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97
Transactions of the Karelian Research Centre of the
Russian Academy of Sciences
No. 6. 2020. P. 97–105
DOI: 10.17076/them1255
УДК 550.4 + 550.8.05 + 550.84
SHUNGITE ROCKS OF VARYING GENESIS IN INNOVATIVE
WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
V. V. Kovalevski1, S.-P. Reinikainen2, V. Reinikainen3,
V. S. Rozhkova1, T. Sihvonen2
1 Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia
2 LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland
3 Environmental Office of Lappeenranta Region, Finland
It is becoming increasingly important to deal with environmental pollution issues using
ecologically safe processes based on natural mineral and biological components.
The paper presents the results of research on shungite rocks of varying genesis to be
used in innovative methods of water purification in combination with useful microbiota,
effective microorganisms (yeast, lactic acid bacteria, etc.). It is shown that rocks at diffe-
rent stratigraphic levels (second, fourth and sixth), differing in composition and structure,
are characterized by different degrees of leaching of chemical elements, sorption activity
to cationic and anionic complexes, and differ in the ability to sorb polluting components
from water, including heavy metals. It was found that unmodified shungite rock inhib-
its the functioning of effective microorganisms in direct contact, while for heat-treated
shungite rock, on the contrary, a growth of effective microorganisms is observed.
K e y w o r d s: shungite rocks; water purification; leaching; sorption activity; biological
treatment; effective microorganisms.
В. В. Ковалевский, С.-П. Рейникайнен, В. Рейникайнен, В. С. Рожкова,
T. Сихвонен. ШУНГИТОВЫЕ ПОРОДЫ РАЗЛИЧНОГО ГЕНЕЗИСА
В ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯХ ВОДООЧИСТКИ
В последнее время все более актуальным становится решение проблем загрязне-
ния окружающей среды с помощью экологически безопасных процессов на осно-
ве природных минеральных и биологических компонент. В работе приводятся ре-
зультаты исследования шунгитовых пород различного генезиса для применения
в инновационных способах очистки воды с совместным использованием полезной
микробиоты, эффективных микроорганизмов (дрожжей, молочнокислых бактерий
и пр.). Показано, что породы различных стратиграфических уровней (второго, чет-
вертого и шестого), различающиеся по составу и строению, характеризуются раз-
ной степенью выщелачивания химических элементов, сорбционной активностью
к катионным и анионным комплексам и по-разному способны сорбировать из воды
загрязняющие компоненты, в том числе тяжелые металлы. Установлено, что немо-
дифицированная шунгитовая порода ингибирует функционирование эффективных
микроорганизмов при непосредственном контакте, а для термически обработанной
шунгитовой породы, напротив, наблюдается рост эффективных микроорганизмов.
К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: шунгитовые породы; очистка воды; выщелачивание; сорб-
ционная активность; биологическая очистка; эффективные микроорганизмы.
Труды Карельского научного центра РАН
№ 6. 2020. С. 97–105
98
Introduction
Shungite rocks are ancient Precambrian car-
bon-bearing rocks of Karelia (Russia), whose spe-
cific properties are due to the structure and pro-
perties of carbon (shungite) on the one hand,
and on complex (varying from siliceous, alumino-
silicate and carbonate to mixed) mineral composi-
tion on the other [Shungites…, 1975; Buseck et al.,
1997]. Shungite rocks comprise, in addition to car-
bon, a wide range of macro and microelements.
Previously, it was found that macroelements (Si,
Fe, Ti, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na) are mainly includ-
ed in rock-forming minerals such as quartz, mica,
chlorite, albite, calcite and dolomite, while micro-
elements (Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, V, Mo, Pb, S, As, Se,
etc.) are associated with accessory, mainly sulfide
minerals. Among them are pyrite, violarite, chalco-
pyrite, sphalerite, millerite and others, as well as
layered silicates, roscoelite and paragonite [Ro-
mashkin et al., 2014].
