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Vietnamese Migration to the Czech Republic and the Appearance of Vietnamese Criminal Networks
Abstract
In this chapter, the establishment of Vietnamese diaspora in the former Czechoslovakia under communist government supervision and the beginnings of the Vietnamese presence in the Czech criminal underworld are discussed. The ability of Vietnamese shadow businessmen and criminal delinquents to operate even in the conditions of a closed totalitarian state in Central Europe is demonstrated. After 1989, fundamental political and social changes in Vietnam and the Czech Republic opened doors to a new wave of Vietnamese immigration and to further penetration of Vietnamese crime in the Czech Republic. The transfers of Vietnamese to the Czech Republic have modi operandi based on “legal” principles, namely on the exploiting of gaps existing in the migration control regimes; on “illegal” principles such as using counterfeit documents and smuggling of people across the green line; and on semi-legal principles, which merge legal and illegal activities together. Various unlicensed and licensed individuals and agencies play a crucial role in these processes. Special attention is paid to the role of labour agencies in these processes.
... и укрепились в 1990-е гг. [Nožina, Kraus 2020]. ...
The change in the migration policy of the Czech Republic after 2015 with focus on illegal migration control and asylum policy are discussed. The authors preferred a separate consideration of the Czech position to a more widespread regional approach, allowing deeper understanding of the priorities of national migration policy. Analysis revealed that until recently this country was affected by the European migration crisis only slightly, but the narrative formed under its in uence caused the growing popularity of antimigrant sentiments, that in uenced the change of the migration policy towards securitization and externalization. In the wake of theUkraine crisis these trends have become stronger. It is shown that the Czech Republic was able to neutralize the consequences of the current migration crisis, but it revealed a number of systemic problems related to the implementation of migration policy. The Czech Republic’s migration policy is guided by pan-European standards, but her impact on changes in EU migration legislation is becoming more noticeable. With the support of the Visegrad Group, Prague insists on the voluntary nature of the implementation of the directives of the European Commission and the principle of exible solidarity, defending the national approach to solving migration problems.
This chapter explores the emergence of the cigarette black market in Germany drawing on official statistics, unpublished law enforcement statistics, and a sample of criminal files (n=47). These data show some peculiarities in the temporal and spatial distribution of cigarette trafficking in Germany, and shed some light on the offenders and offender groups involved in black market activities. The evidence collected raises doubts about many assumptions concerning the root causes of cigarette smuggling on a grand scale. Specifically, it is be argued that high levels of taxation, cross-border price differences and the involvement of crime syndicates are not adequate or sufficient explanations.
In 2007–2012, a special research realised at the Institute of International Relations (IIR) Prague seeked to analyse the structure and activities of Vietnamese crime networks in the Czech Republic. The Vietnamese criminality has been representing dynamically developing phenomena in the country, penetrating not only the local Vietnamese emigrant community but the state apparatus as well. Actually, the Vietnamese criminal underground lives in a specific symbiosis with the local Asian emigrant community, where legal and illegal activities are frequently merged together.
In the first decades of the 21st century, Vietnamese drug-related crime grew tremendously in Central Europe. From the middle of 2007, the Czech security forces have been registering a growing engagement of the Vietnamese in the illegal production of cannabis. The rise in their engagement can be largely attributed to hydrophonic techniques imported from the Netherlands. Most of the cannabis in the CR is grown for the domestic market. However, perpetrators also engage in trafficking cannabis abroad in high-volume, especially to the neighbouring countries, but also to Ukraine, Hungary, the Great Britain and the Nordic countries.
From 2010, it has been mainly Vietnamese organized crime that dominate the production of methamphetamine in the CR and its exports from the CR to other countries such as the Slovak Republic, Poland, Germany, Norway, and even Australia. In some related cases hundreds of kilograms of methamphetamine were traded.
The illegal activities of the Vietnamese groups are highly conspiratorial and organized. Vietnamese criminal networks use a kind of ‘division of labour’ between different groups. There are groups which do not run their own large capacity grow houses and methamphetamine labs but only trade in cannabis and methamphetamine. They have contacts with other Vietnamese criminal groups operating abroad and use complex drug courier networks.
