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Adversity Quotient (A.Q): A Review of Related Literature along with Literature Matrix

November 2018

Authors:

Institute of Education (P.G.) for Women Chandernagore

Abstract: The present study intends to enlighten on the plethora of research works executed on Adversity Quotient (A.Q) from both international as well as national perspectives to get a comprehensive overview of the areas and findings which have already been identified and worked upon by the researchers from various corners of the entire globe. This study also tried to observe and reveal the loopholes of the executed works based on which the future researchers would plan their work which will ultimately enrich and satisfy the development of knowledge related to this very new notion of Adversity Quotient (A.Q) from both the dimensions of Psychology and Management Studies. In this regard with the help of literature matrix the entire work has been systematically reorganized and represented meticulously for better understanding. Key Words - Adversity Quotient (A.Q), International Perspectives, National Perspectives, Literature Matrix

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ADVERSITY QUOTIENT (AQ): A REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURE ALONG WITH

LITERATURE MATRIX

Dr. Rakheebrita Biswas ,

Assistant Professor (W.B.E.S)

Department of Botany/Life Science (B.Ed.)

Institute of Education (P.G.) for Women, Chandernagore, Hooghly

Abstract: The present study intends to enlighten on the plethora of research works executed on Adversity Quotient (AQ) from both

international as well as national perspectives to get a comprehensive overview of the areas and findings which have already been identified

and worked upon by the researchers from various corners of the entire globe. This study also tried to observe and reveal the loopholes of

the executed works based on which the future researchers would plan their work which will ultimately enrich and satisfy the development

of knowledge related to this very new notion of Adversity Quotient (AQ) from both the dimensions of Psychology and Management

Studies. In this regard with the help of literature matrix the entire work has been systematically reorganized and represented meticulously

for better understanding.

Key Words - Adversity Quotient (AQ), International Perspectives, National Perspectives, Literature Matrix

1. INTRODUCTION:

1.1. Definition and Concept of Literature Review: The review of related literature involves analysis and knowledge of documents

pertinent to the study of the problem in the context. The identification of such information helps to accumulate the information already

prevalent in that particular field, and updating the field with more ideas. This search of information expands as well as extends the outlook

towards research and gives the researcher an idea to construct his/her very own thoughts or views on a particular problem of investigation.

According to Koul (1996), “Research takes advantage of the knowledge which has accumulated in the past as a result of constant human

endeavour. It can never be undertaken in isolation of the work that has already been done on the problems which are directly or indirectly

related to the study proposed by a researcher.” This implies the importance of reviewing literature related to the area in wh ich the study is

being proposed.

A literature review is nothing but a summary of previous research on a topic. It can be either a part of a larger report of a research project, a

thesis or a bibliographic essay. It is usually a critique of the status of knowledge on a carefully defined problem. It is an attempt to interpret

and synthesize what has been observed, studied, researched and published in the area of interest. Thus, it is an independent account to

present the state of the art with regard to a problem. In fact, the review of related literature is essential to a well designed research study. In

the process of reviewing the literature, the investigator is alert for finding out research approaches in the area that have proved to be sterile.

A literature review includes an overview of the subject, issue or theory under review and division of works under review may be

categorized (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternatives these entirely) based on some

criteria. Besides it also contains the conclusions which are most significant, convincing and make the greatest contribution of any research

work as well. Realizing the importance of this review Best (2005) writes “ A familiarity with the literature in any problem area helps the

students to discover what is already known, what methods of research have been promising and disappointing and what problems remain to

be solved.”

1.2. Purpose of Review of Related Literature:

This paper basically aims at giving a brief overview of the researches that were already done in the field/area related to the Adversity

Quotient (AQ). The purpose of the literature review is to convey to the readers what knowledge and ideas have already been established on

a particular topic/issue and what are the strengths and weaknesses of the research conducted previously. The review of related literature

basically enlightens or purports to the following issues:

 Reviewing related literature defines the limit of the field of research.

 It places each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review.

 It identifies the potential relationship between different concepts to identify the researchable hypotheses.

 It avoids unfruitful and useless problem areas.

 It helps to understand and learn how others have defined and measured the key concepts.

 It helps to identify the variables that may influence the problem.

 It avoids unintentional duplication of well established findings.

 It identifies data sources, promising procedures and instruments that other researchers have used.

 It discovers new ways and approaches to interpret and shed light on any gaps in previous research works.

 It provides insight into the preferred methodology for the study.

 It makes known recommendations of previous researches listed in the study for further research.

 It puts one’s original work (in case of theses as well as dissertations) in the context of the existing literature.

Thus, for the present study, the researcher reviewed literature relevant to the study of Adversity Quotient (AQ) in order to acquire more

knowledge about the various researches that have been conducted for this variable called Adversity Quotient (AQ) in relation to other

variables. When the researcher reviewed related literature she became aware of the different kinds of the researches that had already been

conducted on the above mentioned variable i.e. adversity quotient and this in turn had enabled her to think and propose a unique study

which quite different from those done formerly.

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1.3. A Brief Overview of the Concept of Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Adversity Quotient (AQ): Dr. Paul Stoltz introduced and invented the concept of adversity quotient. Adversity Quotient denotes the

ability of a person to face any unfavourable situation in his/her professional and personal life. According to Dr. Paul Stoltz (2000), the

Adversity Quotient (AQ), is the science of human resilience, i.e. an ability to handle different adverse situations as and when required. It

can be measured by the sum total of the following four components of the adversity quotient (AQ) that are as follows:

 Control: It measures the extent to which a person can influence an adverse situation.

 Origin and Ownership: This component measures the extent to which a person holds himself or herself responsible for improving any

adverse situation or condition.

 Reach: It measures how far the adversity of one area of one’s life influences the other aspects of his/her life.

 Endurance: It measures how long the consequences of any unpleasant event of one’s life will last over the time.

 Here, we have mentioned the definition of adversity quotient (AQ) which is mathematically represented as: AQ = C+O2+ +R+E [O2 = Origin

(Or) + Ownership (Ow)].

Figure: 1. Components of Adversity Quotient (AQ)

The contents of this paper are being categorized or represented under the following sub-sections:

 Studies on Adversity Quotient (International Perspective).

 Studies on Adversity Quotient (National Perspective).

ADVERSITY

QUOTIENT

(AQ)

CONTROL

ORIGIN AND

OWNERSHIP

REACH

ENDURANCE

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2. Studies on Adversity Quotient:

2.1. International Perspective:

Markman (2000) formulated a study on Adversity Quotient (AQ) and the role of personal bounce-back ability in new venture formation.

This study assessed the Adversity Quotient (AQ) of 199 patent inventors. The ARP (Stoltz, 1997) was administered to assess the AQ of the

participants. To determine the demographic variability and to provide sample control, additional items were included in the questionnaire,

which were selected for use in this study on the basis of the results of a pilot study (Baron & Markman, 2000). The results and findings

revealed that AQ, particularly with respect to perceived control over adversities and perceived ownership over the outcomes of adversities,

reliably differentiated between technical inventors who build new organizations and those who merely work for these organizations. The

study also reflected that technical entrepreneurs as compared with technical non-entrepreneurs, experience significantly higher levels of

perceived control and accountability as well as the high AQ is associated with higher personal earnings and that the higher the patent

inventors’ AQ- which is an acquirable skill- the more financially successful they were.

Gibson et al. (2001) conducted a study entitled “The Contribution of Family Adversity and Verbal IQ to Criminal Behavior”. The

researchers have found, among other things, a correlation between family adversity and offending patterns in youth – lending credence to

the belief that learning how to cope with adversity is critical. Building resilience will go a long way to prevent the “at-risk” children from

buckling under the effect of adversity.

