern Africa east to northwestern

Libya and south to Mauritania.

Casual or accidental to North Sea coast, Finland, Nigeria,

Senegal, Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Malaysia.

Unverified reports from the Andaman Islands.

Accidental in Alaska (St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, 15

November 2018–7 April 2019; photos; Pyle etal. 2019).

19. [p.254–257] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mi-

tochondrial DNA sequences (Dantas etal. 2016, Salter etal.

2020) have shown that Megascops is paraphyletic with re-

spect to Psiloscops, and that our current linear sequence of

species in these genera does not reflect their evolutionary

relationships. These findings result in the following changes:

Remove the citation for Gymnasio from the synonymy

of Megascops, and insert the following new heading, ci-

tation, and Notes after the species account for Psiloscops

flammeolus:

Genus GYMNASIO Bonaparte

Gymnasio Bonaparte, 1854, Revue et Magasin de

Zoologie (2)6: 543. Type, by monotypy [Strix]

nudipesDaudin.

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R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al. Check-list supplement

Notes.—See comments under Gymnasio nudipes and

Megascops.

Change Megascops nudipes to Gymnasio nudipes,

move the species account to follow the heading and ci-

tation for Gymnasio, change the English name to Puerto

Rican Owl, and change the Notes under G.nudipes to the

following:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., Banks et al. 2003) placed

in Megascops, but genetic data (Dantas et al. 2016,

Salter et al. 2020) indicate that Megascops as previ-

ously constituted was paraphyletic and that Gymnasio

nudipes is not part of Megascops sensu stricto. This spe-

cies was also previously placed in Otus (e.g., AOU 1983,

1998). Also known as Puerto Rican Screech-Owl and

Puerto Rican Bare-legged Owl. See comments under

Megascops.

Insert the following sentence at the end of the ex-

isting Notes for Megascops: Linear sequence of species in

Psiloscops, Gymnasio, and Megascops follows Dantas etal.

(2016).

Replace the existing Notes under Genus PSILOSCOPS

Coues with the following:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) merged with

Otus but now treated as separate based on genetic data that

show it, along with Gymnasio, to be sister to Megascops

(Proudfoot etal. 2007, Wink etal. 2009, Dantas etal. 2016).

See comments under Megascops.

Rearrange the sequence of species in Psiloscops,

Gymnasio, and Megascopsto:

Psiloscops flammeolus

Gymnasio nudipes

Megascops trichopsis

Megascops clarkii

Megascops choliba

Megascops barbarus

Megascops cooperi

Megascops kennicottii

Megascops asio

Megascops seductus

Megascops guatemalae

Megascops centralis

20. [pp. 323–324] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear

and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Moyle 2006) have

shown that our current linear sequence of species in the

genus Chloroceryle does not reflect their evolutionary

relationships. These findings result in the following

changes:

After the heading and citation for Chloroceryle, insert

the following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Moyle

(2006).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus

Chloroceryleto:

Chloroceryle amazona

Chloroceryle aenea

Chloroceryle americana

Chloroceryle inda

21. [pp. 236–238] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochon-

drial DNA sequences (Johansson etal. 2018) have shown

that our current linear sequence of species in the genus

Ara does not reflect their evolutionary relationships. These

findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Ara, insert the

following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Johansson

etal. (2018).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus Arato:

Ara ararauna

Ara severus

Ara tricolor

Ara macao

Ara chloropterus

Ara militaris

Ara ambiguus

22. [p.239] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mito-

chondrial DNA sequences (Smith etal. 2013) have shown

that our current linear sequence of species in the genus

Forpus does not reflect their evolutionary relationships.

These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Forpus, insert the

following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Smith etal.

(2013).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus Forpusto:

Forpus cyanopygius

Forpus passerinus

Forpus conspicillatus

23. [p. 240] After the species account for Brotogeris

versicolurus, insert the following new species account:

Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot). Yellow-chevroned Parakeet.

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

Psittacus chiriri Vieillot, 1817 (1818), Nouveau

Dictionnaire Histoire Naturelle 25: 359. (Paraguay, ex

Azara, no.283.)

Habitat.—Urban and suburban residential areas and

parks with diverse exotic tree plantings (palms, Ceiba,

etc.); in South America, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Gallery

Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary

Forest (0–1550 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones).

Distribution.—Resident in South America from

northern Bolivia and southern Amazonian Brazil south to

Paraguay and northern Argentina.

Introduced and established in California (mainly urban

coastal slope of Los Angeles County and adjacent western

Orange County); introduced populations also present in

Miami metropolitan region of Florida, and in the vicinity

of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Notes.—Formerly considered conspecific with

B. versicolurus (the combined species known as Canary-

winged Parakeet), which it has largely replaced in southern

California; both species occur in southern Florida, al-

though chiriri is increasingly predominant.

Replace the existing Notes for Brotogeris versicolurus

with the following:

Notes.—See comments under Brotogeris chiriri.

24. [p.364] Change the English name for Epinecrophylla

fulviventris to Checker-throated Stipplethroat, following

Remsen et al. (2020). Insert the following statement at

the beginning of the Notes for this species: Formerly (e.g.,

AOU 1983, 1998)known as Checker-throated Antwren.

25. [pp.367–368] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and

mitochondrial DNA sequences (Bravo 2012) have shown

that Myrmeciza as currently constituted is polyphyletic.

These findings result in the following changes:

After the heading and citation for Myrmeciza, insert the

following:

Notes.—See comments under Poliocrania, Sipia, and

Myrmeciza zeledoni.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes

after the species account for Myrmeciza longipes:

Genus POLIOCRANIA Bravo, Isler, and Brumfield

Poliocrania Bravo, Isler, and Brumfield, 2013, Zootaxa

3717: 488. Type, by original designation, Myrmeciza

exsul S c l ater.

