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The Ecological Economics of Economic Democracy

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Abstract and Figures

Ecological economics is at a sharp crossroads today, mostly due to the unprecedented scale of the intertwined social and ecological crises we face. We argue that the discipline should engage with the thinking and practices around alternatives to capitalism more substantially, as this is essential and invaluable for the discipline's ability to contribute to a just and sustainable future. We outline an agenda for future ecological economics research on economic alternatives that are shaped by the concrete ways in which economic democracy deals with issues of uncertainty, complexity and value incommensurability, and contribute to a kind of political economy that ecological economics would advocate. We lay out how this question could be operationalised within the context of allocation and exchange (i.e. alternatives to market), production and investment (i.e. alternatives to capitalist firm) and economic subjectivities (i.e. alternatives to self-interest).
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
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'Concordia University, Department of Geography Planning and Environment, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W. Henry Hall Building 1255.43, Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
4Boğaziçi University, Department of Economics, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
B. Akbulut and F. Adaman Ecological Economics xxx (xxxx)xxx-xxx
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3. The Ecological Economics of Democratising the Enterprise
3.1.Going beyond the (Corporate) Capitalist Enterprise
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
B. Akbulut and F. Adaman Ecological Economics xxx (xxxx)xxx-xxx
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3.3. A Research Agenda for Ecological Economics: Non-capitalist Enterprises
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X
UNCORRECTED PROOF
B. Akbulut and F. Adaman Ecological Economics xxx (xxxx)xxx-xxx
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4. Human Behaviour and Alternative Subjectivities
4.1.Going beyond Narrowly-De?ned Self-Interest
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2"#)#*&"+ :'+ 422) ';'71 #@ 1:2 47#'G27 "7&1&R92 1:'1 9)G27$&)2+ 1:2
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VWWV^F277'7# ')G H2&GE VWYZ^U&)1&+E VWWW.>
4.2.The Endogeneity of Individual Values/Preferences
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&"+ 1:'1 +:2G+ $&%:1 #) :#O G&@@272)1 &)+1&191&#)'$ +211&)%+ &*;$A G&@@272)1
$#%&"+ &) O:&": +#"&'$ '"1#7+ ;27"2&32E 23'$9'12 ')G '"1 #) 1:2 ;7#4$2*+
1:2A @'"2> ?:2 72+2'7": 1:'1 49&$G+ #) 1:&+ 17'G&1&#) :'+ +# @'7 *#+1$A
422) 72$'12G 1# 1:2 ;7#*#1&#) #@ *'127&'$&+1 3'$92+ -2>%> i'++27E VWYc.
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#7 *'7D21/*&*&"D&)% &)+179*2)1+ #@ 2)3&7#)*2)1'$ ;#$&"A -2>%> 1:2 72/
"2)1 +;2"&'$ +2"1&#) 07#OG&)%/&) #7 "7#OG&)%/#91p B2:'3&#7'$ ')G 21:/
&"'$ 72+;#)+2+ 1# 2"#)#*&" &)"2)1&32+ @#7 "#)+273'1&#)&) 1:2 8#97)'$
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9+2G 1# #;27'1&#)'$&+2 '47#'G27 72"#%)&1&#) #@ 1:2 2)G#%2)#9+ ')G GA/
)'*&" )'1972 #@ 3'$92+E *#1&3'1&#)+ ')G 2"#)#*&" +9482"1&3&1&2+>
4.3.Widening the Scope of Research on Values/Preferences
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')'$A1&"'$ +;'"2 1# 'GG72++ 9)G27 O:&": "&7"9*+1')"2+ %##G3'$92+ 2,/
&+1E 2*27%2 ')G '72 +9;;#712G&1 #)$A ;#&)1+ 1# '"#772$'1&#) '1 42+1> I1
1:272@#72 72;7#G9"2+ ') 9)G27+1')G&)% #@ *'7D21 ;7#"2++2+ ')G $#%&"+ '+
9)@'&$&)% ')G 1#1'$&+&)% @#7"2+ 1:'1 ';;7#;7&'12 '$$ #1:27 ;7#"2++2+ ')G
$#%&"+E ')G 1:9+ '117&4912 *#72 ;#O27 ')G 72+&$&2)"2 1# 4'G3'$92+> C$/
1:#9%: 2,;$#7&)% :#O *'7D21+ ')G *'7D21 $#%&"+ 1'D2 #327 )#)/*'7D21
+;:272+ ')G 3'$92+ *&%:1 42 ';#$&1&"'$ 97%2)"A 1#G'AE +9": '@#"9+ 42'7+
1:2 G')%27 #@ )2%$2"1&)% ') 2R9'$$A &*;#71')1 R92+1&#)< how alternative
values and subjectivities emerge, and under what conditions they are (re)pro-
duced>
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@#7"2@9$$AE *#72 72+2'7": &+ 72R9&72G #) :#O G2$&427'1&32E ;'71&"&;'/
1#7AE G2*#"7'1&" ')G "#$$2"1&32 @#7*+ #@ 2)3&7#)*2)1'$ G2"&+&#)/*'D&)%