Paris & Bradley (2001) in their study entitled “The Challenge of Adversity: Three Narratives of Alcohol Dependence, Recovery, and

Adult Development” examined the relationship between adversity and development of the personality. They mostly relied on the narratives

by those who have recovered from alcohol dependence, which had given insights into how the subjects make sense of what is happening to

them. It is the meaning that people in adverse situations given to adversity that makes a difference in how they react to them and how the

adversity shapes their future personality to a great extent.

Angelopoulos et al. (2002) reported a study entitled “Canadian Forces Training and Mental Preparation for Adversity: Empirical Review

of Stoltz’s Adversity Quotient (AQ) Training for Optimal Response to Adversity” reviewed the work on Adversity Quotient, with critical

comments and suggestions on the tool, empirical research on AQ and applicability of the Stoltz‘s LEAD sequence to the Canadian forces in

general and for the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) particularly. The authors indicated that the AQ framework is based

on sound psychological theories of resilience but have some reservations about the applicability of the LEAD sequence programme to a

military environment and as a pre-emptive measure against PTSD. They recommended that the programme materials will need to be

considerably modified to be useful in the military setting. The adapted programme would therefore, needed to be evaluated before it can be

used with the Canadian Forces.

Thomas-Sharksnas (2002) conducted a research work on the relationship between resilience and job satisfaction in mental health care

workers and had surveyed ninety four mental health care workers .The researcher has observed no significant relationship between the

adversity quotient or its CORE dimensions and job satisfaction. The study further revealed that AQ and its four CORE dimensions cannot

be used as predictors for job satisfaction.

Williams & Mark (2003) conducted a study on the relationship between principal response to adversity and student achievement. The

research mainly focused on the relationship between principal’s response to the educational adversity and its impact on students’

achievement. Participants in this study included all 17 Principals and 79 teachers from the Flagstaff Unified School District of Arizona and

the primary data was collected through interviews and the secondary data was taken from published standardized student test scores. The

ARP was administered to measure the individual response to adversity. Then the results and findings revealed that the students attained

higher achievement scores in schools with principals with high AQ. It was also revealed that the principals’ response to the adversity did

not positively correlate with the teachers’ response to the adverse situation. However the teachers’ perceived control over their work

environment influenced principal’s/teacher’s relationships and students’ achievement.

Lazaro-Capones (2004) carried out a study on adversity quotient (AQ) and the performance level of selected middle managers of the

different departments of the City of Manila as revealed by the 360-Degree Feedback System. The major purpose of the study was to

determine the relationship between the above mentioned two variables and to determine the influence of AQ on performance largely. The

study adopted the descriptive, co-relational method of research. The research involved 102 middle managers from 7 departments of the

City of Manila. The results and findings of the study provided evidence for the relationship between adversity quotient and performance

ratings as revealed by the 360- degree feedback system. The findings also revealed that most of the respondents had moderate and high

AQ.

Villaver & Lucero (2005) examined the adversity quotient levels of female grade school teachers of a public and private school in Rizal

Province. The prime focus of the study was to examine the significant differences in AQ levels of the female grade school teachers of

public and private schools. The study included 105 female grade school teachers, 74 from a public school and 31 from a private school, in

Rizal province. The ARP 7.0 was used to measure the AQ levels of teacher respondents and a relevant demographic questionnaire was also

administered to obtain relevant background information about the teacher respondents. The Z-test, statistical method was used to determine

the significant difference between AQ levels of the teacher respondents. Results and findings concerning AQ revealed that majority of the

respondents falling under early adulthood stage posses moderate AQ, while their older counterparts posses moderately low AQ.

Respondents who were single, were found to have equal percentages for moderate and moderately low AQ, while majority of married

respondents posses moderate AQ level. Findings regarding socio-economic status (SES) indicate that majority of respondents belonging in

lower SES have moderate AQ level, while those in middle class of SES show majority of concentration within moderately low AQ level.

Finally, it was reported that no significant difference exists between the adversity quotient level of public and private, female grade school

teachers.

Johnson (2005) executed a study on optimism, adversity and performance: comparing explanatory style and AQ. The major aim and

purpose of the present study was to compare the explanatory style and AQ and to see if there was any conceptual overlap. 112 employees

of the western area sales region of a leading Fortune 500 company in computer hardware industry, were used to gather data for this study.

The ‘ASQ i.e. Attributional Style Questionnaire’ by (Peterson et al, 1982) was used to measure explanatory style and the ARP (Stoltz,

2000) was used to measure AQ. The findings suggested that the significant correlation between explanatory style and AQ, with locus of

control being the most important element linking the two models together. The findings also revealed that there was a significant

relationship between AQ and performance for short term employees and the higher a salesperson’s AQ, the better he performed.

Haller (2005) formulated a study on adversity and obstacles in the shaping of prominent leaders: a hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry.

The study was conducted on nine primary participants, two were then current U.S Senators, a retired U.S Army Special Forces Major

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General, a President of a large educational foundation, who previously was Chancellor of one major University and President of another, a

well-known author and motivational speaker, and the Chairman and Chief Executive Officers of four major companies. The primary

participants selected for the study prior to becoming prominent leaders had experienced different degrees of adversity in their youth and

adult lives. These participants were called and interviewed to collect data. The results indicated that the adversity in the participants’ early

lives was not the most important influence and they viewed the obstacles or adversities they faced in their adult lives, as challenges which

could be changed into opportunities in disguise of challenges. The results and findings also revealed that overcoming challenges or

obstacles motivated the leaders which actually strengthened the qualities of a successful leader with respect to adversity quotient (AQ).

Djoric (2006) investigated the influence of resilience and personal meaning on vicarious traumatization in psychotherapists that was

conducted on 70 trauma psychotherepists found a negative correlation between resilience and vicarious traumatization, and between

personal meaning and vicarious traumatization. The AQ dimensions such as Control and Ownership are being considered as the best

predictors of vicarious traumatization. This is the first research looking at the resilience of psychotherapists. Results of the study indicated

that the AQ model may provide a good explanation of factors that contribute to the disturbance of cognitive schemas in vicarious

traumatization in psychotherapists and thus, it was concluded that the AQ and its dimensions could be used as predictors for vicarious

traumatization.

Stoltz & Weihenmayer (2006) wrote a book entitled “The Adversity Advantage” is a testament to what the human spirit can achieve once

he/she sets his/her mind to it. The latter is a visually handicapped mountaineer, who inspired by his own handicap condition has been busy

climbing one famous mountain peak after another and together the two authors have looked at the adversities these efforts involved and

how they were overcome. Here in this book the authors suggest how one can use ―the space between the stimulus and the response

effectively. This is actually a self-help book which encourages its readers, through a series of exercises, to analyze their own responses to

adversity and to discover their own unique brand of everyday greatness. The authors reiterate that AQ is something one learns through

personal as well as vicarious experiences. AQ can be developed and improved to yield better responses to adversity.

Langvardt (2007) studied on resilience and commitment to change: a case study of a non-profit organization where he analyzed the

relationship between resilience and retention as well as commitment to change in a non profit organisation during a time of organizational

transformation. He found that AQ was able to predict both retention and commitment to change. Ownership was the most robust in

commitment to change; Control, ownership and Endurance proved most predictive of retention. It was revealed that the AQ profiles

correlated more positively with affective commitment and with the commitment profile.

Huijuan (2009) focused on a study to assess the level of adversity quotient (AQ) and academic performance among college students at St.

Joseph’s College, Quezon City during the school year 2008-2009. 280 male and female college students from the College of Arts and

Sciences and the Institute of Nursing were included through randomized technique in the present study. Adversity Response Profile (ARP)

Version 8.1 and another respondent profile data sheet were administered to collect necessary data and information. Through results and

findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the adversity quotient of the respondents when the group was tested according to

the course and year level through one-way ANOVA. It was finally concluded that a significant relationship prevails in between adversity

quotient and academic performance and adversity quotient can be considered as a prime factor that affects academic performance.