Notes.—The sole species in this genus, Poliocrania exsul,

was formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)placed in Myrmeciza,

but genetic data (Bravo 2012) indicate that Myrmeciza as

previously constituted was polyphyletic and that P.  e x s u l

is not sister to Myrmeciza sensu stricto. Separate generic

status (Isler etal. 2013) is supported by differences in mor-

phology and behavior from its sister genera Ampelornis

Isler etal., 2013, and Sipia.

Change Myrmeciza exsul to Poliocrania exsul, add

parentheses around the author name in the heading for this

species, make the appropriate changes in generic names

or abbreviations within the existing Notes, move the ac-

count for this species to follow the heading and citation for

Poliocrania, and add the following sentence to the end of

the existing Notes: See comments under Poliocrania.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes

after the species account for Poliocrania exsul:

Genus SIPIA Hellmayr

Sipia Hellmayr, 1924, Field Museum of Natural History

Publications, Zoological Series 13, Vol. 3, p.224. Type,

by original designation, Pyriglena berlepschi Hartert.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)synonymized

with Myrmeciza, but genetic data (Bravo 2012) indicate

that Myrmeciza as previously constituted was polyphy-

letic and that species placed in Sipia are not Myrmeciza

sensu stricto. Separate generic status (Isler et al. 2013) is

supported by differences in morphology and behavior

from its sister genus Ampelornis Isler etal., 2013.

Change Myrmeciza laemosticta to Sipia laemosticta,

add parentheses around the author name in the heading

for this species, move the account for this species to follow

the heading and citation for Sipia, and add the following

sentence to the end of the existing Notes: See comments

under Sipia.

Move the species account for Myrmeciza zeledoni

to follow the account for M.long ipes, and insert the fol-

lowing at the end of the species account for M.zeledoni.

This species is not related to true Myrmeciza and is gener-

ally now placed in Hafferia (e.g., Remsen etal. 2020), but

this generic allocation is being reconsidered by the AOS

South American Classification Committee. This species is

retained in Myrmeciza pending their decision.

26. [p. 370] Formicarius moniliger is treated as a spe-

cies separate from F.analis. Change the species account for

F.analis as follows: delete mention of the moniliger group

from the distributional statement and change the existing

Notesto:

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R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al. Check-list supplement

Notes.—Groups: F. hoffmanni (Cabanis, 1861)

[Hoffmann’s Antthrush] and F. analis [Black-faced

Antthrush]. These groups show differences in plumage

and song but the distributional breaks in these characters

are not concordant (Howell 1994). See comments under

F.moniliger.

Insert the following new species account before the ac-

count for F.analis:

Formicarius moniliger Sclater. Mayan Antthrush.

Formicarius moniliger Sclater, 1856 (1857), Proceedings

of the Zoological Society of London 24: 294. (Córdova,

Veracruz, Mexico.)

Habitat.—Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, River-

edge Forest (0–1850 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones).

Distribution.—Resident on the Gulf-Caribbean slope

from southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,

Chiapas, and Yucatan Peninsula south to northern

Honduras.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered

conspecific with F. analis, but separated based on

differences in song, plumage, and genetics (Howell 1994,

Miller 2008, Patten 2015).

27. [p.352] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mito-

chondrial DNA sequences (Derryberry et al. 2011) have

shown that the genus Philydor is polyphyletic. These

findings result in the following changes:

Replace the existing Notes under Genus PHILYDOR

Spix with: See comments under Dendroma.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes

after the species account for Philydor fuscipenne:

Genus DENDROMA Swainson

Dendroma Swainson, 1837, Natural History and

Classification of Birds 2: 316. Type, by monotypy,

D.caniceps Swainson=Dendrocopus rufus Vieillot.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)synonymized

with Philydor, but genetic data (Derryberry et al. 2011)

indicate that Philydor as previously constituted was pol-

yphyletic and that Dendroma rufa is not closely related to

Philydor sensu stricto.

Change Philydor rufum to Dendroma rufa, move the

account for this species to follow the heading, citation, and

Notes for Dendroma, and add the following Notes to the

end of the species account:

Notes.—See comments under Dendroma.

28. [p. 425] The genus name Dixiphia has been de-

termined to be a junior synonym of Arundinicola and

therefore not available for the species currently listed as

Dixiphia pipra (Kirwan etal. 2016). This finding results in

the following changes:

Delete the heading and citation for Dixiphia, and re-

place the existing Notes under the genus Ceratopipra with

the Notes currently under Dixiphia.

Insert the following new heading, citation, and Notes

after the species account for Manacus vitellinus:

Genus PSEUDOPIPRA Kirwan etal.

Pseudopipra Kirwan, David, Gregory, Jobling,

Steinheimer and Brito, 2016, Zootaxa 4121: 93. Type,

by original designation, Parus pipra, Linnaeus.

Notes.—The sole species in this genus, Pseudopipra pipra,

was formerly (e.g., Chesser etal. 2013) placed in Dixiphia,

but Dixiphia is a junior synonym of Arundinicola and is

therefore not available for this species (Kirwan etal. 2016).

This species was also previously placed in Pipra (e.g., AOU

1983, 1998). See David etal. (2017) concerning potential use

of Pythis Boie, 1826. See comments under Ceratopipra.

Change Dixiphia pipra to Pseudopipra pipra, move the

account for this species to follow the heading, citation, and

Notes for Pseudopipra, and replace the last sentence of the

Notes with the following: See comments under Pseudopipra.

Change the existing Notes under Genus CERATOPIPRA

Bonaparte, and change the last sentence of the existing

Notes for Ceratopipra mentalis and C. erythrocephala to:

See comments under Pipra.

29. [p.380] Zimmerius parvus and extralimital species

Z.improbus and Z.petersi are treated as species separate

from Z.vilissimus. In the account for Z.vilissimus, change

the English name to Guatemalan Tyrannulet, and replace

the existing habitat statement, distributional statement,

and Notes with the following:

Habitat.—Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland

Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (500–2600 m;

Tropical to lower Temperatezones).

Distribution.—Resident in the highlands of eastern

Chiapas, Guatemala, and central El Salvador (Sierra de

Balsamo).