+:';2 1:2 $#%&"+ ')G 3'$92+ 4A O:&": ;7#4$2*+ '72 ;27"2&32G ')G 23'$9/
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2,;$#72 1:2 +'*2 R92+1&#) O&1:&) 1:2 47#'G27 2"#)#*&" S2$G> ?:'1
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;7'"1&"2+2*27%2 ')G '72 +9;;#712G O&1:&) "#$$2"1&32E G2*#"7'1&" ')G
;'71&"&;'1#7A @#7*+ #@ G2"&+&#)/*'D&)% &) G&@@272)1 +;:272+ #@ 47#'G27
2"#)#*&" $&@2 +:#9$G 42 'D2A 72+2'7": '%2)G' @#7
c
UNCORRECTED PROOF
B. Akbulut and F. Adaman Ecological Economics xxx (xxxx)xxx-xxx
2"#$#%&"'$ 2"#)#*&+1+> C+ O2 :'32 '7%92G &) 1:2 "#)12,1 #@ *'7D21
*2":')&+*+E 1:2 @'"1 1:'1 1:2 2)1&72 S2$G #@ 2"#)#*&" '"1&3&1A ')G G2"&/
+&#)/*'D&)% "'77&2+ &*;#71')1 &*;$&"'1&#)+ @#7 1:2 2)3&7#)*2)1 *'D2+
'+17#)% "'+2 @#7 2"#$#%&"'$ 2"#)#*&+1+ 1# 2,;')G 1:2&7 ')'$A1&"'$ +"#;2>
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[
UNCORRECTED PROOF
B. Akbulut and F. Adaman Ecological Economics xxx (xxxx)xxx-xxx
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References
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
B. Akbulut and F. Adaman Ecological Economics xxx (xxxx)xxx-xxx
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... A debate on what "sufficiency" might mean for those value chains, including the export role that Brazil plays globally, is far from simple but nevertheless necessary to enable an overview of how agroforestry and other desirable biodiverse agroecosystems could integrate and synergize food and non-food production. This type of debate needs to be informed by good data and science, but is essentially a political one that, on the premises of degrowth, should be democratic [22], e.g., through participatory planning [85]. The successful experiences of the national and state councils of food and nutrition security discussed in Section 3 can inform the design of participatory mechanisms to debate the country's agricultural model and the role it should play domestically and in the global arena. ...
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Mainstream responses to the climate and ecological crisis currently rely on the idea of decoupling GDP growth from ecological damage, i.e., green growth, an approach that has failed so far to avoid the overshoot of most planetary boundaries. The limitations of green growth have increased interest in post-growth policies, as seen, for example, in the reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change since 2022. Yet, little research has focused on post-growth agriculture, a vital economic sector heavily dependent on healthy ecosystems and, currently, also a major driver of ecological overshoot. This paper begins to address this gap, focusing on Brazil, a leading producer of agricultural commodities, by asking how a post-growth framework can contribute to the country’s agricultural policy. We use a growth/post-growth metabolism framework to analyze emblematic agricultural policies. We show that policies promoting both metabolisms already co-exist. A case is made for post-growth to be explored as a useful framework to offer policy pathways beyond green growth, helping to rethink agricultural (and other) systems in social–ecological ways compatible with the degree of structural change necessary to mitigate the catastrophic effects of climate change and ecological breakdown.
... Moreover, in all cases the consideration of trajectories includes both past and future pathways, and is done in a non-deterministic (open-ended) way, in which each territory is subject to a singular pathway of sustainability. As ecological issues are underpinned by uncertainty, ignorance of outcomes and complexity (Akbulut & Adaman, 2020), this open-endedness is a welcome feature. These four selected papers operationalize trajectories through various methods: Hubeau et al. (2017) use a framework to identify dynamic transformation pathways through stakeholder co-creation; Llanque et al. (2021) employ the a hands-on assessment framework to study sustainability pathways, highlighting evolving "spirals of change"; Moragues-Faus and Marceau (2018) apply territory-specific indicators to capture unique, non-linear sustainability paths; and Fraser et al. (2005) assess food system vulnerabilities by integrating past and future risks, emphasizing non-deterministic and dynamic trajectories. ...