Almeida (2009) carried out a study on developing a programme for enhancing the adversity quotient level of the junior college students

and the study was concluded with the notion that AQ enhancement programme was significantly effective on the junior college students.

Ferrer (2009) carried out a study on relationship of personal characteristics, leadership styles and job satisfaction, to Adversity Quotient®

of academic heads of selected state colleges andUniversities in The National Capital Region, on 121 educational leaders in Manila. It was

found that a significant relationship prevails between educational achievement and Reach dimension and leadership style and Control

dimension. However, job satisfaction did not show any significant relationships with total AQ or with any of its CORE dimensions.

Patdo, Mariano & Gonzales (2011) carried out a study to find out the level and relation of adversity quotient of the parents with special

children and the parents with special children.

The results revealed the following major findings that are mentioned below:

(1).The level of Adversity Quotient Parents with Special Children and the Adversity Quotient of the respondents of Parents with Normal

Children were not significantly related with one another,

(2).The findings revealed that the great majority of the respondents in this study were female, (3).The highest level of Adversity Quotient

among the respondents is average,

(4).The overall mean in AQ of the respondents of Parents with Special Children is 122.05 and Adversity Quotient of the respondents of

Parents with Normal Children is 147.48, (5). The Adversity Quotient of the respondents was not influenced by their Age and Gender.

Shen et al. (2013) indicated that the Adversity Quotient of non-differentiation is significantly lower. Androgynous people have the highest

Adversity Quotient. However, androgynous job stress is higher than non-differentiation.

Shen (2014) carried out a relative study on gender roles and job stress and adversity quotient (AQ). In the era of gender equality, females’

work competency is praised and valued in the modern workplace, and physical gender becomes insignificant. Though the study was

executed keeping in mind the following question i.e. does the difference of gender roles influence workers’ performance in the work

environment? Hence, this present study probed into relationship between gender roles, and job stress, and treats the Adversity Quotient as

moderator to determine if and job stress of different gender roles are influenced by the Adversity Quotient and results in a moderating

effect. Based on questionnaire survey and analysis of structural equation (AMOS), this study distributed 650 questionnaires and retrieved

566 valid questionnaires. According to analytical results and findings it was found that the differences of gender roles influence job stress

and Adversity Quotient has a moderating effect between gender roles and job stress.

Vinas & Malabanan (2015) conducted a study to assess and determine the adversity quotient (AQ) and coping strategies of college

students in Lyceum of the Philippines University. It specifically determined the demographic profile of the respondents, the adversity

quotient of the college students, coping strategies of the students, relationship between the variables and propose a plan of action. Both

qualitative and quantitative approach was utilized to gather the necessary information and results. The respondents assessed themselves that

they can influence their adversities to a moderate extent. This means that they have moderate adversity quotient. Respondents’ coping

strategies are categorized in their ability to determine their adversities, immediately coping within the situation, rebuilding confidence and

comprising strong network every after adversities. There is a significant relationship between profile variable in terms of general weighted

average and adversity quotient of the respondents was observed.

Daloos (2015) conducted a study on emotional intelligence and adversity quotient of selected helping professionals and concluded in terms

of findings and results that except from reach and self-management, all the other AQ Dimensions such as control, ownership, endurance

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show no significant relationship with emotional intelligence skills such as emotional self-awareness, emotional expression, emotional

awareness of others, emotional reasoning and emotional management of others and self control etc.

Bautista, Pascua, Tiu, & Vela (2016) conducted a study on adversity quotient and leadership styles among student leaders in Bulacan

State University. The major findings of the study are summarized below:

(a). Reach dimension was the most scored high dimension while the Control dimension was the mostly scored Below Average. Majority of

the respondents scored Average on the control, origin/ownership, reach and endurance dimensions. Moreover, most of the student leaders

scored “low” in their Overall Adversity Quotient which implies that student leaders have low levels of motivation, energy, pe rformance,

and persistence they also have tendency to give up and lose hope easily when they are confronted or experienced adverse situations.

(b). Based on the results it was also seen that the Adversity Quotient and Leadership style of the student leaders has a significant

relationship.

(c).The mostly practiced leadership style of the student leaders was the democratic style of leadership having 72% of the total population.

While The delegative style of leadership has 27% of the total population and 1% on Autocratic style of leadership.

Villagonzalo (2016) conducted a study on intelligence quotient, emotional quotient, spiritual quotient and adversity quotient and academic

performance of the students. This study aimed at determining the significant relationship between Intelligence Quotient, Emotional

Quotient, Spiritual Quotient, and Adversity Quotient and the Academic Performance of Students. The Regression statistical analysis

revealed that, there lies a positive significant relationship between Intelligence Quotient and the Academic Performance as well as a high

significant relationship between Emotional Quotient and the Academic Performance was also observed. Although there lies a negative

significant relationship between Spiritual Quotient and the Academic Performance. A negatively significant relationship between Adversity

Quotient and the Academic Performance of the student has also been observed.

Harriman (2016) carried out a study entitled “Measuring Millennials’ Adversity Quotient® and Its Correlation with Individual

Performance in Project Teams.” The youngest generation to enter the project management environment are millennials. Millennials are

individuals who born between 1980-2000. This research paper seeks to examine millennials’ responses to adversity. Results from the

AQP® showed that millennials possess a moderate AQ. In addition, no significant differences were found between male and female AQ

scores. Significant correlations were also observed between the dimensions of Control and Origin and Ownership as well as Reach and

Endurance.

Capuras, Engada, Inferio & Querubin (2016) conducted a study entitled “Adversity Quotient and Perceived Academi Stress As

Predictors of the Academic Performance of CDU-CRS Internship Candidates”. The data gathered concluded that the predictive ability of

Adversity Quotient and perceived academic stress on academic performance is weak. The results and finding of the study showed that

majority of the respondents have below average Adversity Quotient with a frequency of 59 (50.9%). Moderate level of perceived academic

stress was also prevalent amongst the respondents with a frequency of 70 (60.3%) and fair academic performance was prevalent amongst

the respondents with a frequency of 54 (46.6%). In terms of the relationship between the levels of AQ and levels of perceived academic

stress, there was a significant but weak correlation between the two variables with an indirect relationship. Lastly, the levels of AQ and

levels of perceived academic stress had a low significant effect on academic performance with 8.3%.

Validation Studies [Globally Conducted by Peak Learning, Inc.]:

The researcher had tried her level best to review the literature where many studies were conducted basically in the corporate sector. From

the website of Peak Learning, Inc. citations of a few such globally conducted validation studies have been found and reported below.

These studies were conducted in various organizations and they were mostly comparative as well as correlational in nature.

 Generally these studies indicate that :

 AQ can serve as a robust predictor of success and the ARP® serves as a good hiring tool. AQ training might also be considered as a

successful tool for increasing participant’s AQ levels to deal with problems.

 AQ is most significantly and positively correlated with retention, job-performance, promotion, commitment, aspects of health and wellness

as well as in stress management as per Dr. Stoltz.

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 Table No.1. - Summarization of Validation Studies. (n.d.) [Globally Conducted by Peak Learning, Inc.] and Outcomes for AQ

Solutions along with their sources [Source:www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies.php. Retrieved on 4th November, 2016. ]:

These studies depict a few measurable changes that the client from different parts of the world had experienced as a result of AQ

programmes they had undertaken or consulted ever.

Seri

No.

Outcome

Client

Source

[Retrieved on 4th November, 2016.]