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

Notes.—Formerly placed in the genus Tyranniscus

Cabanis and Heine, 1859. Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983,

AOU 1998) considered conspecific with Z. parvus

and the extralimital species Z. improbus (Sclater and

Salvin, 1871) [Spectacled Tyrannulet] and Z. petersi

(Berlepsch, 1907) [Venezuelan Tyrannulet] under the

English name Paltry Tyrannulet, but separated from

Z. parvus based on differences in plumage, morpho-

metrics, vocalizations, and genetics (Traylor 1982,

Rheindt et al. 2013, del Hoyo et al. 2020, Fitzpatrick

etal. 2020) and from improbus and petersi based on ge-

netic data (Rheindt etal. 2013) that indicate that these

species are not closely related to vilissimus. Details

of the distributions of Z. vilissimus and Z . parvus at

lower elevations in Guatemala, Belize, and northern

Honduras require furtherstudy.

Insert the following new species account after the ac-

count for Z.vilissimus:

Zimmerius parvus (Lawrence). Mistletoe Tyrannulet.

Tyranniscus parvus Lawrence, 1862, Ibis 1862: 12.

(Isthmus of Panama; the 2 cotypes are presumably

from Lion Hill, CanalZone.)

Habitat.—Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland

Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (0–3000 m;

Tropical to lower Temperatezones).

Distribution.—Resident in the lowlands of southern

Belize, eastern Guatemala (southeastern Petén, Izabal),

eastern Honduras, and Nicaragua (except Pacific slope),

throughout Costa Rica (except dry northwest), Panama,

and northwestern Colombia.

Notes.—See comments under Z.vilissimus.

30. [p.428] After the species account for Lanius cristatus,

insert the following new species account:

Lanius collurio Linnaeus. Red-backedShrike.

Lanius collurio Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae (ed.

10): 94 (in Europa=Sweden.)

Habitat.—Dry country with low scattered or open

growth of thick bushes, shrubs, or low trees, including

steppe and scrub desert areas; in Central Asia to subalpine

meadows in the Caucasus. In winter, arid savannas with

preference for Acacia.

Distribution.—Breeds nearly throughout Europe

(much less common in northwestern Europe) and in Asia

east to central Siberia to upper basin of the River Ob and

central Altai, to northwest China, and south to some

Mediterranean islands (scarce), locally in mountainous

areas of Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, western Turkey, and

northeastern Iran to west side of CaspianSea.

Winters from East Africa at about the equator south

through SouthAfrica.

Migrates through northern Africa from the Nile Valley

(spring migration more easterly) and east through the

Arabian Peninsula, in fall through Afghanistan, north-

western India, and Pakistan.

Casual to northwestern Africa, Canaries, Madeira,

Azores, Faeroes, and east to Korea andJapan.

Accidental to Iceland, Madagascar, Marion Island, and

HongKong.

Accidental in Alaska (Gambell, St. Lawrence Island,

Alaska, 3–22 October 2017; photos; Pyle et al. 2018,

Lehman etal. 2019).

Notes.—Hybridizes regularly with L. phoenicuroides

(Schalow, 1875) [Turkestan Shrike] and L. isabellinus

Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 [Isabelline Shrike] and rarely

with Brown Shrike (Worfolk 2000). Lanius phoenicuroides

and L.isabellinus were treated as subspecies of L.collurio

by Vaurie (1959). Awintering bird from coastal Mendocino

County, California, from 5 March–22 April 2015 was de-

termined to be a likely L.collurio × L.phoenicuroides hy-

brid (Pyle etal. 2015).

Delete the last sentence of the existing Notes under

Lanius cristatus.

31. [p. 445] In the original species name Cyanocorax

nanus, nanus is a noun and its ending is not variable

(Dickinson and Christidis 2014). Change Cyanolyca nana

to Cyanolyca nanus and insert the following Notes at

the end of the species account: Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983,

1998)known as Cyanolyca nana, but nanus is a noun and

not variable (Dickinson and Christidis 2014).

32. [pp. 449–450] Corvus caurinus is recognized as

representing a geographical trend, rather than a species

or subspecies, and thus is treated as a junior synonym

of Corvus brachyrhynchos, following Slager et al. (2020).

Remove the species account for C. caur inus and replace

the existing habitat statement, distributional statement,

and Notes in the account for C.brachyrhynchos with the

following:

Habitat.—Open forest and woodland used for nesting

and roosting, increasing in urban and suburban areas;

open and partly open country for foraging, including ag-

ricultural lands, urban areas, orchards, and tidal flats;

coastal tidelands near coniferous woodland or forest edge

in coastal Alaska and Pacific Northwest; restricted mostly

to riparian woodland and adjacent areas in arid regions.

Distribution.—Breeds along the Pacific coast from

south-coastal and southeastern Alaska (west to Kodiak

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Island) south through western British Columbia (including

Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island), and from north-central

British Columbia, southwestern Northwest Territories,

northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern

Ontario, south-central Quebec, and Newfoundland south

to northwestern Baja California (to Ensenada), central

Arizona, southern New Mexico, central and southeastern

Texas (to Odessa, San Antonio, and north of Corpus

Christi), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (except the

FloridaKeys).

Winters along the Pacific coast from south-coastal and

southeastern Alaska (west to Kodiak Island) south through

western British Columbia (including Haida Gwaii and

Vancouver Island), and from southern Canada (British

Columbia east to Newfoundland) south through the

breeding range occasionally to the Florida Keys, and casu-

ally to southern Arizona.

Introduced and established on Bermuda.

Casual in southern Nunavut, northwestern Sonora, and

western Chihuahua.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) treated as 2

species C. brachyrhynchos and C. caurinus Baird, 1858

[Northwestern Crow], but merged based on genomic data

that indicate a lack of reproductive isolation (Slager etal.

2020), clinal variation, and a lack of consistent differences

in size, ecology, and vocalizations (Rhoads 1893, Johnston

1961, Slager etal. 2020). Also known as CommonCrow.

