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Discourses on body positivity: a fluid body image concept based on the case study of Jenna Kutcher instagram account
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to understand the concept of body positivity and changes in body image ideals. Authors analyzed how Jenna Kutcher, an Instagram influencer, was able to carry on the ideal of body positivity. Body positivity is a concept that shows support and appreciation towards all body types without discrimination on size or aesthetical appearance. This research focused mainly on the topic on changes in body image ideals, and the discourses related to them, that emerged in Jenna’s posts and in her comments. The research was built on the literature review on body image and explored the importance of self-acceptance and self-satisfaction when considering the sense of attractiveness in individuals. Comments and posts were collected, coded an analyzed in accordance with a qualitative method of analysis. The research discussed how Jenna Kutcher was able to partially positively influence her audience through the use of the narratives in her pictures and the development of discourses around the body.
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This article explores visual discourses about over-40 and over-50 femininities that emerge from women’s own Instagram accounts. It analyses women’s visual and textual rhetoric of what over-40 and over-50 looks like, and whether it could interrupt the ageist, sexist, and body-normative discourses of female ageing and visibility. Intertextual visual discourse analysis of images, captions, and hashtags reveals two dominant themes (fitness and fashion) and two repeating rhetorical elements (motherhood and self-sufficiency) through which women make themselves visible as over-40/50. A few explicitly subversive discourses (i.e., over-40 fatshion account) exist, but a discourse of a healthy, fit, fashionable, independent, self-sufficient, and happy mother over-40/50 is prevalent. It easily lends itself to being interpreted as an insidious reproduction of post-feminist ideology, but I argue that there are moments of critique and subversion within. Thus, a reparative reading that acknowledges moments of disconnect from the discourse that normalizes ageing women’s limited or non-existent visibility is offered.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how total amount of television and magazine exposure and heterosocial involvement (i.e., mixed-sex interactions) relate to the endorsement of dysfunctional appearance beliefs. We anticipated a double dose effect in that exposure to media would be related to more dysfunctional appearance beliefs among those who are frequently involved in mixed-sex interactions. A total of 1976 early adolescent boys and girls (Mage = 11.77; SD = 1.04) participated in a cross-sectional study. Results indicated that the internalization of appearance ideals and appearance expectations of opposite-sex peers mediated the association between amount of television and magazine exposure and the endorsement of dysfunctional appearance beliefs. Heterosocial involvement did not, however, strengthen the influence of media exposure on early adolescents’ body image.
Through social media and camera phones, users enact selective self-presentation as they choose, edit, and post photographs of themselves (such as selfies) to social networking sites for an imagined audience. Photos typically focus on users' physical appearance, which may compound existing sociocultural pressures about body image. We identified users of social networking sites among a nationally representative U.S. sample (N = 1,686) and examined women's and men's photo-related behavior, including posting photos, editing photos, and feelings after engaging in upward and downward social comparison with others' photos on social networking sites. We identified some sex differences: women edited photos more frequently and felt worse after upward social comparison than men. Body image and body comparison tendency mediated these effects.
In this paper we consider the impact of digitally altered images on individuals' body satisfaction and beauty aspirations. Drawing on current psychological literature we consider interventions designed to increase knowledge about the ubiquity and unreality of digital images and, in the form of labelling, provide information to the consumer. Such interventions are intended to address the negative consequences of unrealistic beauty ideals. However, contrary to expectations, such initiatives may not be effective, especially in the long-term, and may even be counter-productive. We seek to understand this phenomenon of our continued aspiration for beauty ideals we know to be unreal and even impossible. We draw on our respective disciplines to offer psychological and philosophical accounts for why this might be. We conclude that beauty ideals are deeply embedded in our aspirations, practices, and in our constructions of ourselves. Given this, it is not surprising that simply increasing knowledge, or providing information, will be insufficient to challenge them.