Enhanced

Performance

AT&T (Formerly

BellSouth)

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_at&t.php

Diversified

Collection Services

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_diversified.php

ADC

Telecommunications

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_adc.php

AQ and

Health

Major UK Insurance

Company

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_ukinsurance.php

Fortune 50 Company

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_fortune50.php

Change

Nonprofit

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_nonprofit.php

Speed of

Promotion

Deloitte & Touche

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_deloitte-touche.php

Leadership

Global Technology

Company

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_tech-co.php

MP Water Resources

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_mp-water.php

Lower

Attrition

Nonprofit

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_nonprofit.php

Deloitte & Touche

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_deloitte-touche.php

Diversified

Collection Services

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_diversified.php

Increased

Sales

Cellular One/SBC

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_cellone.php

Starwood Hotels &

Resorts

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_starwood.php

Sun Microsystems

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_sun.php

 The findings of these research studies are summarized below:

 Based on the Outcome of Enhanced Performance:

(a) AQ training of 76 sales employees of A T & T (Formerly Bellsouth) reflected a considerable reduction in attrition and a fifty percent

increase in sales, year on year - all this in spite of the hurricane in the area at the time which should really have brought sales down. Senior

leaders in the organization found an improvement in morale, energy, optimism and attitude and the overall engagement of employees and

increase in peer accountability. An AQ Performance Study was carried out by Bellsouth (2005). The main objective of the study was to

turn around sales, performance and customer service by equipping associates and their leaders to respond more effectively to all forms of

adversity, challenges and obstacles. The study was conducted on a sample of 76 sales associates and AQ training was conducted for the

outbound sales call center, during September 2004. The analysis was based on the quantitative-revenue outcomes and the qualitative leader

and employee feedback, following the programme. The quantitative results of the study indicated that AQ correlated with performance and

sales and showing an increase in revenue and the attrition was 25% lower among those who completed the programme, compared to those

who did not. The qualitative results suggested an improved overall engagement in work and peer accountability, better attitude towards

change and an improved morale, energy and optimism.

(b) Predictive validity of AQ was examined at Diversified Collection Services. The study was basically conducted to determine the extent to

which AQ is correlated with predicted performance. The study involved 450 employees at three different locations. A rating system was

arranged for employees, rating each person from 1-4 on overall performance, based on some tight definitions for each category. Top

performers were assigned a “1”, the lowest performers were rated as “4”. The AQ of 450 employees of the organization was corr elated

with their performance rating in terms of collection. The findings revealed that AQ predicted performance. (This study is based on both the

outcome such as Enhanced Performance and Lower Attrition.)

(c) From the results and findings of their studies after conducting an AQ training programme on 237 employees of ADC Telecommunications

at a time when they were facing severe problems and difficulties in business showed that retention in the company improved by 74 percent

and attrition dropped from 73 percent to 19 percent. Moderate performers improved to win awards for being the top teams, and sales

performance rose considerably. The programme on AQ was able to improve participants’ morale and bring people back on course quickly.

 Based on the Outcome of AQ and Health:

(a). Major UK insurance Company conducted a study on 1130 subjects which revealed that AQ correlates strongly with an

employee‘s perception of his or her health, fitness, quality of life, job satisfaction, and other health-related, happiness-related, and job-

performance aspects of life. In addition AQ scores also demonstrate significant correlation with employee‘s attendance.

(b). Fortune 50 Company conducted a study on 789 subjects which not only discovers the statistically significant relationship between

AQ and health but this study had also shown how AQ training effectively improve the AQ as well as CORE scores.

 Based on the Outcome of Change and Lower Attrition:

(a). Nonprofit Organisation: Langvardt (2007) studied on resilience and commitment to change: a case study of a non-profit

organization where he analyzed the relationship between resilience and retention as well as commitment to change in a non profit

organisation during a time of organizational transformation. He found that AQ was able to predict both retention and commitment to

change. Ownership was the most robust in commitment to change; Control, ownership and Endurance proved most predictive of retention.

It was revealed that the AQ profiles correlated more positively with affective commitment and with the commitment profile.

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 Based on the Outcome of Speed of Promotion and Lower Attrition:

(a) A study was executed in Deloitte and Touche, LLP, Great Lakes region to assess as well as determine the relationship between AQ and

performance, to improve the performance and retention of its new hires, and to determine if higher AQ professionals tend to be promoted

as soon as possible. The study included 124 new experienced hires A four-tier performance-rating system was used for all employees. The

findings of the study revealed that AQ is significantly inter related positively with performance, and was a predictor of performance and

promotion. It also showed that higher AQ individuals outperformed and were more likely to be promoted than their lower-AQ counterparts.

 Based on the Outcome of Leadership:

(a). A study on AQ Performance was conducted in Major Global Technology Company. The study was conducted on 151 senior

and executive level leaders. The purpose of the study was to measure several variables, namely, AQ, perceived stress, level of engagement,

perceived control and one’s ability to cope with adversity. A one day AQ programme was conducted followed by a 90- day, weekly web-

based AQ reinforcement programme. The results of the study revealed that an increase in the mean AQ scores for the group rose from

151.9 to a 168.5. It also indicated significant correlation between one or more of the CORE dimensions of AQ and decrease in stress on the

job, coping with adversity, stress management, control over factors that affect stress, stress associated with greater challenge.

(b). A study carried out involving sixty company leaders from MP Water Resources, Florida who were provided with a two-day

spaced-out training in AQ tondetermine the relationship between AQ and performance. In this study, leaders had their AQs measured and

then received training to enhance their AQ and performance.Their before and after scores were correlated with their performance rating.

There were three follow up measures of AQ also. The initial AQ training was of 1.5 days, second phase training was organized 6 months

later and lasted for 1.5 days The results revealed significant positive correlation between AQ and predicted performance after the training.

The clients report a fundamental improvement in how these people deal with challenges, setbacks and adversity and this has impacted their

bottom-line.

 Based on the Outcome of Increased Sales:

(a). From the studies on the predictive validity of AQ at Cellular One/SBC also found that AQ was a robust predictor of sales

performance.

(b) An AQ Performance Study was carried out at Sun Microsystems. The main aim of this study was to examine if AQ or its CORE

dimensions predicted sales performance in adverse times and to what extent could the AQ training improve AQ scores, also to study if any

relationship existed between improvement in AQ and overall performance. The sample was comprised of 120 account executives and sales

managers from the Western Area of the United States. AQ was measured twice—during the one-day AQ Programme and 90 days after the

Programme. Performance was measured in two ways, namely- by sales as a percentage of quota and by a general performance rating scale

used through SUN. The findings revealed that AQ remains a robust predictor and driver of performance and sales resilience and that AQ

training substantially improved overall AQ scores and CORE profile and the findings also suggested that AQ helped drive sales results,

especially in demanding markets/industries.

(c) A study conducted on 251 employees of Suntrust to find out the degree of correlation between AQ and financial performance of bank

managers and bank branches. The study administered version 6.0 of the Adversity Response Profile® (ARP ®). Results showed presence

of a significant correlation between AQ and performance. The strongest correlation was found to be between talent rating and the Reach

dimension of AQ. The study shows no negative impact for specific groups such as ethnicity, age, gender etc. The study observed no

correlation between AQ and age.

2.2. National Perspective:

D’souza & Garg (2006) conducted a study on adversity quotient (AQ) of Secondary school students in relation to their school

performance and the school climate. Through this study the researcher had endeavoured to ascertain the relationship between AQ, school

performance and school climate and the major findings had revealed that all these three variables are positively correlated. Thus it can be

said from the study that programmes for developing student’s AQ level, must be well-designed so that they would be able to perceive their

school climate favourably as and when required which enhance the students’ performance.