33. [pp. 454–457] Phylogenetic analyses of mitochon-

drial DNA sequences (Sheldon et al. 2005, Moyle et al.

2008) have shown that our current linear sequence of

species in the genus Progne does not reflect their evolu-

tionary relationships. These findings result in the following

changes:

After the heading and citation for Progne, insert the

following:

Notes.—Linear sequence of species follows Sheldon

etal. (2005) and Moyle etal. (2008).

Rearrange the sequence of species in the genus Progneto :

Progne tapera

Progne subis

Progne elegans

Progne chalybea

Progne sinaloae

Progne cryptoleuca

Progne dominicensis

34. [p. 515] Zosterops japonicus is treated as separate

from extralimital species Z. simplex. Change the English

name of Z. japonicus to Warbling White-eye and change

the first paragraph of the distributional statement in the

account for Z.japonicus as follows: “Resident from Japan

and coastal southern Korean Peninsula, south through the

Ryukyu and Volcano islands, throughout the Philippines,

and from central Sumatra through Java, Bali, Sulawesi, the

Lesser Sundas, and the southern Moluccas.” Replace the

existing Notes with the following:

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered

conspecific with Z. simplex Swinhoe, 1861 [Swinhoe’s

White-eye] and known as Japanese White-eye, but

separated based on paraphyly of mitochondrial DNA and

differences in morphology and vocalizations (Lim et al.

2019, Van Balen 2020).

35. [p.489] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mito-

chondrial DNA sequences (Alström et al. 2018) have re-

vealed deep divergences within the genus Locustella and

shown that the linear sequence of species in this genus

does not accurately reflect their evolutionary relationships.

These findings result in the following changes:

Insert the following new heading, c itation, and Notes after

the heading LOCUSTELLIDAE: Grasshopper-Warblers:

Genus HELOPSALTES Alström etal.

Helopsaltes Alström, Cibois, Irestedt, Zuccon, Fjeldså,

Andersen, Moyle, Pasquet, and Olsson, 2018,

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 374. Type,

by original designation, Motacilla CerthiolaPallas.

Notes.— Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)synonymized

with Locustella, but genetic data (Alström etal. 2018) indi-

cate deep genetic divergences within this genus and show

that species placed in Helopsaltes are not Locustella sensu

stricto.

Change Locustella ochotensis to Helopsaltes

ochotensis, move the account for this species to follow

the heading and citation for Helopsaltes, and replace the

second sentence of the existing Notes with the following:

See comments under Helopsaltes.

After the heading Family LOCUSTELLIDAE:

Grasshopper-Warblers, insert the following sentence at

the end of the existing Notes: Linear sequence of species

follows Alström etal. (2018).

After the heading and citation for Locustella, insert the

following:

Notes.—See comments under Helopsaltes.

Rearrange the sequence of species in the family

Locustellidaeto:

Helopsaltes ochotensis

Locustella lanceolata

Locustella fluviatilis

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

36.[p.507] Turdus eunomus is treated as a species sep-

arate from extralimital species T.naumanni. Remove the

species account for T. naumanni and replace it with the

following new account:

Turdus eunomus Temminck. DuskyThrush.

Turdus eunomus Temminck, 1831, Nouveau Recueil

de Planches Coloriées d’Oiseaux, livraison 87, text to

plate514. (Japan.)

Habitat.—Open coniferous and mixed forest, forest

edge, taiga, and deciduous scrub; in migration and winter,

fields, farmland, open woodland, parks, and gardens.

Distribution.—Breeds from northern Siberia east to

Kamchatka.

Winters from Japan and the Ryukyu Islands south to

southern China and Taiwan, rarely west to Southeast Asia

andIndia.

Casual in Alaska (western Aleutians, St. Lawrence

Island, Barrow, Anchorage, Sitka), British Columbia

(Langley, Nanaimo, Vancouver), the British Isles, western

Europe, and the Commander Islands.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998) considered

conspecific with T.naumanni Temminck , 1831 [Naumann’s

Thrush] under the English name Dusky Thrush, but

separated based on evidence of assortative mating in con-

tact zones (Stepanyan 1983 in Murray 2009), as in, e.g.,

Knox etal. (2008), Clements et al. (2019), and Gill et al.

(2020). A report of a vagrant individual of T.naumanni

sensu stricto in Alaska (Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, 5

June 2015; photos; Lehman 2019) is under consideration

by the Alaska Checklist Committee.

37. [p. 681] Records of Uraeginthus bengalus in the

United States are recognized as belonging to populations

that were never established (contra Long 1981, AOU 1983,

1998; Lever 1987, Pratt et al. 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009).

Remove this species from the list of species known to occur

in the United States, remove the heading and citation for

Uraeginthus, remove the species account from the Main

List, and insert the following new species account in the

Appendix, Part 1, preceding the account for Lagonosticta

rubricata:

Uraeginthus bengalus (Linnaeus). Red-cheeked

Cordonbleu.

Fringilla bengalus Linnaeus, 1766, Systema Naturae (ed.

12)1: 323. Based on “Le Bengali” Brisson, Ornithologie

3: 203, pl. 10, fig.1. (in Bengala error=Senegal.)

This common cagebird, which breeds naturally in trop-

ical Africa, was introduced and formerly bred on the

Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Hawaii, especially the

latter (VanderWerf et al. 2018). The small population on

Hawaii was believed to have originated in 1972 following

the release of aviary birds (Giffin 2003). This population

remained stable into the late 1980s, possibly as a result of

continued release of captive birds, but declined rapidly in

the 21st century and was last sighted in Hawaii in 2006

(VanderWerf et al. 2018). Although formerly treated as

established in Hawaii (e.g., Long 1981, AOU 1983, 1998;

Lever 1987, Pratt etal. 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009), this spe-

cies in fact failed to become established there (Pyle and

Pyle 2017, VanderWerf etal. 2017, 2018).