The chapter is a study of Vietnamese migration to the Czech Republic, its modi operandi and the exploitative tactics developed by various agents involved in the process. As a result of historical contingencies, the European Union's third biggest Vietnamese diaspora - made up of 70-80,000 legal and illegal Vietnamese residents-is the one in the Czech Republic. Vietnamese migration to the Czech Republic has been organized by various individuals and organizations offering transfers or specific services related to various stages of the transfer process. They operate on both illegal and legal bases, frequently mixing both legal and illegal activities together. The Vietnamese migrants are exploited, abused or cozened during the transfers. Not only the unofficial agencies and organizations engaged in the smuggling of people, but also the licensed labor agencies are exploiting the Vietnamese people's desire for a better life abroad for the purpose of making bigger profits.
The new EU member states in Central Europe have a crucial geographical position in Europe, for as transit countries from East to West and vice versa, they have a strategic role in combating crossborder crime. Since the ‘iron curtain’ fell in 1989, many criminals have begun using their territories for illegal activities such as illicit trading in drugs, stolen vehicles, alcohol, cigarettes, weapons, explosives and nuclear materials, and aliens, as well as counterfeiting, professional theft, extortion, racketeering, financial frauds and money laundering. The local underworlds in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic meet with criminal groupings from the former Soviet Union, the Balkans, Italy and Western Europe, Asia, Latin America, Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa to create a new and much more developed crime industry. Organized crime also has a tendency to ‘buy’ members of parliament and bribe government officials, thus securing immunity from investigation and prosecution and creating a parallel economy of crime. Although regional differences exist, the basic mechanisms of organized crime activities and the building up of new security systems in the new EU states of Central Europe have in many aspects been identical. Consequently, this chapter will focus on these common trends.
The paper explores the vital issues of attracting investment from Vietnamese emigrants of different generations to the economy of the present-day Vietnam. We give the definition of the Vietnamese Diaspora (Viet Kieu) and a short overview of emigrant waves. In addition, we explain how leaders of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam have interacted with overseas Vietnamese and their organizations in the field of economy over the years. The paper demonstrates geographic differences existing in this type of investment. Further, we outline the measures taken to encourage the Viet Kieu investment in the country’s economy as well as the success rate of these measures. Finally, we specify the barriers to investing in the national economy of Vietnam for “overseas fellow nationals”.
Since 1975, the numbers of Vietnamese living in Europe have steadily increased. As new emigrants appeared in various countries, new types of crime came with them. Also in the Czech Republic, where a relatively large Vietnamese diaspora has been in existence since communist times, numerous Vietnamese criminal networks were established. The Vietnamese networks have a specific structure and modus operandi. Their bosses create parallel power structures within the Vietnamese diaspora and frequently merge together legal and illegal activities. The Vietnamese criminal networks are engaged in a broad spectrum of criminal activities, including economic crime, people smuggling and trafficking in drugs.