Sachdev, Manerikar & D’Lima (2009) investigated the effectiveness of an intervention programme to develop the adversity quotient

(AQ) of the potential leaders. This study basically dealt with the development of just such a culture specific intervention programme to

develop the adversity quotient (AQ) trait in potential leaders. It was revealed that the AQ enhancement programme was significantly

effective in the management students to build up their potentialities to become successful leaders in future.

Nikam & Uplane (2011) reported the degree of adversity quotient (AQ) among secondary school students. The study mainly aimed at

assessing the adversity Quotient level and academic achievement of the secondary school students. The investigator here concludes that

there is a need to improve the Adversity Quotient (AQ) level of the school students as they will be facing new challenging situations in

their lives.

Devkumar (2012) carried out a study on developing a programme for enhancing the adversity quotient level of the seconadary school

students as he conducted the study on the Adversity Quotient level assessment of the Secondary School Students in Relation to their

Academic Self Concept and Achievement Motivation and the study was concluded with the notion that the AQ enhancement programme

was significantly effective on the secondary school students to raise their AQ level.

Nikam & Uplane (2013) had conducted a study to explore basically the relationship between Adversity Quotient (AQ) and Defense

Mechanism (DM) of secondary school students. The aim of the study was to ascertain relationship between Adversity Quotient and

Defense mechanism i. e. turning against object (TAO), projection (PRO), turning against self (TAS), principalisation (PRN) and reversal

(REV). Another aim of the study was to find out whether there exist any difference between the level of AQ and DM of boys and girls. The

sample included 156 girls and 152 boys (aged from 13 years to 15 years) selected randomly from Uran region of Raigad District,

Maharashtra State, India. Inventory by Dr. N. R. Mrinal and Dr. Uma Mrinal was used for data collection of Defense Mechanism. Online

Adversity Quotient profile® tool by Dr. Paul Stoltz was used for data collection of Adversity Quotient. Data analysis revealed that there is

no correlation between Adversity Quotient and Defense Mechanism of secondary school students. Data analysis also revealed that there are

no significant differences in the level of AQ and Defense mechanism of boys and girls.

Hema, G. & Gupta (2015) conducted a study on Adversity Quotient (AQ) for prospective higher education to assess and examine the

level of adversity quotient (AQ) of the students who are going to enter the higher education. Higher secondary is the stage from where they

move from school to higher education. So, the present research was conducted to study the AQ of 11th standard, English medium school

students in Gandhinagar city, Gujarat with reference to various variables. The study was conducted on a sample of 461 boys and girls of

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11th standard school students from Gujarat State Board of Education (GSEB) and Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) schools.

A self-constructed AQ scale was used to collect data from the students. The collected data was analyzed using statistical techniques like

mean, SD and C.R values. Result revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean scores of AQ on the basis of gender, stream

of education i.e. Commerce, Science and Arts, and various family variables like nature of the family, size of the family, qualification of

parents, parents’ working status and parents’ occupation. However, a significant difference was found in the mean scores of AQ of students

on the basis of board of School i.e. GSEB and CBSE. The present study concludes that AQ is not influenced by gender, stream of

education and family factors, rather it was seen to be influenced by the type of schools. Investigator inquired and understood the AQ profile

of higher secondary school students as it is the gate way to higher Education. By understanding the AQ levels of students, the faculty and

staffs can be better equipped to support students as they navigate the stressors of college life.

Biswas & Banerjee (2016) conducted a study on adversity quotient (AQ) and achievement-motivation of the B.Ed. trainee teachers of

West Bengal. The study aimed at assessing the level of adversity quotient (AQ) and achievement motivation (Ach-motivation) of both the

male and female formally trained B.Ed. trainee teachers of West Bengal. Sample comprised of 326 male and female formally trained B.Ed.

trainee teachers of different districts of West Bengal (Kolkata, South 24 parganas, North 24 Parganas and Hooghly). Standardized

Questionnaires were applied to collect the data and that was analyzed by using Mann-Whitney U Test along with other necessary analytical

measures like mean as well as Pearson Correlation etc. according to the need of the study. A significant difference was observed between

the male and female formally trained B.Ed. trainee teachers regarding their overall Adversity Quotient (AQ) towards teaching profession

and allied aspects along with their level of achievement motivation. From the analysis it can be seen that the female B.Ed. trainee teachers

have more positive AQ (including control, origin & ownership, reach , endurance etc.) and higher level of Achievement-Motivation

towards the teaching profession and allied aspects rather than the male trainee teachers. There is a significant positive interrelation that can

be observed between the AQ and achievement motivation of the male and female formally trained B.Ed. trainee teachers which indicates

that the teachers who have high AQ are also having higher level of ach-motivation.

Biswas & Banerjee (2016) further aimed at assessing the level of adversity quotient (AQ), attitude and achievement motivation (Ach-

motivation) of both the male and female formally trained B.Ed. trainee teachers of West Bengal. Sample comprised of 326 male and female

formally trained B.Ed. trainee teachers of different districts of West Bengal (namely Kolkata, South 24 parganas, North 24 Parganas and

Hooghly). Standardized Questionnaires were applied to collect the data and that was analyzed by using Mann-Whitney U Test along with

other necessary analytical measures like mean as well as Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation etc. according to the need of the study. The

study revealed that there lies a strong affinity amongst the adversity quotient (AQ), attitude and achievement-motivation of the B.Ed.

teacher trainees and a significant difference was observed in the level of the above mentioned variables due to gender amongst the B.Ed.

trainee teachers.

3. Literature Matrix:

Literature Matrix is a helpful way to keep the track of researchers’ abstract in order to record them, by author and date on a matrix. The

matrix acts as a powerful organizer when researchers are trying to commit their thoughts into text. Along the Y-axis the authors’ names

and year of publication are listed. Along the X-axis the kinds of themes/issues/variables/title of the study are being addressed by the

researchers are mentioned. The matrix provides the researcher a mental map of what he/she is reading and what the studies share in

common (Gay, Mills & Airasian, 2009, P.92).

On summing up the review of related literature, the literature matrix based on the variable Adversity Quotient (AQ) is being formulated

below to give an overall idea along with various directions/track of the previous studies that were carried out both from international as

well as national perspectives for better understanding of the nature as well as directions of the works.

 Table No: 2. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

Markman, G.

2000

Abroad

Adversity Quotient: The

Role of Personal

Bounce-Back Ability in

New Venture

Formation: A Research

Study at Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute.

The higher the patent inventors’ AQ-

which is an acquirable skill- the more

financially successful they were.

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Gibson, C.

L., Piquero,

A. R. &

Tibbetts, S.

2001

Abroad

The Contribution of

Family

Adversity and Verbal IQ

to Criminal Behavior.

The researchers have found, among

other things, a correlation between

family adversity and offending patterns

in youth – lending credence to the belief

that learning how to cope with adversity

is critical.

Paris, R. &

Bradley, C.L.

2001

Abroad

The Challenge of

adversity: Three

narratives of alcohol

dependence, recovery,

and adult development.

People in adverse situations given to

adversity that makes a difference in

how they react to them and how the

adversity shapes their future personality

to a great extent.

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 Table No: 3. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

Angelopoulo,

P.A., Houde,

S. J.R.J.,

Thompson,

M. M.,

McCreary, D.

R., Blais,

A.& Pastó, L.

2002

Abroad

Canadian Forces

Training and Mental

Preparation for

Adversity.

It was recommended that the programme

materials will need to be considerably

modified to be useful in the military

setting. The adapted programme would

therefore, needed to be evaluated before it

can be used with the Canadian Forces.

Thomas-

Sharksnas, B.

2002

Abroad

The Relationship

Between Resilience and

Job Satisfaction

in Mental Health Care

Workers.