Based on the geological understanding of the
Onega synclinorium structure, nine stratigraph-
ic horizons of shungite rocks were conventionally
identified as the most free-carbon-rich sections
of the stratified strata [Kupryakov, 1988]. Currently,
there are different ideas about the initial substance
of shungite rocks and the conditions for its trans-
formation. It is known that the processes of their
formation occurred in the conditions of the green-
shale facies of metamorphism, at a temperature
of no more than 450 °C and a pressure of no more
than 7 kbar. However, in these ranges of tempera-
tures and pressures, thermal and hydrothermal
processes were manifested to varying degrees,
which led to a wide variation in the composition,
structure and properties of shungite rocks in diffe-
rent deposits and outcrops, even within the same
stratigraphic horizon. At the same time, the con-
ditions in which shungite rocks formed and trans-
formed also influenced changes in the structural
characteristics and properties of carbonaceous
matter of the shungite rocks [Chazhengina et al.,
2017; Deines et al., 2020].
Shungite rocks have a number of multifunction-
al physical and chemical properties, which deter-
mine the prospects for their practical use in metal-
lurgy as coke, in chemistry as a catalyst, in water
purification as an effective sorbent, and as an ac-
tive filler of composite materials [Shungites…,
1975; Kalinin et al., 2008]. Recently, the prospects
for the use of shungite rocks in agriculture and ani-
mal husbandry have been shown, in particular, due
to increased plant resistance to drought [Кim et al.,
2019].
One of the most cost-effective and environ-
mentally justified practical uses of shungite rocks
is their application as a sorbent and filter materi-
al in water purification and water treatment for
both industrial and household needs, especially
in the light of modern requirements to environ-
mental problems [Shishkov, 2020]. Shungite as
a sorbent features a number of positive characte-
ristics: high mechanical strength and low abrasion;
high filtering capacity (processability, due to low
pressure resistance); the ability to sorb many sub-
stances, both organic (petroleum products, ben-
zene, phenol, pesticides, etc.) and mineral (iron,
manganese, phosphorus, arsenic) [Kalinin et al.,
2008]. Shungite is able to clean water from pe-
troleum products to the maximum permitted con-
centration (MPC) in water discharged to fisheries
reservoirs. At the same time, shungite as a strong
reducing agent absorbs oxygen from water with
the formation of atomic oxygen, which oxidizes
the sorbed organic substances to CO2 and H2O,
making the surface of shungite available for new
sorption acts [Kalinin et al., 2008].
In general, shungite rocks exhibit the ability
to sorb both inorganic cations and anions. More-
over, the cation exchange function dominates in al-
kaline, and the anion-exchange function – in acidi-
fied solutions. Organic acids are significantly better
sorbed, and other things being equal, shungite
selectively sorbs aromatic acids [Shalimov et al.,
2004]. As to the sorption of heavy metals, it is
shown that natural and thermally modified shungite
rocks have a high adsorption capacity with respect
to iron (III) cations in comparison with other carbon
sorbents [Alekseev et al., 2016]. They also have
sorption and reducing properties when cleaning
water from chromium [Shchetinskaya et al., 2017].
It is also important that shungite rock has
demonstrated a high sorption activity in relation
to pathogenic microflora. When the contaminated
water of Lake Onega containing pathogenic sap-
rophytes and protozoa (infusoria, rotifers, crusta-
ceans) was passed through shungite filter, almost
complete removal of Escherichia coli (a change
in the coli index from 2300 KL/l to less than 3 KL/l)
and protozoa (from 1785 KL/l to 0 KL/l) was ob-
served, securing conformance to sanitary stan-
dards [Zaguralskaya, 1990]. At the same time,
in natural conditions, shungite rocks are charac-
terized by a symbiosis with microbiota, containing
a wide range of non-pathogenic microorganisms,
in particular, chemoorganotrophic, methylotrophic
and chemolithotrophic bacteria. The dominant
phylotypes include 3 phyla (Proteobacteria, Acti-
nobacteria and Firmicutes), with the bulk of the mi-
crobiome constituted by Proteobacteria (76.4
to 81.2 %) [Sidorova et al., 2019].
