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222-GBaud on-off keying transmitter using ultra-high-speed 2:1-selector and plasmonic modulator on silicon photonics
... Such unique features make this integration approach most attractive. At the ECOC 2019 in Dublin, both the 2D and monolithic integration of plasmonic transmitters were shown for the first time [56,57]. The two concepts are discussed in more details in section III.A. Plasmonic flip-chip assemblies have not been explored so far, but might be very interesting as it allows for a flexible integration with standardized components. ...
... The 2D integrated plasmonic transmitter [39,57], see Fig. 3(a), demonstrated a flexible and scalable way to integrate plasmonic PICs with EICs. In this demonstration, a 0.7 µm indium phosphide double-heterojunction bipolar transistor technology with fT/fmax ~ 400 GHz was used to build a > 110 GHz 2:1 multiplexing selector [65,66]. ...
This work summarizes the recent progress towards a Terabaud electronic-plasmonic circuit integration platform. The conventional (2D), flip-chip and monolithic electronic-photonic integrated circuit (EPIC) platform are compared side-by-side. The novel plasmonic-electronic approach is introduced and discussed with respect to advantages and challenges of the predominant photonic electronic integration technologies. A recent 222 GBd OOK plasmonic 2D integration and latest result on a 185 GBd OOK monolithic plasmonic EPIC are discussed in more detail. Recent advancements in the fields of plasmonic modulators and detectors are reviewed. In light of progress with components and integration, a path towards Terabaud-class transceivers is described.
... Commercial systems operate at symbol rates in the 25-150-GBaud range, leading to typical WDM channel bandwidths B ch between 50 and 200 GHz. In research experiments, symbol rates of ∼200 GBaud have been demonstrated [78], [79]. Interestingly, symbol rates in research experiments have not shown any notable progress much beyond the 200-GBaud mark since 2016 and seem to have saturated around that level, as the associated electronics with electrical bandwidths beyond 100 GHz are exceedingly difficult to build. ...
In order to overcome the capacity limitations of current lightwave systems based on the single-mode optical fiber, massively parallel transmission in the spatial domain [space-division multiplexing (SDM)] supported by extended parallelism in the frequency domain (ultrawideband (UWB) systems) must be used. This article reviews key aspects of parallel transmission systems as the only significant capacity scaling option going forward and discusses the various tradeoffs on an architectural level and a hardware integration level. In doing so, this article also serves as an introduction to the more detailed accounts of fiber-optic systems and their future scaling within this Special Issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE.
... In this work, we demonstrate a low-complexity 222 Gb/s OOK per wavelength transmitter and test its performance in a short-reach (up to 120 m) direct-detection link. This work is an extension of the post-deadline paper presented at ECOC 2019 in Dublin [26]. Enabled by the combination of a >100 GHz-bandwidth plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) Mach-Zehnder modulator on silicon photonics and an InP DHBT 2:1 selector, the transmitter generates an OOK signal at a record symbol rate of 222 GBd over 120 m standard single mode fiber in an intra-data center infrastructure scenario. ...
We demonstrate a 222 GBd on-off-keying transmitter in a short-reach intra-datacenter scenario with direct detection after 120 m of standard single mode fiber. The system operates at net-data rates of >200 Gb/s OOK for transmission distances of a few meters, and >177 Gb/s over 120 m, limited by chromatic dispersion in the standard single mode fiber. The high symbol rate transmitter is enabled by a combination of a high-bandwidth plasmonic-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulator on the silicon photonic platform that is ribbon-bonded to an InP DHBT 2:1 digital multiplexing selector. Requiring no driving RF amplifiers, the selector directly drives the modulator with a differential output voltage of 622 mVpp measured across a 50 Ω resistor. The transmitter assembly occupies a footprint of less than 1.5 mm x 2.1 mm.