Appearing and increasing’ trend of this field in Vietnamese crime groups have become a considerable concern since recent times with both the potential yield and potency of the crop at some of nations and regions, including Australia, Canada and European countries such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Czech Republic as well. Meanwhile, the limited researches and official document from Vietnam’s authorities focus on Vietnamese criminal at overseas, no except for five above countries that it is likely to lead to unbalance in researching and assessing the nature of Vietnamese drug trafficking networks. This study offers a review of recent English-language researches that focused on Vietnamese cannabis cultivation at overseas. All of empirical studies were identified based on literature searches using relevant search terms and Social Science Research Network, Springer, Taylor & Francis Groups, and Elsevier Science Direct. One of the main purposes of this study is identify and evaluate the ethnic factors in Vietnamese cannabis cultivation networks at five above countries. The paper is divided into three sections, the first one review background on the nature of drug trafficking networks and ethnical factor in that; the second is assesses the Vietnamese illegal cannabis cultivation networks at overseas; synthesizing main characteristic from all discussions and analyses is basic requirement of the third section. - See more at: http://dl4.globalstf.org/?wpsc-product=based-on-the-ethnic-factor-to-understanding-the-distinct-characterisitics-of-cannabis-cultivation-a-review-of-overseas-vietnamese-drug-groups#sthash.1laW6u9o.dpuf
Twenty Years of Czech Migration Policy: Liberal, Restrictive or Something Different? Geografie, 116, No. 4, pp. 497–517. – This article critically reviews the generally accepted model of perceptions regarding how the Czech Authentic Migration Policy treats immigrants, particularly economic immigrants. The Czech Authentic Migration Policy (CAMP) is defined as the migration policy Czechia implements relatively independently of the EU. According to this model, the policy has been either liberal or restrictive with the main criterion for this categorization being the number of immigrants received, regardless of their legal status. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that have shaped the development of CAMP (highlighting the influence of
disagreements between Czechia’s Ministry of the Interior and its Ministry of Industry and Trade), and to suggest an alternative view, which reflects a circular-integration-oriented approach that considers not only conditions of entry, but also the level of rights acquired by migrants during their tenure. Special emphasis is given to an analysis of the terms ‘liberal’ and ‘restrictive’ and the reasons that these terms have been injected into public discourse. Further attention is focused on the Ministry of the Interior and how it has influenced perceptions of migration, both before and after the Velvet Revolution.
Our studies of Vietnamese youth in an ethnic enclave in New Orleans during the mid- 1990's showed a growing trend of "bifurcation," a situation in which youth were diverging in two distinct directions—valedictorian (or achiever) versus delinquent. As predicted by the segmented assimilation theory, we found that Vietnamese youth with close connections to their ethnic community through their families were likely to concentrate on upward social mobility through education and that they were able to do so because of the support, control, and direction that they received from their ethnic community. In contrast, those with weak connections to their families and the ethnic community, or whose families were detached from the ethnic community, were likely to develop Vietnamese variations of an oppositional youth subculture and thus became delinquent "outsiders." Our survey data, face-to-face interviews, and field observations all provided substantial empirical support for this bifurcation argument. Has bifurcation continued to perpetuate itself among the children of Vietnamese? In this chapter, we examine current behavioral and attitudinal trends among Vietnamese youth, using recently gathered data from the same Vietnamese enclave in New Orleans that we studied nearly ten years ago. This recent cohort of Vietnamese adolescents is mostly U.S. born and is growing up in an ethnic context quite different from the older cohort of the mid-1990s. We find that
In this paper, we try to understand and interpret why and how dark networks manage to survive despite massive control efforts by nation states, thus demonstrating a high degree of resilience. We approach this question from an organizational perspective looking at the (organizational) changes dark networks undergo in adapting to attempts to destroy them. We draw on insights based on the analysis of how Al Qaeda changed after the massive control efforts by some of the world's most powerful nation states since their attacks on the U.S. on September 11, 2001. In order to develop more general propositions, we contrast the Al Qaeda case with the development of the organizational structure behind the cocaine trade from Colombia to the United States after it had become the object of massive control efforts by the U.S. during the 1990s. Through the analysis we inductively develop a theoretical framework for the analysis of dark networks. Central to this framework is the assumption that dark networks, which are resilient, manage to rebalance differentiation and integration mechanisms in their internal structure and adjust to the new requirements in their task environment based on the actors, their linkages and resources available in order to persist and maintain some capacity to act. We further identify drivers and facilitators stemming from larger societal and political problems that create the motivation for new people to join dark networks. The analysis shows that control efforts that are directed towards the organizational extinction of dark networks will be likely to fail as long as the central problems behind their existence are not tackled. We conclude by sketching out an agenda for future organizational research on covert and illegal networks and organizations.