Unfortunately, for many consumers, the term
“shungite” and “shungite rock” refers only
99
to the rock determined by its carbon content, with-
out any attention to the structure of carbon, mineral
components, and the rock as a whole, without tak-
ing into account the wide variety of shungite rocks,
which differ in the conditions of formation and, as
a result, in the structure and physical and chemi-
cal properties. Therefore, it is not surprising that
the study and application of shungite rocks re-
veal diametrically opposite properties, previously
conducted studies are not confirmed, and previ-
ously described effects are not achieved in indus-
trial areas. For example, in a study of the effect
of an aqueous extract of shungite rock on micro-
organisms for the purpose of their neutralization,
pronounced signs of destruction of bacterial cells
have been shown [Ponomarev, 2018]. At the same
time, results are presented that do not confirm
the effectiveness of “shungite” in disinfecting wa-
ter from bacteria, moreover, when “shungite”
was added to experimental tanks, the number
of microorganisms not only did not decrease,
but on the contrary, increased [Dallakyan et al.,
2017].
Thus, the aim of this work is to study geologi-
cally bound shungite rocks with different compo-
sition, structure and properties and to establish
criteria for their selection as industrial mineral raw
materials to be used in innovative water purifica-
tion schemes as a potential filter material in combi-
nation with effective microorganisms.
Characteristics of the research objects
The study objects were shungite rocks
of the Onega synclinorium, developed in the sixth
(first and second samples), second (third sample)
and fourth (fourth sample) shungite-bearing hori-
zons with a carbon content of 34 to 48 %.
Material and methods
The content of petrogenic elements in samples
was determined by quantitative chemical analysis
methods in the analytical laboratory of the Institute
of Geology KarRC RAS (Petrozavodsk). The data
from the chemical analyses were recalculated
on a carbon-free basis (the mineral component
of shungite rocks). The mineral composition was
determined using X-ray phase analysis.
The adsorption activity of shungite rocks from
various stratigraphic levels was measured by
the adsorption of methylene blue and metha-
nyl yellow from aqueous solutions. The amount
of the dye absorbed from the solution by the sam-
ple material (fraction >1 mm) under static condi-
tions was taken as the measure of activity. The dye
concentration in the solution was determined
using Raman spectroscopy following a procedure
described elsewhere [Rozhkova et al., 2019].
The study of leaching processes in shungite
rocks, the analysis of various elements, the study
of sorption of shungite rocks on model solutions
at different concentrations were conducted at LUT
University (Lappeenranta) using ICP-MS. The pre-
liminary testing of shungite rocks for environ-
mental acceptability was done according to Fin-
nish Government Decree on landfills 331/2013.
Experiments on the biocompatibility of shungite
rocks and useful microorganisms on unmodified
and heat-treated (400° C) shungite rocks were
carried out at LUT University and IG KarRC RAS.
Results and discussion
The use of shungite rocks as a filter materi-
al in combination with effective microorganisms
implies the fulfillment of a number of criteria.
First, regarding the degree of leaching of danger-
ous concentrations of chemical elements from
the shungite rocks themselves, second, regard-
ing the sorption activity of the filter material as
applied to potential polluting complexes of anion-
ic and cationic character, and finally, regarding
the compatibility of shungite rocks with effective
microorganisms.
Leaching of chemical elements from shungite
rocks is governed by a number of factors. As pre-
viously shown for water purification using shungite
rocks, both sorption and leaching properties of SH
are important. Those are determined by the type
of shungite rocks, content and composition of car-
bon and minerals, and their structure and physico-
chemical properties (the value of the specific sur-
face and its chemical state, for instance). It should
be noted that the aqueous extracts of different
shungite rocks differ in ionic and microcomponent
composition. Leaching of components from the mi-
neral part of different shungite rocks is determined
not only by the composition of the rock but also by
the pH value. Namely, the lower the pH, the greater
the rate of hydrolytic processes separating mine-
rals, in particular sulphides. However, the content
of certain elements (Na, Ca) in the solutions does
not depend on the acidity of the medium and their
content in the rocks [Rozhkova et al., 2012].
Chemical analysis of the selected samples
showed that, being similar in carbon content,
rocks differ slightly in the content of the main che-
mical elements, and quite significantly in the com-
position of rock-forming minerals (Table).
One of the most important indicators of the in-
teraction of shungite rocks with water is the hydro-
gen index (pH). For the selected rocks, the pH had
different values, according to the generally accept-
100
ed Russian express method (solid-liquid: 1:10, fil-
trate, about 5 minutes of exposure), ranging from
6.1 to 3.4 (*RUS in Table).