38. [p.681] Records of Estrilda melpoda in the United

States are recognized as belonging to populations that are

no longer established. Remove this species from the list of

species known to occur in the United States and change

the second paragraph of the distributional statement to the

following:

Introduced and established on Bermuda (reported 1975,

well-established and breeding since 1982), and on Puerto

Rico. Introduced and formerly (e.g., Long 1981, AOU 1983,

1998; Lever 1987, Pratt et al. 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009)

considered established in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu and

Maui; first reported in 1965), but populations there are no

longer considered to be established (Pyle and Pyle 2017).

39. [p.681] Records of Estrilda troglodytes in the United

States are recognized as belonging to populations that

were never established (Pratt etal. 1987; contra Long 1981,

AOU 1983, 1998; Lever 1987, Pyle and Pyle 2009). Remove

this species from the list of species known to occur in the

United States, and change the second paragraph of the dis-

tributional statement to the following:

Introduced and established on Puerto Rico. Introduced

in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu and Hawaii, where last re-

ported in 2009), but populations failed to become estab-

lished (Pyle and Pyle 2017, VanderWerf etal. 2017, 2018).

40. [p.683] Records of Lonchura malacca in the United

States are recognized as belonging to populations that were

never established (contra Restall 1996, Banks etal. 2000).

Remove this species from the list of species known to occur

in the United States, remove “Hawaiian Islands (Oahu),”

from the first sentence of the second paragraph of the dis-

tributional statement, and add the following sentence to

the end of the second paragraph of the distributional state-

ment: Individuals of L.malacca sensu stricto are occasion-

ally reported in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui), but

previous reports of established populations (e.g., Restall

1996, Banks etal. 2000) were in error (Pyle and Pyle 2017).

Records from Florida have been accepted by the Florida

Ornithological Society Records Committee (Greenlaw

2016) as natural vagrants from established populations

in Cuba, but the American Birding Association Checklist

Committee has yet to accept these records.

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R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al. Check-list supplement

41. [p.575] Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mito-

chondrial DNA sequences (Burns etal. 2014) have shown

that Tachyphonus as currently constituted is polyphyletic.

These findings result in the following changes:

After the species account for Eucometis penicillata, in-

sert the following heading, citation, andNotes:

Genus LORIOTUSJarocki

Loriotus Jarocki, 1821, Zoologiia czyli Zwiérzętopismo

Ogólne Podług Naynowszego Systematu Ułożone 2:

133. Type, by original designation, Tanagra cristata

Linnaeus.

Notes.—Formerly (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998)synonymized

with Tachyphonus, but genetic data (Burns etal. 2014) in-

dicate that Tachyphonus as previously constituted was pol-

yphyletic, and that the species placed in Loriotus are not

Tachyphonus sensu stricto.

Change Tachyphonus luctuosus to Loriotus luctuosus,

place the account for this species under the heading and

Notes for Loriotus, and insert the following Notes at the

end of the species account:

Notes.—See comments under Loriotus.

After the heading and citation for Tachyphonus, insert

the following:

Notes.—See comments under Loriotus.

42. [p.694] Delete the account for Brotogeris chiriri from

the Appendix, Part1.

43. [p.695] In the Appendix, Part 1, change Amazilia

brevirostris to Chrysuronia brevirostris and Amazilia

tobaci to Saucerottia tobaci, following Stiles etal. (2017).

44. [p. 695] Insert the following new species ac-

count in the Appendix, Part 1, preceding the account for

Ramphastos brevis:

Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus). Common Kingfisher.

Gracula Atthis, Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae (ed.

10)1: 109. (Egypt.)

A specimen of this species, which naturally occurs in Eurasia

and North Africa, was apparently collected from mangroves

near Palo Alto, east of Júcaro and south of Ciego de Ávila,

Cuba; this specimen was obtained for a private collection

on 20 April 2003 and the record was published in Rodríguez

etal. (2005). However, no photos were included in the pub-

lication, and the identification cannot be verified independ-

ently. Rodríguez et al. (2005) did not believe this to have

been an escaped cage bird, and the species is occasionally

found far from its typical range (e.g., Iceland, Madeira,

Cocos [Keeling] Island, and the Azores), revealing some ca-

pacity for dispersal over open water. Nevertheless, whether

this individual represented a natural vagrant is uncertain.

45. [pp.705 ff.] Make the following changes to the list of

French names of North Americanbirds:

Insert the following names in the proper position as in-

dicated by the text of this supplement:

Sarkidiornis sylvicola Canard sylvicole

Anas diazi Canard duMexique

Selasphorus heloisa Colibri héloïse

Selasphorus ellioti Colibri d’Elliot

Phaeoptila sordida Colibrisombre

Riccordia ricordii Émeraude deRicord

Riccordia bracei Émeraude de New Providence

Riccordia swainsonii Émeraude d’Hispaniola

Riccordia maugaeus Émeraude de PortoRico

Riccordia bicolor Colibri à têtebleue

Cynanthus auriceps Émeraude couronnée

Cynanthus forficatus Émeraude deCozumel

Cynanthus canivetii Émeraude deCanivet

Basilinna leucotis Colibri à oreilles blanches

Basilinna xantusii Colibri deXantus

Pampa curvipennis Campyloptèrepampa

Pampa excellens Campyloptère deWetmore

Pampa rufa Campyloptèreroux

Microchera cupreiceps Colibri à tête cuivrée

Microchera chionura Colibrielvire

Goldmania bella Colibri du Pirré

Eupherusa ridgwayi Dryade duMexique

Leucolia violiceps Ariane à couronne violette

Leucolia viridifrons Ariane à frontvert

Saucerottia cyanocephala Ariane à couronneazur

Saucerottia hoffmanni Ariane de Hoffmann

Saucerottia beryllina Ariane béryl

Saucerottia cyanura Ariane à queuebleue

Saucerottia edward Ariane d’Edward

Chrysuronia coeruleogularis Colibri faux-saphir

Chrysuronia humboldtii Ariane de Humboldt

Polyerata amabilis Arianeaimable

Polyerata decora Ariane charmante

Chlorestes candida Arianecandide

Chlorestes eliciae Colibri d’Élicia

Chlorestes julie Colibri deJulie

Buteo rufinus Buse féroce

Gymnasio nudipes Petit-duc de PortoRico

Brotogeris chiririri Toui à ailesjaunes

Poliocrania exsul Alapi à dosroux

Sipia laemosticta Alapitabac

Formicarius moniliger Tétéma duMexique

Dendroma rufa Anabateroux

Pseudopipra pipra Manakin à têteblanche

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Check-list supplement R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al.