The study revealed that AQ and its four

CORE dimensions cannot be used as

predictors for job satisfaction.

Williams,

M.W.

2003

Abroad

The Relationship

between Principal

Response to Adversity

and

Student Achievement.

It was revealed that the principals’ response

to the adversity did not positively correlate

with the teachers’ response to the adverse

situation. However the teachers’ perceived

control over their work environment

influenced principal’s/teacher’s

relationships and students’ achievement.

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 Table No: 4. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

Lazaro-

Capones,

Antonette R.

2004

Abroad

Adversity Quotient &

the Performance Level

of Selected Middle

Managers of the

Different Departments

of the City of Manila as

Revealed by the 360

Degree Feedback

System.

The results and findings of the study

provided evidence for the relationship

between adversity quotient and

performance ratings as revealed by the

360- degree feedback system. The

findings also revealed that most of the

respondents had moderate and high AQ.

Vilaver, E.

2005

Abroad

Global Resilience

Project: Adversity

Quotient Levels of

Female Grade School

Teachers of a Public and

a Private School.

No significant difference exists between

the adversity quotient level of public

and private, female grade school

teachers.

Johnson, M.

2005

Abroad

Optimism, Adversity

and Performance:

Comparing Explanatory

Style and AQ.

There was a significant relationship

between AQ and performance for short

term employees and the higher a

salesperson’s AQ, the better he

performed.

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 Table No: 5. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

10.

Haller, H. E

2005

Abroad

Adversity And

Obstacles In The

Shaping Of Prominent

Leaders: A Hermeneutic

Phenomenological

Inquiry.

Overcoming challenges or obstacles

motivated the leaders which actually

strengthened the qualities of a

successful leader with respect to

adversity quotient (AQ).

11.

Djoric, J. Z.

2006

Abroad

Influence of Resilience

and Personal Meaning

on Vicarious

Traumatization in

Psychotherapists.

It was concluded that the AQ and its

dimensions could be used as predictors

for vicarious traumatization.

12.

Stoltz, P. G.

Weihenmaye

r, E.

2006

Abroad

The Adversity

Advantage.

The authors reiterate that AQ is

something one learns through personal

as well as vicarious experiences. AQ

can be developed and improved to yield

better responses to adversity.

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 Table No: 6. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

13.

D’Souza, R.

& Garg, I.

2006

India

A Study of Adversity

Quotient of Secondary

School Students in

Relation to their School

Performance and the

School Climate.

It can be said from the study that

programmes for developing student’s

AQ level, must be well-designed so that

they would be able to perceive their

school climate favourably as and when

required which enhance the students’

performance.

14.

Langvardt

G.D.

2007

Abroad

Resilience And

Commitment To

Change: A Case Study

Of A Nonprofit

Organization.

It was revealed that the AQ profiles

correlated more positively with

affective commitment and with the

commitment profile.

15.

Huijuan, Z.

2009

Abroad

The Adversity Quotient

And Academic

Performance Among

College Students At St.

Joseph’s College,

Quezon City.

A significant relationship prevails in

between adversity quotient and

academic performance and adversity

quotient can be considered as a prime

factor that affects academic

performance.

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 Table No: 7. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

16.

Almeida, A.

2009

Abroad

Development of a

Programme for

Enhancing Adversity

Quotient of Junior

College Students.

AQ enhancement programme was

significantly effective on the junior

college students to raise their ability to

face unfavourable situations.

17.

Ferrer, M.

2009

Abroad

Relationship Of

Personal Characteristics,

Leadership Styles, And

Job Satisfaction To

Adversity Quotient® Of

Academic Heads Of

Selected State Colleges

And Universities In The

National Capital Region.

A significant relationship prevails

between educational achievement and

Reach dimension and leadership style

and Control dimension. However, job

satisfaction did not show any significant

relationships with total AQ or with any

of its CORE dimensions.

18.

Sachdev, P.,

Manerikar,

V.V. &

D’Lima,

C.G.

2009

India

Effectiveness of an

Intervention Programme

to Develop Adversity

Quotient of Potential

Leaders.

It was revealed that the AQ

enhancement programme was

significantly effective in case of the

management students to build up their

potentialities to become successful

leaders in future.

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 Table No: 8. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

19.

Patdo, V.,

Mariano, K.

& Gonzales,

A.D.

2011

Abroad

The Adversity Quotient

of Parents with Special

Children and Adversity

Quotient of Parents with

Normal Children.

The level of Adversity Quotient Parents

with Special Children and the Adversity

Quotient of the respondents of Parents

with Normal Children were not

significantly related with one another

and so on.

20.

Nikam, V.B.

& Uplane,

M.M.

2011

India

Adversity Quotient

among Secondary

School Students.

The researcher felt a need to improve

the Adversity Quotient (AQ) level of

the school students as they will be

facing new challenging situations in

their lives in near future.

21.

Devkumar,

2012

India

A Study of Adversity

Quotient of Secondary

School Students in

Relation to their

Academic Self Concept

and Achievement

Motivation.

The AQ enhancement programme was

significantly effective on the secondary

school students to raise their AQ level.

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 Table No: 9. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

22.

Nikam, V.B.

& Uplane,

M.M.

2013

India

Adversity Quotient and

Defense Mechanism of

Secondary School

Students.

Data analysis also revealed that there

are no significant differences in the

level of AQ and Defense mechanism

of boys and girls.

23.

Shen, C.Y.,

Li, T.C. &

Chan, K.I.

2013

Abroad

The Effect of Gender

Roles on the

Relationships among

personality traits,

adversity quotient and

work performance of

workers.

Androgynous people have the highest

Adversity Quotient. However,

androgynous job stress is higher than

non-differentiation.

24.

Shen, C.Y.

2014

Abroad

The Relative Study of

Gender Roles and Job

Stress and Adversity

Quotient.

According to analytical results and

findings it was found that the

differences of gender roles influence

job stress and Adversity Quotient has

a moderating effect between gender

roles and job stress.

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 Table No: 10. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

25.

Vinas, Danny

Kaye D. &

Malabanan,

M.G.

2015

Abroad

Adversity Quotient and

Coping Strategies of

College Students in

Lyceum of the

Phiippines University.

It was observed that a significant

relationship prevails between profile

variable in terms of general weighted

average and adversity quotient of the

respondents.

26.

Daloos,

M.J.O.

2015

Abroad

Emotional Intelligence

and Adversity Quotient

of Selected Helping

Professionals.

Except from reach and self-

management, all the other AQ

Dimensions such as control,

ownership, endurance show no

significant relationship with

emotional intelligence skills such as

emotional self-awareness, emotional

expression and so on.

27.

Hema, G. &

Gupta, S.M.

2015

India

Adversity Quotient for

Prospective Higher

Education.

AQ is not influenced by gender,

stream of education and family

factors, rather it was seen to be

influenced by the type of schools.

Investigator inquired and understood

the AQ profile of higher secondary

school students as it is the gate way to

higher Education.

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 Table No: 11. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Serial

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

28.

Bautista,

R.V., Pascua,

M.D., Tiu,

J.V. & Vela,

C.D.

2016

Abroad

Adversity Quotient and

Leadership Styles

among Student Leaders

in Bulacan State

University.

The Adversity Quotient and Leadership

style of the student leaders has a

significant relationship.

29.

Harriman, L.

2016

Abroad

Measuring Millennials’

Adversity Quotient®

and Its Correlation with

Individual Performance

in Project Teams.

No significant differences were found

between male and female AQ® scores.

Significant correlations were also

observed between the dimensions of

Control and Origin and Ownership as

well as Reach and Endurance.

30.

Villagonzalo,

R.R.