At the same time, measurements made in Fin-
land (**FIN in Table) on fractions about 2 mm at
24-hour exposure differ significantly. Additional
experiments conducted in Russia (**RUS in Table)
showed changes in pH over time. As the sample
spent more time in water, the pH decreased
to varying degrees for different shungite rocks
and stabilized with slight variations after a few
days (Table). Note that for samples 1 and 4 there is
a complete correspondence in pH values obtained
in Russia and Finland, and for samples 2 and 3
there is some difference. The pH differences may
indicate both a greater heterogeneity of samples
2 & 3 and some differences in the leaching pro-
cesses of anionic and cationic complexes among
the selected samples. Naturally, these pH chang-
es are observed only in a closed volume and have
higher values in the presence of water flow. How-
ever, directly in the contact layer of shungite rock
and water, pH affects the leaching of chemical ele-
ments from samples, their ion exchange reactions
and sorption properties.
The results of experiments on the leaching
of some chemical elements from shungite rocks
in a closed volume are shown in Fig. 1. The total
number of metals determined from the leachate
with ICP-MS was 26, including phosphorus. Sam-
ples 1 and 2 showed fairly high degrees of leach-
ing of chemical elements, among which the con-
centrations of Ni (0.4 mg/kg) and Zn (4 mg/kg)
exceeded the permissible limits, and therefore
they are not environmentally acceptable, nor can
potentially become commercial fractions. In fact,
shungite 2 exceeded also inert material values for
leaching of Cu, Cd and Se. However, non-hazard
limits were not exceeded for any of these. Thus,
the results obtained do not allow us to consid-
er Shungite 1 and Shungite 2 as a filter material
in static conditions or at low water consumption.
Data on the sorption activity of shungite rocks
with respect to cationic and anionic complexes
for the case of methylene blue (MB) and metha-
nyl yellow (MY) are shown in Fig. 2. Sample 3 has
the highest sorption activity for cationic complex-
es, and sample 2 has the lowest sorption activity.
However, sample 2 has a higher sorption activity
relative to anionic complexes, and sample 3 has
a lower sorption activity. The adsorption properties
of shungite rock are probably due to the combina-
tion of fine mineral components evenly distributed
in the carbon matrix and the presence of various
functional groups, which facilities the formation
of adsorption centers of different nature.
To determine the sorption activity of shungite
rocks for ions of various metals and complex-
es, a model mixture containing Cu – 57.5 ppm,
Zn – 94.9 ppm, Na – 96.3 ppm, and P – 42.4 ppm
was used. The results of the experiment shown
in Fig. 3 demonstrate the high efficiency of sam-
ples 3 and 4 for the sorption of Cu and Zn, while
negative values for the sorption of Na, Mg and Ca
indicate the leaching of these elements from
the third sample during the experiments. Chang-
es in the concentration of metals in the solution
Chemical and mineralogical composition of shungite
rocks and pH of the aqueous extract from them
Composi-
tion Shungite rock
#1
horizon 6
#2
horizon 6
#3
horizon 2
#4
horizon 4
Chemical composition, oxides,%
SiO252.28 40.78 30.99 38.6
TiO20.21 0.28 0.42 0.34
Al2O33.56 5.11 6.96 7.02
Fe2O34.23 2.14 6.49 1.47
FeO 0.53 0.53 2.93 0.53
MnO 0.015 0.015 0.1 0.01
MgO 1.11 0.94 5.46 1.03
CaO 0.07 < 0.01 2.83 0.58
Na2O0.06 0.05 1.82 1.5
K2O0.54 1.20 0.22 1.87
LOI*35.4 47.03 40.95 46.27
P2O50.10 0.05 0.07 0.14
S1.89 1.86 0.76 0.28
C** 34 48 35 40
Mineralogical composition wt. %
Quartz 56 37 2 32
Muscovite 6 12 14
Pyrite 2 3
Microcline 14
Actinolite 34
Albite 19
Kaolinite 2
Chlorite 8
pH
0.1
hour*RUS 5.4 3.4 5.9 6.1
24
hours** FIN 4.3 3.1 5.4 4.9
0.1h/24h/
28
days ** RUS
4.5/4.3/3.8 4/3.5/3.3 5.9/5.8/5.8 5.5/4.8/4.7
Note. *LOI, loss on ignition (includes losses of С, water, sulfides,
carbonates).