The orthodox organized crime doctrine that focuses on more or less stable and hierarchical criminal organizations is slowly giving way to new and more sophisticated paradigmata, such as the enterprise metaphor and the concept of fluid social networks. This has certain consequences for control strategies. Thinking about crime more in terms of opportunity, of risk mechanisms, of personal motives, co-optation and seduction demands a willingness to depart from familiar paths and usual suspects. In the Netherlands, an unprecedented crisis of confidence in law enforcement in the mid-1990s produced the organisational and intellectual space for more elaborate approaches to organised crime. As a result at least two dozen academics have started working with and in Dutch law enforcement in some capacity, many of them with a direct involvement in operational matters. A multitude of solid organized crime analyses and studies have appeared, which confirm that the network mode of organisation between people and functional entities is far better adapted to modern modes of collaboration, trading and communication than the traditional hierarchic structures. Sophisticated network analysis methods need to enable investigators to identify positions of power and to attribute these to specific
In the last 15 years the Czech Republic has witnessed an intense intermingling of cultures and activities of crime and, specifically,
of organised crime. The multiplicity of organised crime groups currently active on Czech territory have different origins
and thus differing cultural backgrounds and organisational structures. Within the boundaries of the Czech Republic, the local
underworld meets with criminal groupings from the former Soviet Union, the Balkans, Italy and other European countries, as
well as Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa to create a new, highly developed crime industry. The
territory of the Czech Republic has thus evolved into a veritable ‘crossroads of crime’. Though much organised crime is domestically
produced, the newcomers have introduced ‘modern’ and aggressive methods of illegal work on the Czech criminal scene, dramatically
changing the practices, structure and turnover of illegal markets. Today, domestic and international organised crime actors
increasingly cooperate with each other, constantly looking for new sources of profit.
In the study of organised crime, thetraditional view of criminal groups ascentrally controlled organisations has beenreplaced by the notion of criminalnetworks. However, little use has been madeof concepts and theories of social networksthat have developed in other socialsciences. This paper uses concepts fromsocial network theory to describe andtentatively explain differences in socialorganisation between criminal groups thatperform three types of transnationalillegal activities: smuggling andlarge-scale heroine trading, trafficking inwomen, and trading stolen cars. Groups thatoperate in the large-scale heroin markettend to be close-knit, cohesive andethnically homogenous. Groups active in thetrafficking of women have a chain structure, while those that operate in themarket for stolen cars are characterised bythree clusters of offenders in a chain.Both groups are less cohesive than criminalgroups in the large-scale heroin marketare. The differences in social organisationbetween the three types of illegalactivities appear to be related to thelegal and financial risks associated withthe crimes in question, and thereby to therequired level of trust betweencollaborating criminals.
The study seeks to analyse the structure and “modus operandi” of crime networks in the Czech Republic´s Vietnamese diaspora.
Vietnamese criminality in the country has roots in communist era. After the democratic changes at the end of 80s, it has been
representing dynamically developing phenomena, penetrating not only the local Vietnamese emigrant community but the state
apparatus as well. Actually, the Vietnamese criminal underground lives in a specific symbiosis with the local Asian emigrant
community, where legal and illegal activities are frequently merged together. “Respectable men” who have features of both
legal businessmen and criminal bosses are the main actors in these processes. They create parallel power structures in closed
worlds of Asian emigrants.
This article provides a cross-sectional cohort analysis of recent Australian census data and data collected from a 1990–91 nonrandom sample of 450 Vietnamese households in Melbourne, Australia, to determine the level of occupational mobility within the Vietnamese Australian community. The analysis reveals that there has been little net upward occupational mobility within the Vietnam-born community, although there has been some individual upward mobility. Regression analysis of the survey data reveal that no one variable stands out as explaining occupational mobility within Melbourne's Vietnamese community, and no variables relating to socioeconomic status or class in Vietnam are among the main explanators of Vietnamese occupational mobility in Australia.
The aim of this chapter is to give a brief overview of what is going on in the international migration field in the Czech Republic (CR) and how the situation has changed over time. Special attention is paid to economic immigration, permanent immigration, asylum-seekers and refugees, temporary refuge, ethnic Czechs and transit migration.