Zimmerius parvus Tyranneaumenu

Lanius collurio Pie-grièche écorcheur

Cyanolyca nanus Geainain

Helopsaltes ochotensis Locustelle de Middendorff

Turdus eunomus Grive à ailesrousses

Loriotus luctuosus Tangara à épaulettes blanches

in APPENDIX (Part1)

Saucerottia tobaci Ariane de Félicie

Chrysuronia brevirostris Ariane à poitrineblanche

Alcedo atthis Martin-pêcheur d’Europe

Uraeginthus bengalus Cordonbleu à jouesrouges

Delete the followingnames:

Sarkidiornis melanotos Canard àbosse

Atthis heloisa Colibri héloïse

Atthis ellioti Colibri d’Elliot

Chlorostilbon auriceps Émeraude couronnée

Chlorostilbon forficatus Émeraude deCozumel

Chlorostilbon canivetii Émeraude deCanivet

Chlorostilbon ricordii Émeraude deRicord

Chlorostilbon bracei Émeraude de New Providence

Chlorostilbon swainsonii Émeraude d’Hispaniola

Chlorostilbon maugaeus Émeraude de PortoRico

Cynanthus sordidus Colibrisombre

Cyanophaia bicolor Colibri à têtebleue

Campylopterus curvipennis Campyloptèrepampa

Campylopterus excellens Campyloptère deWetmore

Campylopterus rufus Campyloptèreroux

Elvira chionura Colibrielvire

Elvira cupreiceps Colibri à tête cuivrée

Thalurania ridgwayi Dryade duMexique

Amazilia candida Arianecandide

Amazilia amabilis Arianeaimable

Amazilia decora Ariane charmante

Amazilia cyanocephala Ariane à couronneazur

Amazilia beryllina Ariane béryl

Amazilia cyanura Ariane à queuebleue

Amazilia hoffmanni Ariane de Hoffmann

Amazilia edward Ariane d’Edward

Amazilia violiceps Ariane à couronne violette

Amazilia viridifrons Ariane à frontvert

Goethalsia bella Colibri du Pirré

Lepidopyga coeruleogularis Colibri faux-saphir

Juliamyia julie Colibri deJulie

Hylocharis humboldtii Saphir de Humboldt

Hylocharis eliciae Saphir d’Elicia

Hylocharis leucotis Saphir à oreilles blanches

Hylocharis xantusii Saphir deXantus

Megascops nudipes Petit-duc de PortoRico

Myrmeciza exsul Alapi à dosroux

Myrmeciza laemosticta Alapitabac

Philydor rufa Anabateroux

Dixiphia pipra Manakin à têteblanche

Cyanolyca nana Geainain

Corvus caurinus Corneille d’Alaska

Locustella ochotensis Locustelle de Middendorff

Turdus naumanni Grive deNaumann

Uraeginthus bengalus Cordonbleu à jouesrouges

Tachyphonus luctuosus Tangara à épaulettes blanches

in APPENDIX (Part1)

Amazilia brevirostris Ariane à poitrineblanche

Amazilia tobaci Ariane de Félicie

Brotogeris chiririri Toui à ailesjaunes

Change the sequence of families in the order Suliformes

as indicated by the text of this supplement.

Change the sequence of genera and species in the

families PHASIANIDAE, TROCHILIDAE, RALLIDAE,

PHALACROCORACIDAE, CATHARTIDAE, STRIGIDAE,

ALCEDINIDAE, PSITTACIDAE, THAMNOPHILIDAE,

HIRUNDINIDAE, and LOCUSTELLIDAE as indicated by

the text of this supplement.

Proposals considered but not accepted by the

Committee included recognition of the columbid sub-

family Starnoenadinae, change of the English name of

Blue-headed Quail-Dove Starnoenas cyanocephala, sep-

aration of Garnet-throated Hummingbird Lamprolaima

rhami into 2 species, recognition of Guanacaste

Hummingbird Amazilia alfaroana as a species rather

than a hybrid, separation of Ardea occidentalis from

Great Blue Heron A. herodias, separation of Aegolius

brooksi from Northern Saw-whet Owl A. acadicus, re-

moval of “scrub” from the English names of the scrub-

jays (Aphelocoma spp.), separation of Unicolored Jay

Aphelocoma unicolor into 4 species, separation of

Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris into 2 or more spe-

cies, and change of the English name of Olive Warbler

Peucedramus taeniatus to Ocotero.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Normand David serves as the Committee’s advisor for classical

languages in relation to scientific names, and Michel Gosselin

is the authority for French names. Natalia C. García, Rosa

A.Jimenez, and Max T.Kirsch serve on the Early Professional

Systematics Group for the committee. We thank P.Alström,

G. R. Angehr, F. Angulo, N. Bahr, L. Bevier, M. Brown,

S. Claramunt, D. DeRaad, E. C. Dickinson, K. L. Garrett,

V. Ruiz-Gutiérrez, G. Hanisek, M. J. Iliff, M. L. Isler,

A. Jaramillo, A. W. Jones, A. J. Knue, M. Kuziemko, P. E.

Lehman, D. Lepage, T. Leukering, A. Lin-Moore, J. Maley,

J. McCormack, S. Mlodinow, P. Moriyasu, K. E. Omland,

F.Pacheco, A.P. Peterson, P.Pyle, V.de Q.Piacentini, M. L.