2016

Abroad

Intelligence Quotient,

Emotional Quotient,

Spiritual Quotient and

Adversity Quotient and

the Academic

Performance of the

Students.

The Regression statistical analysis

revealed that, there lies a positive

significant relationship between

Intelligence Quotient and the Academic

Performance as well as a high

significant relationship between

Emotional Quotient and the Academic

Performance was also observed.

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 Table No: 12. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ):

Seri

No.

Author/s

( X-Axis)

Year

Place

Title of the Study or

Themes or

Issues or

Variables

Considered

in the Study

(Y-Axis)

Major Findings/Results

31.

Capuras,

S.B.,

Engada,

M.R,

Inferio,

H.M. &

Querubin,

I.M.

2016

Abroar

Adversity Quotient

and Perceived

Academic Stress As

Predictors of the

Academic

Performance of CDU-

CRS Internship

Candidates.

In terms of the relationship between the

levels of AQ and levels of perceived

academic stress, there was a significant

but weak correlation between the two

variables with an indirect relationship.

32.

Biswas, R.

& Banerjee,

2016

India

Adversity Quotient

(AQ) and

Achievement

Motivation of the

B.Ed. Trainee

Teachers.

There is a significant positive

interrelation that can be observed

between the AQ and achievement

motivation of the male and female

formally trained B.Ed. trainee teachers

which indicates that the teachers who

have high AQ are also having higher

level of ach-motivation.

33.

Biswas, R.

& Banerjee,

2016

India

Interplay of Adversity

Quotient (AQ),

Attitude and

Achievement

Motivation in the

B.Ed. Trainee

Teachers.

There is a strong affinity amongst the

adversity quotient, attitude and

achievement-motivation of the B.Ed.

teacher trainees and a significant

difference was observed due to gender

amongst the B.Ed. trainee teachers.

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 Table No: 13. - Literature Matrix Related to the Studies on Adversity Quotient (AQ) Validation Studies (n.d) [Globally

Conducted by Peak Learning, Inc.] and Outcomes for AQ Solutions [Source:www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies.php.

Retrieved on 4th November, 2016]:

Serial No.

Outcome

Client

Source

[Retrieved on 4th November, 2016.]

Enhanced Performance

AT&T (Formerly BellSouth)

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_at&t.php

Diversified Collection Services

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_diversified.php

ADC Telecommunications

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_adc.php

AQ and Health

Major UK Insurance Company

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_ukinsurance.php

Fortune 50 Company

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_fortune50.php

Change

Nonprofit

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_nonprofit.php

Speed of Promotion

Deloitte & Touche

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_deloitte-

touche.php

Leadership

Global Technology Company

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_tech-co.php

MP Water Resources

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_mp-water.php

Lower Attrition

Nonprofit

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_nonprofit.php

Deloitte & Touche

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_deloitte-

touche.php

Diversified Collection Services

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_diversified.php

Increased Sales

Cellular One/SBC

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_cellone.php

Starwood Hotels & Resorts

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_starwood.php

Sun Microsystems

www.peaklearning.com/about_aq_studies_sun.php

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4. Conclusion:

Here, in this paper the plethora of the research works and other related studies that had already been carried out both from international and

national perspectives by other researchers is being briefly presented (in relation to adversity quotient) with the help of literature matrix, also with

regard to other major factors or variables. The literature review clearly articulated the interrelation amongst various factors and it has also given

an overview of the previous research works that had already been carried out from different perspectives to determine the future direction of the

research works to be done. Drastic change and renovations are taking place in the field of education due to the emergence of global learning

system. However, of the many works cited above, none was observed on the trainee teachers at all. Specifically in India as well as in West

Bengal no such works based on Adversity Quotient (AQ) of the B.Ed. trainee teachers was found. If teachers have a high Adversity Quotient

(AQ) they may help in nurturing the Adversity Quotient (AQ) level of their students. The previous studies reflected that Adversity Quotient (AQ)

can be developed through training. Therefore, in conclusion it can be said that an indigenous study would have been executed to see if the

teachers can be trained to develop their Adversity Quotient (AQ) through training as the role of the teacher is very challenging as well as

essential to handle any situation in an effective manner.

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Artificial intelligence for education and its emphasis on assessment and adversity quotient: a review

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2024
Educ + Train

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in education and its emphasis on assessment and adversity quotient (AQ). Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes a systematic literature review of over 141 journal papers and psychometric tests to evaluate AQ. Thematic analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies explores domains of AI in education. Findings Results suggest that assessing the AQ of students with the help of AI techniques is necessary. Education is a vital tool to develop and improve natural intelligence, and this survey presents the discourse use of AI techniques and behavioral strategies in the education sector of the recent era. The study proposes a conceptual framework of AQ with the help of assessment style for higher education undergraduates. Originality/value Research on AQ evaluation in the Indian context is still emerging, presenting a potential avenue for future research. Investigating the relationship between AQ and academic performance among Indian students is a crucial area of research. This can provide insights into the role of AQ in academic motivation, persistence and success in different academic disciplines and levels of education. AQ evaluation offers valuable insights into how individuals deal with and overcome challenges. The findings of this study have implications for higher education institutions to prepare for future challenges and better equip students with necessary skills for success. The papers reviewed related to AI for education opens research opportunities in the field of psychometrics, educational assessment and the evaluation of AQ.

Societal Patterns Evolution Model in Development of Economy, Society, and Environment

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Full-text available

Aug 2023

Dmitriy Boris Gakh

The Societal Patterns Evolution Model (SPEM) (Gakh, 2023a) has been developed to apply to socio-technical systems. It contains patterns representing stages of societal development. Mapping of these patterns to the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Information Systems was presented at FedCSIS 2022 Conference (Gakh, 2022c). This paper discusses the application of SPEM to model the development of three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental (Purvis et al., 2019; United Nations, 2023). An Artificial Intelligence model has been developing to evaluate scholarly papers according to the SPEM model including economic, social, and environmental indicators (Gakh, 2023b).

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Full-text available

Jun 2023

In the past two years, teachers’ role has become more complex and diverse due to continuous change in curriculum and educational reforms, updating of teaching methodology, adapting, and incorporating use of technology, and increased of social aggressiveness (Gurrea, 2021). The aim of this study was to determine the work-related stress and adversity quotient as predictor of psychological well- being of local college instructors in the new normal. Specifically, it investigated the respondents’ level of work-related stress, adversity quotient in terms of control, ownership, reach and endurance, level of psychological well-being in terms of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Further, the study probed the relationship between the respondents’ level of work-related stress and adversity quotient, level of work-related stress and well-being, and adversity quotient and level of psychological well-being. Finally, it probed the predictive ability of the level of work-related stress, and adversity quotient, taken singly or in combination, of level of psychological well-being of the local college instructors in the new normal. The findings revealed that there was a significant low negative relationship between work-related stress and adversity quotient in terms of ownership . Likewise, no significant relationship was noted between adversity quotient and psychological well-being. Lastly, the work-related stress and adversity quotient did not significantly predict the respondents’ level of psychological well-being. It was concluded in the study that an increase in work-related stress would reduce capability of college instructors to develop interpersonal relationships and have difficulty showing empathy with others; perceived adversity does not affect their psychological well-being; and work-related stress and adversity quotient do not predict psychological well-being of.

Societal Patterns Evolution Model in Development of Economy, Society, and Environment

Preprint

Full-text available

May 2023

Dmitriy Boris Gakh

The Societal Patterns Evolution Model (SPEM) (Gakh, 2023a) has been developed to apply to socio-technical systems. It contains patterns representing stages of societal development. Mapping of these patterns to the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Information Systems was presented at FedCSIS 2022 conference (Gakh, 2022c). This paper discusses the application of SPEM to model the development of three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental (Purvis, et al., 2019; United Nations, 2023).