... A few of them operate on PAM-4 modulation and different options for DSP-based receiver equalization, such as Volterra and maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) [7][8][9] and DSP-based pre-distortion, such as Tomlinson Harashima precoding and the kramers-kronig receiver [10,11]. Works with an on-off keying (OOK) modulation format have also been presented in the literature [12]. Recently, further signal processing technologies for this application range have been proposed, such as DSP-implemented neural networks [13,14] or silicon photonic-based opto-electronic reservoir computers with analog electronic processing [15]. ...
In this paper, a machine learning-based tunable optical-digital signal processor is demonstrated for a short-reach optical communication system. The effect of fiber chromatic dispersion after square-law detection is mitigated using a hybrid structure, which shares the complexity between the optical and the digital domain. The optical part mitigates the chromatic dispersion by slicing the signal into small sub-bands and delaying them accordingly, before regrouping the signal again. The optimal delay is calculated in each scenario to minimize the bit error rate. The digital part is a nonlinear equalizer based on a neural network. The results are analyzed in terms of signal-to-noise penalty at the KP4 forward error correction threshold. The penalty is calculated with respect to a back-to-back transmission without equalization. Considering 32 GBd transmission and 0 dB penalty, the proposed hybrid solution shows chromatic dispersion mitigation up to 200 ps/nm (12 km of equivalent standard single-mode fiber length) for stage 1 of the hybrid module and roughly double for the second stage. A simplified version of the optical module is demonstrated with an approximated 1.5 dB penalty compared to the complete two-stage hybrid module. Chromatic dispersion tolerance for a fixed optical structure and a simpler configuration of the nonlinear equalizer is also investigated.
According to different transmission distances, application scenarios of a data center mainly include intra- and inter-data center optical interconnects. The intra-data center optical interconnect is considered as a few kilometers optical interconnect between servers and racks inside a data center, which accounts for nearly 80% of data traffic of a data center. The other one, inter-data center optical interconnect, is mainly applied in tens of kilometers data transmission among different data centers. Since data exchange in data centers generally occurs between many servers and racks, and a lot of transmitter and receiver components are required, optical interconnects become highly sensitive to component costs. In this paper, we firstly review the development and applications of mainstream transmitter components (e.g., VCSEL, DML, EML, MZM, and monolithic integrated transmitter) and receiver components (e.g., single-end photodetector, Kramers–Kronig receiver, Stokes vector receiver, and monolithic integrated receiver), which have been widely applied in short-reach transmission systems. Then, two types of integrated solutions including simplified detection scheme and transceiver integration scheme are presented in detail. Finally, we summarize and discuss the technological and component options for different transmission distances. We believe that monolithic integrated components, especially transceiver integration, will become a powerful solution for next-generation high-speed short-reach transmission systems.
We review experimental intensity modulation and direct detection demonstrations for short reach optical communications. We also evaluate 8-level PAM and DMT transmitter to deliver 300 Gbps line rate and beyond per single lane in C-band. © 2020 The Author(s)
We experimentally demonstrate the transmission of a net rate of 250 Gb/s/lambda using PAM-6 and PAM-8 IMDD over 1-km single-mode fiber using commercially available components. A power sensitivity of-6dBm (-5dBm) is achievable for PAM-6 (PAM-8).
We recently reported for the first time 200 Gbit/s/
$\lambda$
net rate data transmission with a single silicon photonic modula- tor in an intensity modulation direct detection link. Our demon- stration relied on an in-house designed, O-band segmented- electrode MZM. In this paper, we detail the optimization of the modulator driving scheme, bandwidth/efficiency trade-off and modulation format enabling this result. We use two single-ended RF signals, each having 2.3-Vpp amplitude only, to drive two 1.5- mm modulator segments and transmit data at 80 Gbaud PAM-8 (240 Gbit/s) across 2 km under the 20% soft-decision forward error correction BER threshold of 2E-02. We further decrease the BER using maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD), and discuss the related implications. Additionally, we present the system margins regarding modulator drive voltage, received optical power and equalizer taps. At 240 Gbit/s line rate, the modulator energy consumption is only 73 fJ/bit at the SD-FEC threshold. We finally discuss practical implementation considerations for our system.
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