P. Retter, R. Schodde, T.S. Schulenberg, D.L. Slager, G.Stiles,

T.Valqui, B. Winger, J.Withrow, R.Wright, and L.Zoller for

assistance, suggestions, and comments.

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R. T. Chesser, S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, et al. Check-list supplement

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Characteristics of the Habitat and Population Densities of the Mexican Duck (Anas Diazi) in the Plateau of Zacatecas, Mexico

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Full-text available

Aug 2024

The Mexican duck (Anas diazi) is an endemic species that has been categorized as threatened because of its practice of living in small populations and because of the condition of the wetlands in which it occurs. Therefore, the preference for wetlands by the species is influenced by the adjacent vegetation composition found in the Mexican Central Plateau in the state of Zacatecas. The inclination of the duck towards the wetlands in relation to the aquatic and adjacent vegetation structure was evaluated in the studied area. Seven wetlands were selected and distinguished by the presence of a population of the species. Vegetation was analyzed in three strata—tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer—and the population of the Mexican duck was calculated through direct counting in each wetland. The results determined a significantly larger number of individuals in artificial wetlands than in lakes. The wetlands’ adjacent vegetation is constituted by graminean and shrub species, with an aquatic vegetation cover. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test showed a significant difference between the counts of ducks and the physical structure of wetlands in the examined area. The data obtained indicate that the Mexican Duck occurs mainly in artificial wetlands with mainly graminean vegetation and aquatic plant cover; similar characteristics to those previously described for dabbling ducks.

First Report of Intestinal Cestode Infection in a Berylline Hummingbird (Saucerottia beryllina) in Mexico

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Mar 2024

Up to now, five cestode species have been reported infecting five hummingbird species. To date, there have been no reports of cestode infections in hummingbirds in Mexico. A Berylline hummingbird (Saucerottia beryllina) was found dead in a backyard at Toluca City, Mexico, and a window collision was assumed as the cause of death. The bird was preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin for routine histological examination. At the histological study, liver parenchymal disruption was observed. This lesion could be the result of the assume collision. No lesions were observed in other tissues examined. Conspicuous cestode structures were observed in the lumen of the small intestine. Structure of cestodes, as revealed from histological sections, suggests their position in the genus Anonchotaenia Cohn, 1900 (family Paruterinidae). This is the first report of intestinal cestodosis in a Berylline hummingbird (S. beryllina) in Mexico.

A new genus for Philydor erythrocercum and P. fuscipenne (Aves: Furnariidae)

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Nov 2023
ZOOTAXA

Inventario actualizado de la ornitofauna del Refugio de Fauna Laguna de Guanaroca -Punta Gavilán, Cienfuegos, Cuba O P E N A C C E S S Distribuido bajo: Creative Commons Atribución- NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)

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American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

Chapter

Aug 2024

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Article

Full-text available

Jul 2024

Jan A. Cubilla R

Little information has been added to our knowledge of Panama’s Pacific coast seabirds since the last century. In order to increase and update our knowledge, systematic observations were made of seabirds on a total of 20 trips, conducted in 2010, then every year from 2012-2019 off the Pacific coast of Panama, and the percentage of all 1-hour observation periods during which each species was recorded according to location (continental shelf or continental slope/deep waters) and season (dry or wet) was calculated. Thirthy-nine species of seabirds of 11 different families during 120 1-hour observation periods were recorded. The most frequently detected species for all observations was Fregata magnificens (present in 65.8% of 1-hour observation periods), followed by Sula leucogaster (64.2%) and Chlidonias niger (63.3%). These observations increase our knowledge of seabird species occurring off the Pacific coast of Panama, adding three new species to the list of birds of Panama, and documenting another two with photographs for the first time, offering us an idea of the species that are within the reach of the pelagic avitourist.

Sixty-fifth Supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds

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Undulated Antpitta (Grallaria squamigera)

Chapter

Jun 2024

Drab and distant birds are studied less than their fancy-feathered friends

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Oct 2023

Human decisions are influenced by implicit biases, and scientists do not exist in an objectivity vacuum. Subconscious biases in scientists' choices about which species to study may beget distorted knowledge bases and stagnant paradigms. Disparities in biological knowledge can result from bias in study species selection within a cycle of policymaking, funding, and publication, all subject to implicit biases. Here, we show that ornithological research in the USA and Canada is biased toward birds with greater aesthetic salience and those with larger breeding ranges and ranges that encompass more universities. We quantified components of aesthetic salience (e.g., color, pattern/contrast, body size) of 293 passerines and near-passerines based on empirically documented human visual preferences and investigated whether these components were associated with research effort. We also quantified each species' breeding range size and the number of universities within that range. Accounting for phylogenetic relatedness, we found that these metrics of aesthetics, familiarity, and accessibility combined to explain 45% of the variation in the number of published papers about each species from 1965-2020. On average, birds in the top 10% of aesthetic salience were studied 3.0X more than birds in the bottom 10%, and publication numbers were predicted most strongly by color and pattern components of aesthetic salience. Birds in the top 10% of breeding range size and university abundance were studied 3.8X and 3.5X more often than species in the bottom 10% of those categories, respectively. Species listed as Endangered and those featured on journal covers have greater aesthetic salience scores than other species. We discuss how these biases may influence perceived relative value of species with respect to culture and conservation. The disparities in empirical knowledge we describe here perpetuate a positive feedback loop, thus widening the gap between the avian "haves" and "have-nots", with some questions answered repeatedly while potentially critical discoveries are left undiscovered.

Genetic and Ecological Divergence of Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia rutila (Aves: Trochilidae) Continental Populations Separated by Geographical and Environmental Barriers

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

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Feb 2005
ORNITOL NEOTROP

We document the first record of the Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) for Cuba, the West Indies, and the Western Hemisphere, based on the collection of an individual near the port of Júcaro, Ciego de Ávila, on April 20, 2003.