This article offers objectification theory as a framework for understanding the experiential consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body. Objectification theory posits that girls and women are typically acculturated to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves. This perspective on self can lead to habitual body monitoring, which, in turn, can increase women's opportunities for shame and anxiety, reduce opportunities for peak motivational states, and diminish awareness of internal bodily states. Accumulations of such experiences may help account for an array of mental health risks that disproportionately affect women: unipolar depression, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders. Objectification theory also illuminates why changes in these mental health risks appear to occur in step with life-course changes in the female body.
research technique for providing consumer insight. “Netnography ” is ethnography adapted to the study of online communities. As a method, “netnography ” is faster, simpler, and less expensive than traditional ethnography, and more naturalistic and unobtrusive than focus groups or interviews. It provides information on the symbolism, meanings, and consumption patterns of online consumer groups. The author provides guidelines that acknowledge the online environment, respect the inherent flexibility and openness of ethnography, and provide rigor and ethics in the conduct of marketing research. As an illustrative example, the author provides a netnography of an online coffee newsgroup and discusses its marketing implications.
According to a recent survey of 3,300 girls and women across 10 countries, 90 per cent of all women aged 15 to 64 worldwide want to change at least one aspect of their physical appearance, with body weight ranking the highest (Etcoff, Orbach, Scott, & D’Agostino, 2004). This finding suggests that women’s anxiety about their appearance is a global phenomenon, observed in every country studied from Saudi Arabia to the United States. Beyond body dissatisfaction, a stunning 67 per cent of all women aged 15 to 64 worldwide reported that they actually withdraw from life-engaging, life-sustaining activities due to feeling badly about their looks. These activities include giving an opinion, meeting friends, exercising, going to work, going to school, dating, and going to the doctor.
This study integrated social comparison theory and self-esteem into the objectification theory framework to broaden our understanding
of sexual objectification as it relates to body shame and disordered eating. Women (N = 274) from a Midwestern U.S. college completed measures of sexual objectification via appearance feedback, body surveillance,
body shame, body comparison, self-esteem, and disordered eating. Structural equation modeling indicated that this expanded
model fit the data. Appearance feedback predicted body surveillance, body comparison, self-esteem and—unexpectedly—disordered
eating. Body surveillance, body comparison, and self-esteem predicted body shame. Furthermore, hierarchical moderated regression
revealed that body comparison moderated the body surveillance—disordered eating link; women who frequently monitored their
body and compared it to others’ bodies reported the highest disordered eating.
KeywordsObjectification theory-Appearance feedback-Body surveillance-Body shame-Body comparison-Self-esteem-Eating disorder symptomatology
Humans are social animals and are constantly interacting with each other through conversation, written communication, symbols and other expressions . Discourse: The Basics is an accessible and engaging introduction to the analysis of those interactions and the many forms and meanings they can take. The book draws on a range of international case studies and examples from literature, political speech, advertising and newspaper articles to address key questions such as:
What is discourse?
Why are there different approaches to understanding discourse?
How are individual interactions connected with the larger discourses that frame our ways of thinking and behaving?
How can discourse be analysed and researched?
Discourse: The Basics includes subject summaries, a glossary of key terms and suggestions for further reading. It will be of particular relevance to students of language and the social sciences but also useful to all students who are interested in how meanings are made.
REVIEWS:
"Discourse: The Basics is an accessible and authoritative exploration of what 'discourse' is and how 'discourse' works that draws on a range of illustrative case studies to enrich understanding for students and teachers. A must read for undergraduates and of relevance to researchers and a wider readership."
Mark Vicars, Victoria University, Australia
"A concise and engaging introduction to discourse analysis, providing a fascinating overview of approaches to conceptualising and investigating language. The account assumes no prior knowledge and is easy to navigate, making this a valuable resource for students across disciplines at undergraduate or postgraduate level. Key concepts are fully explained and richly illustrated drawing on examples from everyday experience that give a deceptively light touch to complex material. Crystal clear writing makes this a very satisfying and enjoyable read."
Georgina Glenny, Oxford Brookes University, UK
With the growing popularity of Facebook for social interaction and information exchange, researchers are starting to examine its “dark side” notably Facebook addiction. Previous research finds low self-esteem is a key risk factor of maladaptive Facebook use. Building on this finding, in two related studies we examined whether contingencies of self-worth on social acceptance can help explain Facebook addiction. Study 1 involved 337 participants taking an online survey. Results indicated that contingent self-worth (CSW) in the domain of others’ approval was positively linked with Facebook addiction and excessive usage time. These results were unique to CSW over and above global self-esteem and the big-5 personality traits. Study 2 employed a daily diary methodology in which 80 participants provided daily reports on their self-esteem and Facebook experience for 21 consecutive days. Multilevel modeling indicated that daily fluctuations in social acceptance CSW positively predicted day-to-day changes in Facebook addiction. Again, this finding was unique to CSW over and above daily changes in global self-esteem. Together, the results of these two studies provide initial support for the key role of CSW in the emergence and sustainment of Facebook addiction. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of the two studies’ findings.