... The intention indeed is to conduct 'business enterprise' as part of a process of contributing to, and regenerating, social and ecological wellbeing (as in discussions around ecological economics -cf. Akbulut and Adaman, 2020). Littlewood and Holt (2018, p.527) suggest that "in line with global trends, and developments in the rest of Africa, there is increasing interest in … social entrepreneurship and innovation in South Africa, as mechanisms for addressing complex 'wicked' sustainable development problems". ...
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In this article, we explore options for organising effective and ethical knowledge management, using Nonaka and colleagues’ model of knowledge creation, which is premised on principles of ba (where people recognise their occupation of a shared space with others). We relate this model to our reflections on the applicability of the African concept of Ubuntu to knowledge management practices in public and private organisations/enterprises. We use as examples research in certain public schools in South Africa, and community-engaged research in relation to a particular social entrepreneurial initiative undertaken to address social and environmental challenges as part of the ‘business’.
... However, all parties involved must cooperate (Hodson, 2019). Explaining how eco-marketing shapes the competitive strategy of enterprises is essential not only for building the theory (Skowron-Grabowska, 2023) but also for the practice of management of modern enterprises since the development of eco-marketing is the basis for activities of the environmental protection movement, which becomes a factor in the competitiveness of enterprises, mainly due to the intensifying social and environmental crises (Akbulut, 2020;Ahmad et al. 2022). ...
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This study examines the significant impact of eco-marketing in the energy sector when environmental sustainability is paramount. By implementing a diagnostic survey approach, we examined the feedback provided by 1025 firms pertaining to eight crucial energy sectors. The results of our research show that incorporating eco-marketing into competitive tactics is acknowledged and has a considerable and varied effect on pricing, sales, and operational expenses. These observations emphasise the dual function of eco-marketing in enhancing industrial competitiveness and promoting sustainability objectives. It provides a strategic framework for energy companies as they shift towards environmentally friendly practices.
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This paper addresses the challenge of incorporating innovation and structural change in models of economic planning. Previous approaches to economic planning have mostly considered the static problem of the allocation of goods and services, leaving a secondary role (if at all) for the dynamic problem of innovation and change. However, Morozov (2021) argues that the key challenge for any alternative economic system, including planning, is to incorporate a model for progress that can rival the perceived innovative and dynamic nature of capitalism. Finding previous approaches to change in planned economies to be insufficient as central elements of planning technological progress, this paper introduces two new and complementary approaches to planning innovation: Democratic accelerated missions and screening and scaling technologies. Democratic accelerated missions act on the demand side of innovation, translating democratically formulated needs for new capabilities into research and development projects to fulfill these needs. Screening and scaling technologies act on the supply side, selecting promising new technologies based on democratically decided priorities and developing them towards finished products. Both approaches draw extensively on quantitative and qualitative evidence from different strands of literature on innovation to build an empirically grounded model, with a particular focus on (1) democratic decision-making in planning innovation, and (2) incorporating insights from technology prediction and the economics of innovation to steer technological progress. The proposed model demonstrates the feasibility of planning and directing technological progress, and is a first step towards designing institutional and algorithmic structures to this end.
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This article explores the concept of economic democracy, particularly as developed by Czech economists in Czechoslovakia during the 1960s. During the Prague Spring, it emerged as a viable and promising economic concept within a brief timeframe, though it did not draw significant inspiration from similar concepts that had arisen in the region since at least the 1920s. The article introduces both these early ideas and the key proponents of the concept from the 1960s onward, including Ota Šik, Čestmír Kožušník, and others, along with their theoretical proposals scattered throughout their writings. Additionally, the article describes the harsh criticism directed at the concept of workplace participation during the ‘normalization’ era in Czechoslovakia. A similar concept of participatory economy, presented by Jaroslav Vanek in the USA independently of Czechoslovak economists, is also briefly introduced.