**С was determined by derivatography.
*RUS filtrate, fraction less than 0.1 mm, water / shungite = 20.
** FIN fraction less than 2 mm, water / shungite = 10, continuous
mixing.
** RUS fraction 1–3 mm, water / shungite = 10
101
affect the sorption efficiency (Fig. 4). At the same
time, based on the sorption kinetics, it follows that
ion-exchange processes occur very quickly and do
not require a long contact time.
The compatibility of shungite rocks with ef-
fective microorganisms is of particular interest.
Previously, it was found that shungite rocks have
sorption activity in relation to pathogenic microflo-
ra [Zaguralskaya, 1990]. This effect may be rela-
ted to the chemistry of shungite rock, in particular
the content of trace elements, lanthanides, which
cause selective coagulation of bacterial cells by
complexing lanthanide cations with nucleic acids
of microorganisms through phosphate groups
[Ponomarev et al., 2017]. It can also be explained
by the presence of natural biotopes long associ-
ated with shungite rocks, such as chemoorgano-
trophic, methylotrophic and chemolithotrophic
bacteria (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Fir‑
micutes) [Sidorova et al., 2019], suppressing
the reproduction of “foreign” microorganisms.
Experiments conducted at LUT University have
shown that shungite rock inhibits the functioning
of effective microorganisms, unlike, for example,
ceramics. Moreover, the growth of own microor-
ganisms present on shungite increases. That does
not allow shungite and effective microorganisms
to be used together in direct contact. However,
heat-treated shungite rock proved to be com-
patible with effective microorganisms, since their
growth is observed on the surface (Fig. 5).
The use of effective microorganisms involves
the destruction of dissolved organic compounds
by microorganisms. In this case, some of the sub-
Fig. 1. Results for some metals from leaching test (L/S = 10). Inert waste had values at the threshold, for example re-
garding Ni (0.4 mg/kg), and Zn (4 mg/kg). Therefore shungite samples 1 and 2 would not be environmentally feasible
in Finland, or activation with thermal or chemical treatment would be required
Fig. 2. Sorption activity of shungite rocks with respect to cationic and anionic complexes for the case of methylene
blue (MB) and methanyl yellow (MY) for shungite 1, 2, 3 and 4
102
stances are mineralized, while others are used
by microbes in constructive metabolism, result-
ing in a significant increase in their concentration
in the treated water. Secondary water pollution
happens. Living microorganisms themselves be-
come a source of contamination, even in the case
of complete non-pathogenicity, and contribute
to the eutrophication (blooming) of waters. There-
fore, biological treatment must be accompanied
by the removal of microorganisms.
One of the methods for removing microorga-
nisms from the water is the adsorption of microor-
ganisms onto the surface of solids. In this regard,
effective sorption of microorganisms, including
Fig. 3. Results of the metals adsorption test. The results are in mg/g (shungite). Negative bars indicate
that the element in question has been released from the shungite during the adsorption experiment
Fig. 4. Results of the metals adsorption test. The results are given in % for a) high concentration, and
b) lower concentration of the metals. Adsorption mechanisms are affected by the ion concentration
in the solution (Na). Nitrate removal is inefficient with any shungite fraction studied
103
effective microorganisms, can be a positive ef-
fect in a two-stage water purification process. For
example, at the first stage, water passes through
a layer of ceramics (and/or thermally modified
shungite rock) as a carrier of effective microorga-
nisms. At the second stage, which involves unmo-
dified shungite rock, not only various undesirable
chemical impurities, but also various members
of the microflora and effective microorganisms are
removed by sorption.
An important feature of shungite rock is the pos-
sibility of regeneration, which enables an extension
of the service life of the material as a sorbent. In par-
ticular, when studying the sorption of higher alco-
hols and other impurities from water-alcohol solu-
tions, the formation of sufficiently strong adsorption
systems was detected, which, however, decompose
completely at 180°C heat treatment in the vacuum,
which leads to regeneration and some increase
in the surface and sorption volume of shungite. This
effect of restoring the adsorption centers on the sur-
face of shungite was observed during five sorption
cycles [Mel’nik et al., 2017].