This study advances a model for Critical Discourse Analysis which draws on Evolutionary Psychology and Cognitive Linguistics, applied in a critical analysis of immigration discourse. It will be of special interest to students and researchers with which to explore new perspectives in CDA.
Social cognitive theory suggests that stereotypes of attractiveness from mainstream media may function as models for online profile pictures. The present study explores the relationship between media consumption, internalization, and body-ism, clothing, and gaze through a content analysis of the Facebook profile pictures of 288 students, and a survey to assess their media consumption and internalization. The relationship between magazine exposure and pictures was mediated by internalization: magazine readers who internalized media ideals were more likely to select pictures showing their body in revealing clothing. Television viewing had a direct effect on picture selection, but was not mediated by internalization. The rising popularity of social media has given young adults an additional platform with which to share their lives with friends and acquaintances. Recently, growing concerns have been voiced about the types of pictures young people post to social network sites (SNS). News stories point to Facebook beauty pages, where teens post photos of themselves to be judged on attractiveness (ABC News, 2012) and note a trend where users share sexy pictures on their social media profiles (Kornblum, 2006). Although studies have analyzed the content of profile pictures (Hall, West, & McIntyre, 2012; Siibak, 2010), little research has examined what factors besides personality traits influence the selection of pictures users post online. Posting revealing pictures can have negative personal consequences such as heightened self-objectification (Fox, Bailenson, & Tricase, 2013) and online bully victimization (Roberts, 2013). Therefore, it is important to explore all possible factors that drive the selection of profile pictures on SNS. Sanja Kapidzic (M.A., Indiana University Bloomington) is a doctoral candidate in Communication Studies at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich, Germany. Her research interests include online communication and self-presentation.
Codage systématique dans la recherche qualitative. Dans le cadre de "Grounded Theory" et la recherche qualitative, l'auteur utilise une étude de technologie médicale et de travail médicale pour examiner la soi-disant procédure "évidente" de coder des observations sur le terrain, et pour montrer en termes concrets comment élaborer différentes catégories de codages ou de variables. Il considère le codage ouvert, codage axial. codage sélectif, et le codage pour relations structurelles ou interactives. Il termine avec des règles de conduites pour le codage.
This study examined individual difference and social factors in moderating the effects of media images on women's body satisfaction. Participants heard a conversation wherein 2 people either were judgmental about a mutual friend's weight gain or discussed their friend's recent move. Participants then viewed slides which were either neutral or depicted “ideal” images of women. Results underscored the importance of individual differences. When exposed to ideal images, thinner women more positively evaluated their sexual attractiveness, while heavier women reported more negative self-evaluations. Compared to low self-monitors, high self-monitors who were exposed to ideal images were more positive about their physical condition. The findings demonstrate that media images do not similarly affect all women's body esteem.
Body-image disturbance and eating disorders are a significant physical and mental health problem in Western countries. We describe emerging work on one newly identified variable that appears to be a potent risk factor for the development of these problems internalization of societal standards of attractiveness. Work conducted independently in our labs over the past decade has included scale development, correlational studies, prospective risk-factor studies, randomized experiments, and randomized prevention trials. Findings collectively suggest that internalization is a causal risk factor for body-image and eating disturbances, and that it appears to operate in conjunction with other established risk factors for these outcomes, including dieting and negative affect. Future research is needed to examine the specific familial, peer, and media influences that promote internalization and to replicate and extend our prospective and experimental studies.
Body dissatisfaction, a measure of body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass index were assessed in the same 115 participants at ages 13, 15, and 18 years. Sex differences in body dissatisfaction emerged between 13 and 15 years of age and were maintained at 18. Over adolescence, girls increased, while boys decreased, their body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction was weakly related to others' ratings of the adolescents' physical attractiveness and their body mass index. The results support the idea that, overall, adolescents' body image has little to do with how others perceive them, but once developed remains constant through much of adolescence.
What is netnography?
- R S P Kozinets
- Ltd
Contingencies of self-worth
- C T Wolfe
- J Croker
Fresh lipstick: Redressing fashion and feminism
- L M Scott
Discourse and social change
- N Fairclough
Womenʼs body image throughout the adult life
- M S Lee