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Revision of Thaumatobactron Günther, 1929 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae) from New Guinea, with the description of four new species
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The author proposes a revision of the stick insect species of the genus Thaumatobactron Günther, 1929. Four new species, T. bretoni n. sp., T. pulchracaelatura n. sp., T. pygminerme n. sp. and T. robillardi n. sp., are described. Egg of T. guentheri Hennemann & Conle, 1997, and females and egg of T. mayri Günther, 1930 are described for the first time. New data are provided and identification keys proposed for males, females and eggs.
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The genus Paraloxopsis Günther, 1932 was described from a single female specimen of Paraloxopsis korystes Günther, 1932. The male and egg are described for the first time, along with a redescription, and illustrations, of the female; three new Bornean localities are recorded for this species. Loxopsis tuberculata Redtenbacher, 1908 is transferred to Paraloxopsis, redescribed, and recorded from five new localities. The key features distinguishing this genus from Loxopsis Westwood, 1859 are listed. The mode of egg laying is discussed in relation to other possible related genera.
Detailed catalogue of Stick and Leaf-Insects (Insecta: Phasmida) associated with Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, including numerous new synonyms
The southern African species of Bactrododema Stål, 1858, Palophus Westwood, 1859 (both Diapheromeridae: Palophinae) and Bactricia Kirby, 1896 (Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae), are reviewed. Bactrododema krugeri spec. nov. is described, while Bactrododema hecticum (Lichtenstein, 1796) comb. nov. is redescribed and discussed. Bactrododema brevitarsis Stål, 1876, Bactrododema aculiferum Kirby, 1902, Bactrododema lugardi Kirby, 1902, Palophus brevicornis Redtenbacher, 1908, Palophus holubi Redtenbacher, 1908, and Palophus transvaalensis Redtenbacher, 1908, are synonymized with Bactrododema tiaratum Stål, 1858. Phibalosoma calametum Bates, 1865, Hyrtacus carinatus Kirby, 1902, and Bactricia irregularis Brunner, 1907, are synonymized with Bactricia bituberculata (Schaum, 1857) stat. rev., which takes priority over Bactricia trophinus (Westwood, 1859). The genus Palophus is regarded as a synonym of the genus Bactrododema. Palophus titan Sjöstedt, 1913 is synonymized with Bactrododema hippotaurum (Karsch, 1896) comb. nov. Palophus rothschildi Bolivar, 1922 is synonymized with Bactrododema phillipsi (Kirby, 1896) comb. nov., and Palophus brongniarti Redtenbacher, 1908 is synonymized with Bactrododema episcopalis (Kirby, 1896) comb. nov. Keys to the adults of South African species are provided, eggs of two Bactrododema species are described, and the distribution of all southern African Bactrododema species
mapped.
Phasmatodea comprises over 3,000 extant species and stands out as one of the last remaining insect orders for which a robust, higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis is lacking. New research suggests that the extant diversity is the result of a surprisingly recent and rapid radiation that has been difficult to resolve with standard Sanger sequence data. In order to resolve the early branching events of stick and leaf insects, we analyzed transcriptomes from 61 species, including 38 Phasmatodea species comprising all major clades and 23 outgroup taxa, including all other Polyneoptera orders. Using a custom-made ortholog set based on reference genomes from four species, we identified on average 2,274 orthologous genes in the sequenced transcriptomes. We generated various sub-alignments and performed maximum-likelihood analyses on several representative datasets to evaluate the effect of missing data and matrix composition on our phylogenetic estimates. Based on our new data, we are able to reliably resolve the deeper nodes between the principal lineages of extant Phasmatodea. Among Euphasmatodea, we provide strong evidence for a basal dichotomy of Aschiphasmatodea and all remaining euphasmatodeans, the Neophasmatodea. Within the latter clade, we recovered a previously unrecognized major New World and Old World lineage, for which we introduce the new names Oriophasmata tax. nov. (“Eastern phasmids”) and Occidophasmata tax. nov. (“Western phasmids”). Occidophasmata comprise Diapheromerinae, Pseudophasmatinae, and Agathemera, whereas all remaining lineages form the Oriophasmata, including Heteropterygidae, Phylliinae, Bacillus, Lonchodidae (Necrosciinae + Lonchodinae), Clitumninae, Cladomorphinae, and Lanceocercata. We furthermore performed a divergence time analysis and reconstructed the historical biogeography for stick and leaf insects. Phasmatodea either originated in Southeast Asia or in the New World. Our results suggest that the extant distribution of Phasmatodea is largely the result of dispersal events in a recently and rapidly diversified insect lineage rather than the result of vicariant processes.