Thus, the study allows us to use the identi-
fied patterns not only to determine the criteria
for selecting the most effective industrial types
of shungite rocks for water treatment, but also
to substantiate possible water purification setups
and filter elements setups.
Conclusions
Shungite rocks of the sixth, fourth and second
stratigraphic levels of the Zaonezhskaya formation
of the Paleoproterozoic era in Karelia were studies
with view to their potential application in innova-
tive water purification setups as a potential filter
material in combination with useful microbiota
(yeast, lactic acid bacteria, etc.). It is shown that
shungite rocks of the sixth level have a higher de-
gree of leaching of various chemical elements from
them. Among the studied samples, the maximum
sorption activity was found in the more alkaline
and less siliceous rock of the second level, which
sorbs higher concentrations of heavy metals.
Shungite rock not subjected to any thermal or che-
mical treatment inhibits the reproduction of useful
microbiota, but after heat treatment it shows good
compatibility with this microbiota, like ceramics.
Based on our results, rock from the second
stratigraphic level appears to be the most promi-
sing as a filter material. At the same time, a two-
stage filter is assumed to be optimal for water
treatment. The first layer should consist of a ce-
ramic or heat-treated shungite rock, with an ef-
fective functioning of useful microbiota that reco-
vers a wide range of contaminants from the water.
The second layer is untreated shungite rock, which
absorbs heavy metals and some organic com-
pounds, and disinfects water from microorganisms
to prevent eutrophication.
The research was carried out within the frame‑
work of the KS1460 (SHEM‑WP), ENI South‑
East Finland – Russia CBC Programme,
and with financial support from the Federal bud‑
get for the implementation of the state order
to KarRC RAS (IG KarRC RAS, research topic
no. AAAA‑A18‑118020690238‑0, to VVK and VSR).
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СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ:
Ковалевский Владимир Викторович
заведующий лаб. геологии и технологии шунгитов
Отдела минерального сырья, д. г.-м. н.
Институт геологии КарНЦ РАН,
Федеральный исследовательский центр
«Карельский научный центр РАН»
ул. Пушкинская, 11, Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия,
Россия, 185910
эл. почта: kovalevs@krc.karelia.ru
Рейникайнен, Сату-Пиа
профессор
Технологический университет Лаппеенранта
Лаппеенранта, Финляндия, FIN-53850
эл. почта: Satu-pia.reinikainen@lut.fi
CONTRIBUTORS:
Kovalevski, Vladimir
Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre,
Russian Academy of Sciences
11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
e-mail: kovalevs@krc.karelia.ru
Reinikainen, Satu-Pia
LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland
Yliopistonkatu 34, FIN-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
e-mail: Satu-pia.reinikainen@lut.fi
Рейникайнен, Вилле
менеджер проектов
Экологическое управление региона Лаппеенранта
Лаппеенранта, Финляндия, FIN-53100
эл. почта: Ville.reinikainen@lut.fi
Рожкова Виктория Сергеевна
ведущий химик
Институт геологии КарНЦ РАН,
Федеральный исследовательский центр
«Карельский научный центр РАН»
ул. Пушкинская, 11, Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия,
Россия, 185910
эл. почта: vrozhk@krc.karelia.ru
Сихвонен, Туомас
исследователь
Технологический университет Лаппеенранта
Лаппеенранта, Финляндия, FIN-53850
эл. почта: Tuomas.sihvonen@lut.fi
Reinikainen, Ville
Environmental Office of Lappeenranta Region, Finland
Pohjolakatu 14, FIN-53100 Lappeenranta, Finland
e-mail: Ville.reinikainen@lut.fi
Rozhkova, Viсtoria
Institute of Geology, Karelian Research Centre,
Russian Academy of Sciences
11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
e-mail: vrozhk@krc.karelia.ru
Sihvonen, Tuomas
LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland
Yliopistonkatu 34, FIN-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
e-mail: Tuomas.sihvonen@lut.fi