Adversity Quotient on Mathematics Learning in Junior High School

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Full-text available

Feb 2023

This research aimsto describe the adversity quotient of junior high school students in learning mathematics. The description is based on dimensions the adversity quotient, namely control (control), origin and ownership (origin proposal and recognition), reach (range), and endurance power hold). more carry-on described based on type adversity quotient, namely quitters, campers, and climbers. The research subjects consisted of 32 students of class VII SMP Negeri 1 Latambaga. The results of this research include: (1) an average adversity quotient student of 87.89; (2) there are 10 (31.25%) students with type climbers, 15 (45.88%) students with type camper, and 7 (21.88%) students with type quitters; and (2) the average value of control (control) and origin and ownership (origin proposal and recognition) of 87.03 and 86.52, the average reach value (range) of 87.97, and the average endurance value hold) of 90.04; and (3) adversity quotient student class VII SMP Negeri 1 Latambaga is the type camper with level Power high endurance.

Psychological Resilience of Employees in Adversity Quotient: Malaysian Perspective in Facing Challenges

Article

Mar 2023

Lee M.F.

Psychological resilience is the ability to manage psychologically or emotionally with a catastrophe or to swiftly recover to pre-crisis position. Adversity is one of the most important abilities for psychological resilience. Workers in the twenty-first century must be able to deal with adversity in a challenging work environment, especially during a pandemic.The purpose of this study was to determine the level of adversity quotient among Malaysian employees during the pandemic period. Different employees' ability adversity quotients have also been compared in terms of gender, race, and age. This study's design is a cross-sectional surveywith 585 respondents from all around Malaysia selected using a convenient sampling technique. A modified version of Dr. Paul G. Stoltz's Adversity Response Profile was employed as instrumentin this study. The data was then analysed with the sum, median, mean, standard deviation, independent-sample t-test, and logistic regression.The findings of the study show that the majority of employees have a high adversity quotient score.In terms of gender, men employees tend to score higher than female employees. Employees aged 50 and over excel those aged 26 and below. However, the adversity quotient score for employees of different races is not significantly different. Employers should eventually take serious concern by implementing the appropriate intervention programme or policy aimed at potential employees in order to overcome their shortcoming in the adversity quotientand, more importantly, to enhance the employee's ability to face challenges in order to drive the company's mission and vision.

Adversity Quotient and Defense Mechanism of Secondary School Students

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Full-text available

Dec 2013
South J Educ Res

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The present study was conducted to explore the relationship between Adversity Quotient (AQ) and Defense Mechanism (DM) of secondary school students. The aim of the study was to ascertain relationship between Adversity Quotient and Defense mechanism i. e. Turning against object (TAO), Projection (PRO), Turning against self (TAS), Principalisation (PRN) and Reversal (REV). Another aim of the study was to find out whether there exist any difference between the level of AQ and DM of boys and girls. The sample included 156 girls and 152 boys (aged from 13 years to 15 years) selected randomly from Uran region of Raigad District, Maharashtra State, India. Inventory by Dr. N. R. Mrinal and Dr. Uma Mrinal was used for data collection of Defense Mechanism. Online Adversity Quotient profile® tool by Dr. Paul Stoltz was used for data collection of Adversity Quotient. Data analysis revealed that there is no correlation between Adversity Quotient and Defense Mechanism of secondary school students. Data analysis also revealed that there are no significant differences in the level of AQ and Defense mechanism of boys and girls.

Relations of Resilience and Personal Meaning with Vicarious Traumatization in Psychotherapists

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Full-text available

Jan 2012
Int J Psychother

This study investigated the relationship between resilience, personal meaning and vicarious traumatization in a sample of trauma therapists (N=68). Participants completed ARP (Adversity Response Profile), PMP (Personal Meaning Profile) and TABS (Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale). The results showed that both personal meaning and resilience level are negatively related to the vicarious traumatization level of a therapist. Personal meaning was found to mediate the relationship between resilience and vicarious traumatization. On the level of subscales, personal meaning of relationships with others was the sole most important predictor of resilience.

The Challenge of Adversity: Three Narratives of Alcohol Dependence, Recovery, and Adult Development

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Full-text available

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QUAL HEALTH RES

Turning points have been known to reverse the downward spiral of alcoholism and its concomitant associations with divorce, depression, and work-related difficulties. In this study, the authors present the stories of 3 women from the Mills Longitudinal Study who were alcoholic. Using a narrative approach, the authors tracked the women’s developmental gains during recovery using Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, specifically focusing on the tasks of identity, intimacy, and generativity. Results show that despite similar personal problems and turning points that moved them to stop drinking, each woman followed a different path to self-reconstruction and psychological growth. These accounts offer important information about individual differences in recovery from alcoholism, which are often lost in larger aggregate accounts of personal change.

Research on Perfectionism and Achievement Motivation: Implications for Gifted Students

Jan 2012
PSYCHOL SCHOOLS
668-677

K L Fletcher
K S Neumeister

Fletcher, K.L. & Neumeister, K.S. (2012). Research on Perfectionism and Achievement Motivation: Implications for Gifted Students. Psychology in the Schools, 49(7), 668-677. DOI:10.1002/pits.21623. Retrieved on 15th May, 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230730151_Research_on_perfectionism_and_achievement_motivation_Implications_for_gifted_stude nts

Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications

Jan 2009

L R Gay
G E Mills
P W Airasian

Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2009). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Adversity And Obstacles In The Shaping Of Prominent Leaders: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Inquiry: A Ph. D. Dissertation, Submitted to Gonzag University

Jan 2005

H E Haller

Haller, H. E. (2005). Adversity And Obstacles In The Shaping Of Prominent Leaders: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Inquiry: A Ph. D. Dissertation, Submitted to Gonzag University. Retrieved on 15 th March 2016 from http://peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_haller.pdf

Measuring Millennials' Adversity Quotient® and Its Correlation with Individual Performance in Project Teams: An M.Sc. Dissertation in Programme and Design management, Submitted to University of Warmick

Jan 2016

L Harriman

Harriman, L. (2016). Measuring Millennials' Adversity Quotient® and Its Correlation with Individual Performance in Project Teams: An M.Sc. Dissertation in Programme and Design management, Submitted to University of Warmick. Retrieved on 22 nd July, 2017 from http://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_Harriman.pdf

The Adversity Quotient And Academic Performance Among College Students At St. Joseph'scollege

Jun 2009

Z Huijuan

Huijuan, Z. (2009). The Adversity Quotient And Academic Performance Among College Students At St. Joseph'scollege, Quezon City: A B. Sc. Dissertation (Psychology), St.Joseph's College, Quezon City. Retrieved on 12 th June, 2012 from https://peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_huijuan.pdf

Optimism, Adversity and Performance: Comparing Explanatory Style and AQ: An MA Thesis Submitted to San Jose State University

Jul 2005

M B Jo

Jo, M. B. (2005), Optimism, Adversity and Performance: Comparing Explanatory Style and AQ: An MA Thesis Submitted to San Jose State University. Retrieved on 12 th July 2013from http://peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_johnson.pdf.

Adversity Quotient: The Role of Personal Bounce-Back Ability in New Venture Formation: A Research Study at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Jan 2000
41-43

G D Markman

Markman, G. D. (2000). Adversity Quotient: The Role of Personal Bounce-Back Ability in New Venture Formation: A Research Study at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved on 12 th December, 2012 from http://peaklearning.com/documents/RensselaerStudy%20doc.pdf 7. Nikam, V.B. & Uplane, M.M. (2011). Adversity Quotient among Secondary School Students. Edutrack, 10 (6), 41-43.

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