This concise interpretation of the Vietnamese experience in America begins with the fall of Saigon in 1975, when enormous waves of refugees fled Vietnam. It graphically details their flight to asylum countries in Asia and then to the United States. Based in part on firsthand interviews, the book recounts vivid stories of the horror of getting out of Vietnam and the difficulties of starting over in a new country. It emphasizes the resettlement process in the United States, from the policies of the U.S. government to aspects of community acceptance and conflict, and describes Vietnamese culture and the changes it has undergone in the process of becoming a new Vietnamese-American culture. Among the topics addressed are the arrival of the boat people, the orderly departure program, Amerasians, and the integration and adjustment of refugees to American society. The book concludes with a portrait of contemporary Vietnamese-American society and the outlook for its future.
Organizational Structure The organizational structure of Chinese organized crime in the United States is quite complex. Broadly defined, there is a great variety of Chinese criminal organizations. These include gangs, secret societies, triads, tongs, Taiwanese organized crime groups, and strictly US-based tongs and gangs. According to Ko-lin Chin, the foremost academic expert in the U.S. on Chinese organized crime, there is no empirical support for the belief that there is a well-organized, monolithic, hierarchical criminal cartel called the "Chinese Mafia." Chin says: "My findings...do not support the notion that a chain of command exists among these various crime groups or that they coordinate with one another routinely in international crimes such as heroin trafficking, money laundering, and the smuggling of aliens" (1996:123). In order to simplify and focus our discussion, this analysis will concentrate on the Fuk Ching gang. The Fuk Ching are active in New York City, and are regarded as one of the most powerful, and also transnationally active, Chinese organized crime groups in the U.S. (Chin, 1996). They are estimated to have approximately 35 members, with another 20 members currently in prison. Other major gangs in New York City include the Ghost Shadows, Flying Dragons, Tung On, and Born-to-Kill. The New York City gangs, like the Fuk Ching, mainly operate extortion and protection rackets in defined neighborhoods in New York's Chinatown. Their victims are mostly businesses in Chinatown. In California, the Chinese organized crime presence and problem is quite different from that in New York. In California, the dominant groups are the Wo Hop To and the the Wah Ching. One of the structural characteristics that makes Chinese organized crime different from other forms is the relationship between some of the street gangs and certain adult organizations. The latter are called tongs. The Fuk Ching, for example, are affiliated with the Fukien American Association. The Fukien American Association – as with other tongs and their relationships with gangs – provide the Fuk Ching with a physical place to gather and hang out. They allow the gang to operate on their (the tong's) territory, thus legitimizing them with the community. They also provide criminal opportunities (such as protecting gambling operations), as well as supplying money and guns. The Fuk Ching originally emerged in New York in the mid-1980s, and as with other gangs, their main criminal activity in Chinatown was extortion. They were founded by a collection of young men (youth in their late teens and early twenties) from Fujian province in China --many if not all of whom had criminal records in China. Fuk Ching recruitment today continues to be among Fujianese teenagers.
Through field observations and interviews with Chinese human smugglers and heroin traffickers in the past few years, we have come to realize that a generation of non-triad organized criminals has emerged as an active, if not dominant, force in illegal transnational enterprises. The rapid expansion of global commerce, coupled with shrinking totalitarian societies, has created many opportunities for people of all stripes to come into the illicit market place. While the American law enforcement policies and strategies are still influenced by the dated La Cosa Nostra model, this new generation of Chinese organized criminals enjoying unprecedented opportunities in their provision of illicit services and goods. Empirical studies thus far have not been able to link these transnational organized crime groups to any traditional triad societies. We present a conceptual framework here to argue that triad's entrenched culture and patterns of organization, which have served them well for centuries, are incompatible with conditions necessary for entering into present-day transnational criminal activities.
This paper draws attention to the failure by criminologists to adopt Social Network Analysis techniques and concepts in the investigation of criminal networks, particularly in the study of organized crime. It argues that such techniques offer significant potential advantages to criminologists seeking to analyse relational data, whilst nonetheless recognizing the methodological limitations implicit in certain aspects of such data obtained in serious crime studies. Three differing accounts, published more than 25 years ago, are examined and, it is suggested, collectively represent a conceptual model offering an explanation as to how extensive criminal networks operate successfully. This model, if employed together with social network analysis techniques, promises significant progress towards the understanding of serious crime networks in the United Kingdom.