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In this paper, we put forward a new research agenda for ecological economics, based on three realisations. We then show how these can be connected through research and used to generate insights with the potential for application in broader, systemic change. The first realisation is that the core ambition of ecological economics, that of addressing the scale of human environmental resource use and associated impacts, often remains an aspirational goal, rather than being applied within research. In understanding intertwined environmental and social challenges, systemic approaches (including system dynamics) should be revitalised to address the full scope of what is possible or desirable. The second realisation is that the focus on biophysical and economic quantification and methods has been at the expense of a comprehensive social understanding of environmental impacts and barriers to change—including the role of power, social class, geographical location, historical change, and achieving human well-being. For instance, by fetishising growth as the core problem, attention is diverted away from underlying social drivers—monetary gains as profits, rent, or interest fuelled by capitalist competition and, ultimately, unequal power relations. The third realisation is that ecological economics situates itself with respect to mainstream (neoclassical) economics, but simultaneously adopts some of its mandate and blind spots, even in its more progressive camps. Pragmatic attempts to adopt mainstream concepts and tools often comfort, rather than challenge, the reproduction of the very power relations that stand in the way of sustainability transitions. We consider these three realisations as impediments for developing ecological economics as an emancipatory critical research paradigm and political project. We will not focus on or detail the failings of ecological economics, but state what we believe they are and reformulate them as research priorities. By describing and bringing these three elements together, we are able to outline an ambitious research agenda for ecological economics, one capable of catalysing real social change.
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Capitalism would have us believe we need our bosses. This volume reveals the history of workers who dare to disagree From the dawning of the industrial epoch, wage earners have organized themselves into unions, fought bitter strikes, and gone so far as to challenge the very premises of the system by creating institutions of democratic self-management aimed at controlling production without bosses. With specific examples drawn from every corner of the globe and every period of modern history, this pathbreaking volume comprehensively traces this often underappreciated historical tradition. Ripe with lessons drawn from historical and contemporary struggles for workers’ control, Ours to Master and to Own is essential reading for those struggling to create a new world from the ashes of the old.
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Debates around ecological and social limits to economic growth and new ways to deal with resource scarcity without compromising human wellbeing have re-emerged in the last few years, especially with the increasing calls for a degrowth approach. In this paper, a framework is developed to support a systematic analysis of degrowth in the selected academic literature. This article attempts to present a clearer notion of what degrowth academic literature has been exploring, by identifying, organizing and analysing a set of proposals for action retrieved from a selection of articles. The framework is applied to classify these proposals according to their alignment to ecological economics policy objectives (sustainable scale, fair distribution, and efficient allocation), type of approach (top-down versus bottom-up), and geographical focus (local, national, or international). A total of 128 peer-reviewed articles focused on degrowth were reviewed, and 54 that include proposals for action were analysed. The proposals identified align with three broad goals: (1) Reduce the environmental impact of human activities; (2) Redistribute income and wealth both within and between countries; and (3) Promote the transition from a materialistic to a convivial and participatory society. The findings indicate that the majority of degrowth proposals are national top-down approaches, focusing on government as a major driver of change, rather than local bottom-up approaches, as advocated by many degrowth proponents. The most emphasised aspects in the degrowth literature are related to social equity, closely followed by environmental sustainability. Topics such as population growth and the implications of degrowth for developing nations are largely neglected, and represent an important area for future research. Moreover, there is a need for a deeper analysis of how degrowth proposals would act in combination.
Chapter
This chapter sets the scene for the edited collection which follows it, recounting the findings of an international conversation on the social and solidarity economies between participants from Europe and Latin America. It discusses problems and possibilities for learning and policy transference between different places, acknowledging the power relations involved between global north and south, centre and periphery. It introduces a four part conceptualisation of the social and solidarity economy sector between Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship; the inclusive Social Economy; the Solidarity Economy, working on conceptions of how we want to live in a climate constrained world, and the Antagonistic Economy, challenging pathological aspects of contemporary neoliberalism.
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We argue that the virtual reality of homo economicus dominates our economic theories and policies, producing inefficient and unjust outcomes and thus leading to wasteful use or/and unequal distribution of resources. Thus we believe there is need to incorporate substantive aspects of human life and well-being as well as to embrace the plurality of people’s values, priorities and rationalities. To this end, we propose the democratisation of economic research and policy by building a knowledge commons and drawing inspiration from cooperatives. We begin our analysis by envisioning knowledge as a commons where all interested parties within science and society participate and deliberate on the basis of democratic principles and practices. To concretise our arguments, we introduce the historical example of cooperatives, which can play a prefigurative and transformational role by fostering democratic participation, redistribution and reciprocity. We describe specific ways in which these alternative economies can inspire economists to democratise research and policy.
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There is an increasing interest into Karl Polanyi's framework and method of analysis in understanding today's problems of neoliberalism as well as in thinking about their solutions. In The Great Transformation, his magnum opus written in 1944, Polanyi took nation-states and to some extent the global monetary system as his units of analysis without focusing on local-level issues (be in the form of reasons of problems, or resistances, or alternative creations). Motivated to shed light on this lack of focus, this paper aims at contributing to the efforts of extending and widening his vision to incorporate different scales (local-national-global) in today's world. The paper first acknowledges and highlights the local as a separate unit in contrast to national and global units; then it unpacks the concept of scale, the way in which the local-national-global dimensions interact with each other, and the importance of scaling up and down in looking at societal issues. Thereafter, it revisits the Polanyian framework and makes an initial foray to discuss the scale issue, with a focus on the local. It then reconsiders Polanyi's three forms of integration-"exchange", "reciprocity" and "redistribution"-in an attempt to flesh out the discussion, with some references to current problematic areas. Finally, it comes up with some policy suggestions and further research areas.