Résumé. – Leiophasma mayottensis n. sp. est décrit ; il s’agit du premier phasme décrit de Mayotte dont il est peut-être endémique. Une clé des espèces du genre Leiophasma est fournie.
Summary. – A new species of Leiophasma from Mayotte (Phasmatodea, Pygirhynchinae?). Leiophasma mayottensis n. sp. is described; it is the first phasmid described from Mayotte of which it is maybe endemic. A key to species of Leiophasma is given.
Résumé. – Description du genre Spathomorpha n. gen. dont l’espèce type est S. adefa n. sp. et dans lequel est transféré Hyrtacus lancettifer Brancsik, 1893. Ce nouveau genre malgache a une position taxinomique incertaine. Les hypothèses de parenté les plus plausibles sont discutées.
Kurzfassung. – Spathomorpha n. gen. : eine neue Gattung der Phasmatodea aus Madagaskar (Phasmatodea, Anareolatae). Die neue Gattung Spathomorpha n. gen. wird beschrieben und S. adefa n. sp. als Typusart desi¬gniert. Hyrtacus lancettifer Brancsick, 1893, wird zu Spathomorpha n. gen. gestellt. Die systematische Stellung dieser neuen, madagassischen Gattung ist fragwürdig. Denkbare Verwandtschafts-Hypothesen werden erläutert.
Summary. – Spathomorpha n. gen. : a new genus of stick insect from Madagascar (Phasmatodea, Anareolatae). Two Madagascan species are included in Spathomorpha n. gen. : S. adefa n. sp. (designated the type species) and S. lancettifer (Brancsik, 1893) n. comb., transferred from the genus Hyrtacus. This new Malagasy genus has an uncertain taxonomic position. Hypothesis of relationship that seem the most plausible are discussed.
This paper provides a taxonomic study for the phasmid genus Parasinophasma Chen & He, 2008; reports for the first time Parasinophasma from Hong Kong, China and Vietnam; describes six new species and two new subspecies: P. bresseeli sp. n., P. constanti sp. n., P. laifanae sp. n., P. liui sp. n., P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n., P. luchunense xingyuei subsp. n. and P. sparsigranulatum sp. n.; proposes one new combination: Parasinophasma bouvieri (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. transferred from Orthonecroscia Kirby, 1904; and gives a checklist of known species and a revised key to species. (https://jor.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=15289)
Taxonomy, biogeography, biology and breeding of the stick insect Eurycantha coriacea Lucas, 1869.
A new species of Phasmatodea, Oncotophasma laetitiae n. sp. from Costa Rica, is described and illustrated in both sexes and the egg.
Résumé. – Un nouveau Phasme du genre Oncotophasma du Costa Rica (Phasmatodea, Diapheromeridae, Diapheromerinae). Une nouvelle espèce de Phasmatodea du Costa Rica, Oncotophasma laetitiae n. sp., est décrite et illustrée, incluant les deux sexes et l'oeuf.
Resumen. – Un nuevo fásmido del género Oncotophasma de Costa-Rica (Phasmatodea, Diapheromeridae, Diaphero merinae). Una nueva especie de Phasmatodea de Costa Rica, Oncotophasma laetitiae n. sp., es descrita e ilustrada, incluyendo ambos sexos y el huevo.
Two new species and one subspecies of Pharnaciini, belonging to two different genera, are
described from Vietnam: one species and subspecies of Phryganistria Stål, 1875 and one species of
Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907. Two species currently attributed to the genus Ramulus
Saussure, 1862, Ramulus magnus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) and R. chinensis (Brunner von
Wattenwyl, 1907), are transferred to Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008 comb. nov. Phobaeticus
longicornis Bi & Wang, 1998 and Phobaeticus yuexiensis Chen & He, 1993 represent the male and
female of Baculonistria magnus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) syn. nov. A lectotype is designated
for Baculonistria chinensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907). The genus Baculonistria now contains
three species. Nearchus bachmaensis Ta & Hoang, 2004 is transferred to Phryganistria and the new
combination Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004) comb. nov. is proposed. The species is
redescribed and the authors’ attribution corrected, the egg is described and figured for the first time.