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Full-text available

Jan 2020

The typical owl family (Strigidae) comprises 194 species in 28 genera, 14 of which are monotypic. Relationships within and among genera in the typical owls have been challenging to discern because mitochondrial data have produced equivocal results and because many monotypic genera have been omitted from previous molecular analyses. Here, we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 43 species of typical owls to produce concatenated and multispecies coalescent-based phylogenetic hypotheses for all but one genus in the typical owl family. Our results reveal extensive paraphyly of taxonomic groups across phylogenies inferred using different analytical approaches and suggest the genera Athene, Otus, Asio, Megascops, Bubo, and Strix are paraphyletic, whereas Ninox and Glaucidium are polyphyletic. Secondary analyses of protein-coding mitochondrial genes harvested from off-target sequencing reads and mitochondrial genomes downloaded from GenBank generally support the extent of paraphyly we observe, although some disagreements exist at higher taxonomic levels between our nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenetic hypotheses. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of taxon sampling for understanding and describing evolutionary relationships in this group, as well as the need for additional sampling, study, and taxonomic revision of typical owl species. Additionally, our findings highlight how both divergence and convergence in morphological characters have obscured our understanding of the evolutionary history of typical owls, particularly those with insular distributions.

Neodamophila nom. nov., a replacement name for the bird genus Damophila Reichenbach, 1854 (Aves: Apodiformes: Trochilidae)

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Jan 2008

Hüseyin Özdikmen

A junior homonym was detected amongst the bird genera and the following replacement name is proposed: Neodamophila nom. nov. for Damophila Reichenbach, 1854. Accordingly, new combinations are herein proposed for the species group name currently included in this genus.

Identification of American Royal Tern and African Royal Tern based on photographs and sound-recordings

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Jan 2020

Phylogenetic relationships and systematics of a subclade of Mesoamerican emerald hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Trochilini)

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Mar 2020

Phylogenetic relationships among major hummingbird clades are relatively well resolved, yet due to the lack of morphological synapomorphies and relative phenotypic homogeneity, the systematics of several hummingbird groups remain unresolved. Here, we present the results of a multilocus study of a clade of emerald hummingbirds composed of Cynanthus, Chlorostilbon, Riccordia and Phaeoptila (sensu Stiles et al. 2017). We include taxa not analyzed in previous studies (C. lawrencei, C. auriceps and C. forficatus, from Tres Marías Islands, Western Mexico, and Cozumel Island, respectively), and this allows us to develop a new hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships within this group. We found that this clade originated in Mesoamerica about 12 million years ago, and comprises four geographically congruent clades: (a) the most basal clade, Phaeoptila sordida, of the Balsas River basin, Mexico; (b) Riccordia bicolor, R. maugaeus, R. ricordii and R. swainsonii of the West Indies; (c) Chlorostilbon assimilis, C. aureoventris, C. melanorhynchus, C. mellisugus, C. poortmani and C. pucherani, all of South America, except C. assimilis of Central America; and (d) a Mesoamerican clade with two Cynanthus subclades: a widespread Mexican clade that includes species formerly belonging to the genus Chlorostilbon: Cynanthus auriceps, C. canivetii, C. doubledayi and C. forficatus; and a clade restricted to the west coast of Mexico and the Tres Marías Islands and composed of C. latirostris and C. lawrencei. Our results help clarify the systematics of this group of emeralds, reconstruct its true evolutionary history, and advance understanding of phenotypic evolution in hummingbirds.

Cryptic and extensive hybridization between ancient lineages of American crows

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Feb 2020

Most species and therefore most hybrid zones have historically been defined using phenotypic characters. However, both speciation and hybridization can occur with negligible morphological differentiation. Recently developed genomic tools provide the means to better understand cryptic speciation and hybridization. The Northwestern Crow (Corvus caurinus) and American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) are continuously distributed sister taxa that lack reliable traditional characters for identification. In this first population genomic study of Northwestern and American crows, we use genomic SNPs (nuDNA) and mtDNA to investigate the degree of genetic differentiation between these crows and the extent to which they may hybridize. Our results indicate that American and Northwestern crows have distinct evolutionary histories, supported by two nuDNA ancestry clusters and two 1.1%‐divergent mtDNA clades dating to the late Pleistocene, when glacial advances may have isolated crow populations in separate refugia. We document extensive hybridization, with geographic overlap of mtDNA clades and admixture of nuDNA across >900 km of western Washington and western British Columbia. This broad hybrid zone consists of late‐generation hybrids and backcrosses, but not recent (e.g., F1) hybrids. Nuclear DNA and mtDNA clines had concordant widths and were both centered in southwestern British Columbia, farther north than previously postulated. Overall, our results suggest a history of reticulate evolution in American and Northwestern crows, perhaps due to recurring neutral expansion(s) from Pleistocene glacial refugia followed by lineage fusion(s). However, we do not rule out a contributing role for more recent potential drivers of hybridization, such as expansion into human‐modified habitats.

Phylogenomic Reconstruction Sheds Light on New Relationships and Timescale of Rails (Aves: Rallidae) Evolution

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Feb 2020
Diversity

The integration of state-of-the-art molecular techniques and analyses, together with a broad taxonomic sampling, can provide new insights into bird interrelationships and divergence. Despite their evolutionary significance, the relationships among several rail lineages remain unresolved as does the general timescale of rail evolution. Here, we disentangle the deep phylogenetic structure of rails using anchored phylogenomics. We analysed a set of 393 loci from 63 species, representing approximately 40% of the extant familial diversity. Our phylogenomic analyses reconstruct the phylogeny of rails and robustly infer several previously contentious relationships. Concatenated maximum likelihood and coalescent species-tree approaches recover identical topologies with strong node support. The results are concordant with previous phylogenetic studies using small DNA datasets, but they also supply an additional resolution. Our dating analysis provides contrasting divergence times using fossils and Bayesian and non-Bayesian approaches. Our study refines the evolutionary history of rails, offering a foundation for future evolutionary studies of birds.

Hawaiian Birdlife: Second Edition

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