Book
Tim Jackson’s ground-breaking book Prosperity without Growth stands as an eloquent summary of the key ideas and core vision of his research and policy work over three decades. It was first published as a report to the UK government in 2009 and rapidly became a landmark in the sustainability debate, translated into 17 foreign languages. Tim’s piercing challenge to conventional economics openly questioned the most highly prized goal of politicians and economists alike: the continued pursuit of exponential economic growth. Its findings provoked controversy, inspired debate and led to a new wave of research building on its arguments and conclusions. This substantially revised and re-written edition updates those arguments and considerably expands upon them. Jackson demonstrates that building a ‘post-growth’ economy is a precise, definable and meaningful task. Starting from clear first principles, he sets out the dimensions of that task: the nature of enterprise; the quality of our working lives; the structure of investment; and the role of the money supply. He shows how the economy of tomorrow may be transformed in ways that protect employment, facilitate social investment, reduce inequality and deliver both ecological and financial stability. Nine years after it was first published, Prosperity without Growth is no longer a radical narrative whispered by a marginal fringe, but an essential vision of social progress in a post-crisis world. Fulfilling that vision is simply the most urgent task of our times. Content: 1 The limits to growth 2 Prosperity lost 3 Redefining prosperity 4 The dilemma of growth 5 The myth of decoupling 6 The ‘iron cage’ of consumerism 7 Flourishing – within limits 8 Foundations for the economy of tomorrow 9 Towards a ‘post-growth’ macroeconomics 10 The progressive State 11 A lasting prosperity
Book
THE SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER'I see [Raworth] as the John Maynard Keynes of the 21st Century: by reframing the economy, she allows us to change our view of who we are, where we stand, and what we want to be.' George Monbiot, Guardian'This is sharp, significant scholarship . . . Thrilling.' Times Higher Education'[A] really important economic and political thinker.' Andrew MarrEconomics is broken. It has failed to predict, let alone prevent, financial crises that have shaken the foundations of our societies. Its outdated theories have permitted a world in which extreme poverty persists while the wealth of the super-rich grows year on year. And its blind spots have led to policies that are degrading the living world on a scale that threatens all of our futures.Can it be fixed? In Doughnut Economics, Oxford academic Kate Raworth identifies seven critical ways in which mainstream economics has led us astray, and sets out a roadmap for bringing humanity into a sweet spot that meets the needs of all within the means of the planet. En route, she deconstructs the character of ‘rational economic man’ and explains what really makes us tick. She reveals how an obsession with equilibrium has left economists helpless when facing the boom and bust of the real-world economy. She highlights the dangers of ignoring the role of energy and nature’s resources – and the far-reaching implications for economic growth when we take them into account. And in the process, she creates a new, cutting-edge economic model that is fit for the 21st century – one in which a doughnut-shaped compass points the way to human progress.Ambitious, radical and rigorously argued, Doughnut Economics promises to reframe and redraw the future of economics for a new generation.'An innovative vision about how we could refocus away from growth to thriving.' Daily Mail'Doughnut Economics shows how to ensure dignity and prosperity for all people.' Huffington Post
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The vision of a steady-state economy elaborated by Herman Daly describes an economy that uses materials and energy within the regenerative and assimilative limits of the planet’s ecosystems. Sustainable scale, just distribution, and efficient allocation are its constitutive theoretical goals. This paper is a critique of the theoretical foundations of steady-state economics. It argues that steady-state economics consists in an attempt to squeeze neoclassical economics into a biophysical and ethical corset. As a result, many fundamental flaws and criticisms of neoclassical economics remain. As a consequence, steady-state economics does not lead to a radical departure from, or improvement upon, neoclassical theory but rather to fundamental internal inconsistencies between the ‘old’ economics paradigm and ‘new’ progressive ecological economic thinking. Contradictions appear at various levels ranging from ontology and methodology to theory and values. As Daly has pioneered the foundations of ecological economics with his thinking, these ambiguities are not only problematic for steady-state economics but ecological economics as a field more generally. The paper concludes that ecological economics has to let go of neoclassical foundations as they contradict its core values and ambitions. A new and consistent theory of political economy of the environment along heterodox lines is needed.