Phryganistria tamdaoensis sp. nov. is described and figured from both sexes and the egg. Females of P.
tamdaoensis sp. nov. are easily recognised by the conspicuously enlarged lanceolate cerci, a character
previously unknown in this tribe. The distribution range of Phryganistria heusii heusii (Hennemann &
Conle, 1997) is extended to Tam Dao National Park. A new subspecies Phryganistria heusii yentuensis
subsp. nov. is described from Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve from adult males and females and the
eggs. Males can easily be distinguished from the nominal subspecies by their colouration. This huge
subspecies represents the second longest insect recorded to date. A key to the species of the genus
Phryganistria is provided. Phobaeticus trui sp. nov. is described from central Vietnam. It is the first
species of Phobaeticus recorded from Vietnam. Adults of both sexes are illustrated.
The three tribes of Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896 occurring in Borneo are nocturnal, and ground dwelling species, easily found in both primary and secondary rainforest. The subfamily is reviewed, with keys and redescriptions of all Bornean species; one new species of a predominantly Bornean genus is described from the Philippines. Lectotypes have been selected for a number of species. The eggs of 17 species are described and illustrated. Distribution maps are given for all species. Many of the species have been collected by the author and reared in the United Kingdom; some observations on their natural history and behaviour are included. In the tribe Heteropterygini the synonymy has been re-examined with a revision to the status of several taxa. The five syntypes of Haaniella grayii (Westwood) were found to belong to two different species. In the tribe Datamini new terms are introduced for the spines and tubercules. A new genus, Spinodares, is described with S. jenningsi spec. nov. as the type species. All recorded Bornean specimens of Dares Stål, 1875 have been re-examined and the synonymy revised. Seven new species of Dares are described, six from Borneo: D. kinabaluensis, D. mjobergi, D. multispinosus, D. murudensis, D. navangensis, D. planissimus, and one from Palawan: D. philippinensis; this is the only record of the tribe Datamini from the Philippines. Acanthoderus otys Westwood, 1859 has previously been placed in the genus Dares Stål, 1875, it is found to belong in Datames Stål, 1875 with Pylaemenes infans Redtenbacher, 1906 as a new junior synonym; the female is described for the first time from a specimen in the Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum, Leiden (RMNH). Two new species of Datames are described, one with three subspecies: D. muluensis, D. borneensis borneensis, D. b. sepilokensis and D. b. waterstradti. Of the twelve new taxa described eight are represented in the RMNH collection.
Mauritiophasma n. gen. (Phasmatidae, Acanthomimini), qui comprend l'unique espèce M. motalai n. sp., est décrit ; Mauritiophasma est proche du genre Anophelepis Westwood 1859, lequel est transféré dans la tribu Acanthomimini. Un autre genre, Monoiognosis n. gen. (Anareolatae, incertae sedis) est décrit ; il comprend 2 espèces : M. bipunctata n. sp. (espèce type) et M. spinosa n. sp. Epicharmus guerinii est mis en synonymie avec E. marchali. Ces taxons sont endémiques de Maurice au niveau générique. Ils présentent tous des œufs collés à un support par l'operculum, caractéristique nouvelle pour les Phasmatodea, considérée comme le résultat d'une évolution convergente.
Type specimens for 157 species-group names of Phasmida have been identified in the collection of the Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneva. The names are listed alphabetically, with the number of specimens, sex and locality data. The material includes most species described by Saussure and the majority of those described by Carl; in addition there is material of Bolivar, Brock, Brunner von Wattenwyl, Fritzsche & Gitsaga, Gunther, Harz, Kirby, Redtenbacher, Werner and Zompro. Clitumnus humberti Carl, 1913 is re-named Ramulus carli Zompro nom. n. Lectotypes are designated for Xera debilis Redtenbacher, 1906, Clonistria guatemalensis Redtenbacher, 1908, Ramulus humberti (Saussure, 1861) and Anophelepis poeyi Saussure, 1868. One genus and four species are described as new. Parapodacanthus Brock gen. n., with the type-species P. hasenpuschorum Brock sp. n., is described from Queensland, Australia. Three Philippine species are provisionally placed in the genus Lonchodes Gray, 1835: L. puting-mantsa Zompro sp. n., L. magayon Zompro sp. n. and L. dalawangsungay Zompro, sp. n.; this complex urgently needs a generic revision. The eggs of Alienobostra godmani (Redtenbacher, 1908) and Lonchodes palawanicus (Carl, 1913) are described and figured for the first time. Xylodus Saussure, 1859, formerly synonymized with Cladomorphus Gray, 1835, and Micrarchus Carl, 1913 formerly synonymized with Pachymorpha Gray, 1835, are re-established as valid genera. Bacteria divergens Redtenbacher, 1908 is found to be a new synonym of Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838), and Ocnophila adulterina Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 of Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868). Prisomera palawanica Carl, 1915 is transferred to Stheneboea Stal, 1875, and Myronides trilineatus Carl, 1913 to Lopaphus Westwood, 1859.