A consistent trade-off facing participants in any criminal network is that between organizing for efficiency or security - participants collectively pursue an objective while keeping the action leading to that goal concealed. Which side of the trade-off is prioritized depends on the objective that is pursued by the criminal group. The distinction is most salient when comparing terrorist with criminal enterprise networks. Terrorist networks are ideologically driven, while criminal enterprises pursue monetary ends. Time-to-task is more of a priority in the criminal enterprise and group efficiency is therefore prioritized over group security. Terrorist networks, in contrast, have longer horizons and security is prioritized over the execution of any single attack. Using Krebs' exploratory research on networks of terrorist cells and electronic surveillance transcripts of a drug importation network, a series of analyses demonstrate how these opposing trade-offs are illustrated in criminal group structures.
El concepto de migración abarca una serie de fadores sobre lugar de origen y de destino, obstaculos intervinientes y caracteristicas
personales.
Este simple marco de trabajo es empleado con el fin de formular una serie de hipótesis acerca del volumen de la migración
bajo diversas condiciones, el desarrollo de corrientes y contracorrientes migratorias y las caracteristicas de los migrantes.
Siempre que ha sido posible, las hipótesis se presentan en forma tal que puedan comprobarse con datos anexos. Para otras hipótesis
los datos no son disponibles actualmente; otras pueden requerir reestructuración en términos de datos disponibles.
Las variaciones en el volumen de migración están relacionadas con la diversidad de las regiones y la población que la habita,
con el grado de dificultad de los obstáculos intervinientes y con las fiuctuaciones de la economía.
La relación entre corrientes y contracorrientes migratorias es analizada en base a la similaridad o discimilaridad de origen
y destino, al tipo de obstáculos intervinientes y a las condiciones economicas. La migración es considerada selectiva y el
grado de selectividad depende de un número de factores los cuales a menudo dan como resultado una selección bimodal.
Alternative NamesVietnamese-Australians, Indochinese, boat people, Cong Dong Nguoi Viet (“Vietnamese community”).LocationVietnamese-Australians live in Australia, a large island continent. The physical contrast between Vietnam and Australia is remarked upon by many Vietnamese in their migration stories. Whereas Vietnam is remembered as an interlinked sensual and social world, Australia is often viewed as a harsh, spacious, empty, dry continent.Australia is located in a regional Asian context, but this location has always been culturally and politically problematic, as it historically attempted to define itself as a “white” European nation in the Southern Hemisphere (Ang, 2000 p. xiii; McNamara & Coughlan, 1997 p. 1). During the Gold Rush period in the late 1800s, when there was widespread opposition to Chinese labor, Australia implemented a “White Australia” policy, although there were historically a significant number of Australians of Asian background. This e ...
Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised
version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’
network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the
relationships binding network actors.
This paper explores the opportunities for the application of network analytic techniques to the problems of criminal intelligence analysis, paying particular attention to the identification of vulnerabilities in different types of criminal organization — from terrorist groups to narcotics supply networks.A variety of concepts from the network analysis literature are considered in terms of the promise they hold for helping law enforcement agencies extract useful information from existing collections of link data. For example, six different notions of “centrality” and the three major notions of “equivalence” are examined for their relevance in revealing the mechanics and vulnerabilities of criminal enterprises.
Hackeři z Česka prolomili vízový system pro Vietnamce. Vydělali 750 milionů. Seznam Zprávy
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Not Yet a Workers' Paradise: Vietnam's Suppression of the Independent Workers' Movement
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Vietnamese workers in the Czech Republic and Republic of China (Taiwan)-A Comparative Case Study of Vietnamese Labor Migration to the Czech Republic and Republic of China. A Conference Paper for the World History Association Symposium in Hanoi
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Policie stíhá osm lidí ruského a vietnamského původu za ovlivňování povolení k pobytu v Česku [The Police Are Prosecuting Eight People of Russian and Vietnamese Origin on Charges of Influencing the Issuing of
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Vietnamese Migrant Workers on the Move: Case Study of Vietnamese Migrant Workers in Taiwan
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