The 'tree lobsters' are an enigmatic group of robust, ground-dwelling stick insects (order Phasmatodea) from the subfamily Eurycanthinae, distributed in New Guinea, New Caledonia and associated islands. Its most famous member is the Lord Howe Island stick insect Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier), which was believed to have become extinct but was rediscovered in 2001 and is considered to be one of the rarest insects in the world. To resolve the evolutionary position of Dryococelus, we constructed a phylogeny from approximately 2.4 kb of mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from representatives of all major phasmatodean lineages. Our data placed Dryococelus and the New Caledonian tree lobsters outside the New Guinean Eurycanthinae as members of an unrelated Australasian stick insect clade, the Lanceocercata. These results suggest a convergent origin of the 'tree lobster' body form. Our reanalysis of tree lobster characters provides additional support for our hypothesis of convergent evolution. We conclude that the phenotypic traits leading to the traditional classification are convergent adaptations to ground-living behaviour. Our molecular dating analyses indicate an ancient divergence (more than 22 Myr ago) between Dryococelus and its Australian relatives. Hence, Dryococelus represents a long-standing separate evolutionary lineage within the stick insects and must be regarded as a key taxon to protect with respect to phasmatodean diversity.
190 species of stick-and leaf-insects in 58 genera are known to occur in New Guinea and the surrounding islands. This paper, based on a literature study, provides keys to identify species up to their genus following the current accepted classification. For each genus a summarised description and where available a schematic reproduction of an existing illustration of a representative is given, as well as a list of species ocurring in the subregion. For each species the reference of the original description including page number, sex of the type material, illustrations, and the location of the type material are given. When applicable, references to first description of opposite sex and synonyms followed by the reference containing the nomenclatural act are included. For each species a general geographic distribution is given. In addition, a gazetteer has been compiled including all known localities of type and non-type specimens reported in the literature from the New Guinea subregion. Technical terms used are described in the glossary.
The Genus Thaumatobactron, GÜNTHER 1929 with Description of two New Species from Papua New Guinea (Phasmatodea, Eurycanthinae)
Two new species of the genus Thaumatobactron GÜNTHER 1929 (Th. granulosa n.sp. & Th. guentheri n.sp ) from Papua New Guinea are described and figured. A review on the genus and a key to the males is given. Some information on the biology of the species is included.
Eggs of Phasmida are characterized by the presence of a micropylar plate system. The nature of this plate is discussed and the relevance of differences in plate structure to the taxonomy of the order is considered. A survey is made of the range of plate structure throughout the order, covering the external plate structure of 384 species and the internal plate structure of 179 species in forty of the forty-four subgroups of the order.
An attempt is made to standardize further the descriptive terminology of the phasmid egg capsule by introducing stricter definitions and standard abbreviations. In addition, the various forms of the internal micropylar plate are categorized. Eophasma Sellick is replaced by Eophasmodes nov.n. A key to 131 generic forms of these eggs is provided. Where more than one egg form is associated with a genus, a diagnosis of the subgroups is provided.
The Lanceocercata are a clade of stick insects (Phasmatodea) that have undergone an impressive evolutionary radiation in Australia, New Caledonia, the Mascarene Islands and areas of the Pacific. Previous research showed that this clade also contained at least two of the nine New Zealand stick insect genera. We have constructed a phylogeny of the Lanceocercata using 2277 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data to determine whether all nine New Zealand genera are indeed Lanceocercata and whether the New Zealand fauna is monophyletic. DNA sequence data were obtained from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA and histone subunit 3. These data were subjected to Bayesian phylogenetic inference under a partitioned model and maximum parsimony. The resulting trees show that all the New Zealand genera are nested within a large New Caledonian radiation. The New Zealand genera do not form a monophyletic group, with the genus Spinotectarchus Salmon forming an independent lineage from the remaining eight genera. We analysed Lanceocercata apomorphies to confirm the molecular placement of the New Zealand genera and to identify characters that confirm the polyphyly of the fauna. Molecular dating analyses under a relaxed clock coupled with a Bayesian extension to dispersal-vicariance analysis was used to reconstruct the biogeographical history for the Lanceocercata. These analyses show that Lanceocercata and their sister group, the Stephanacridini, probably diverged from their South American relatives, the Cladomorphinae, as a result of the separation of Australia, Antarctica and South America. The radiation of the New Caledonian and New Zealand clade began 41.06 million years ago (mya, 29.05–55.40 mya), which corresponds to a period of uplift in New Caledonia. The main New Zealand lineage and Spinotectarchus split from their New Caledonian sister groups 33.72 (23.9–45.62 mya) and 29.9 mya (19.79–41.16 mya) and began to radiate during the late Oligocene and early Miocene, probably in response to a reduction in land area and subsequent uplift in the late Oligocene and early Miocene. We discuss briefly shared host plant patterns between New Zealand and New Caledonia. Because Acrophylla sensu Brock & Hasenpusch is polyphyletic, we have removed Vetilia Stål from synonymy with Acrophylla Gray.
il est probable que ce spécimen soit mal étiqueté ou qu'il représente une autre espèce, le reste de la série étant de Bornéo. LT ♀, 1 ♀ PLT et 2 ♂ PLT au NHMW ; 2 ♂ PLT et 4 ♀ PLT au ZIN (Brock
- Brock
1♀ PLT (MNHN-EO-PHAS350) : [Inde], Indes anglaises, Balasore,
R. Oberthür, 1898, 7.
reMarqueS
Ainsi que le mentionne Bragg (2001), il est probable que
ce spécimen soit mal étiqueté ou qu'il représente une autre
espèce, le reste de la série étant de Bornéo. LT ♀, 1 ♀ PLT et
2 ♂ PLT au NHMW ; 2 ♂ PLT et 4 ♀ PLT au ZIN (Brock
1998a, 2007 ; Brock et al. 2018). Le LT a été désigné par
Bragg (2001: 250). Le nom de genre étant neutre, l'épithète
spécifique doit être accordée en conséquence (accord rectifié).
rugulosus Redtenbacher, 1908 [Lamachus]
reMarque Il s'agit de spécimens non cités par Redtenbacher (1906), ni de Paris, ni de la collection Finot, alors que l'étiquette de détermination est de sa main et que l'un des spécimens est de la collection Rolle, collection citée par le descripteur luimême
- Brock
♀ ST (MNHN-EO-PHAS1166) (juvénile) : [Malaisie], Nord
Bornéo, Kina-Balu, 1500 m, H. Rolle, Collection A. Finot.
reMarque
Il s'agit de spécimens non cités par Redtenbacher (1906),
ni de Paris, ni de la collection Finot, alors que l'étiquette de
détermination est de sa main et que l'un des spécimens est
de la collection Rolle, collection citée par le descripteur luimême. 1 ♂ ST et 1 ♀ ST au NHMW, 1 ♀ ST au ZIN (Brock
1998a, 2007 ; Brock et al. 2018).
collection Finot. reMarque LT ♂, 3 ♂ PLT et 4 ♀ PLT au NHMW ; 3 ♂ PLT et 1 ♀ PLT (juvénile) au ZMH ; 2 ♂ PLT et 2 ♀ PLT
- Maroancetra Madagascar
Madagascar, Maroancetra [Maroantsetra], 12.1897, collection Finot.
reMarque
LT ♂, 3 ♂ PLT et 4 ♀ PLT au NHMW ; 3 ♂ PLT et 1 ♀ PLT
(juvénile) au ZMH ; 2 ♂ PLT et 2 ♀ PLT (dont 1 juvénile)
au ZIN (Zompro 2002b ; Cliquennois 2003a, 2006 ; Brock
2007). Le LT a été désigné par Cliquennois (2003a: 7).
1838) note aussi 1 ♀ ST qui n'a pas été retrouvée. sinetyi Brunner von Wattenwyl
- Audinet-Serville
Audinet-Serville (1838) note aussi 1 ♀ ST qui n'a pas été
retrouvée.
sinetyi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 [Phobaeticus]
ne fait pas mention du Muséum de Paris, pourtant il s'agit bien de spécimens déterminés par lui-même comme le montre l'étiquette originale. tuberculata Redtenbacher
- Wattenwyl Brunner Von
Brunner von Wattenwyl (1907) ne fait pas mention du Muséum
de Paris, pourtant il s'agit bien de spécimens déterminés par
lui-même comme le montre l'étiquette originale.
tuberculata Redtenbacher, 1908 [Loxopsis]
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