Physical activity and quality of life in adolescents and orphans

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical activity and the quality of life in secondary school pupils and in orphans. The second aim was to determine differences in physical activity habits among groups.
91 participants (age 15.4±1.2) divided in two subsamples: secondary school pupils (n=75) and orphans from Split region (n=16). The variable sample consisted of nine variables out of which four variables that questioned the quality of life by means of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire and five of them questioned subjective assessment of weekly physical activities by means of The International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Differences between groups were tested by Mann-Whitney U test. Correlation among the quality of life self-assessment variable and weekly physical activity habits in total sample and for both groups separately, were established by Spearman coefficient rank.
Differences between groups were found in the variable of light physical activity intensity level (U=376.5; Z=-2,3; p=0.02). Although housekeeping activity in orphan’s institution is performed by employees, orphans participate more than peers. Intensive physical activity among orphans significantly correlates with social aspect (ρ=0.58) and surroundings aspect of the quality of life (ρ=0.62).
Orphans share similar amount of physical activities with other pupils but sport has particular meaning for them. The more sports they do, the more satisfied regarding the social domain of quality of life they feel.

Full text

EQOL Journal (2020) 12(1): 29-35
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
29
Physical activity and quality of life in adolescents and orphans
Lucija Maglica 1 • Hrvoje Karninčić 1 • Ana Penjak 1 • Gordan Drašinac 1✉
Received: 27th June, 2019 DOI: 10.31382/eqol.200604
Accepted: 22nd December, 2019
© The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the
relationship between physical activity and the
quality of life in secondary school pupils and in
orphans. The second aim was to determine
differences in physical activity habits among
groups.
91 participants (age 15.4±1.2) divided in two
subsamples: secondary school pupils (n=75) and
orphans from Split region (n=16). The variable
sample consisted of nine variables out of which four
variables that questioned the quality of life by means
of the World Health Organization Quality of Life
questionnaire and five of them questioned subjective
assessment of weekly physical activities by means
of The International Physical Activity
Questionnaire. Differences between groups were
tested by Mann-Whitney U test. Correlation among
the quality of life self-assessment variable and
weekly physical activity habits in total sample and
for both groups separately, were established by
Spearman coefficient rank.
Differences between groups were found in the
variable of light physical activity intensity level
(U=376.5; Z=-2,3; p=0.02). Although housekeeping
activity in orphan’s institution is performed by
employees, orphans participate more than peers.
Intensive physical activity among orphans
significantly correlates with social aspect (ρ=0.58)
and surroundings aspect of the quality of life
(ρ=0.62).
Orphans share similar amount of physical
activities with other pupils but sport has particular
meaning for them. The more sports they do, the
more satisfied regarding the social domain of
quality of life they feel.
Keywords orphans • sport • socialization.
Introduction
The term orphans refers to children without
adequate parental care because of a death case of
one or both parents or because of the abandonment
(He & Ji, 2007). There are not many of studies in
Croatia which address the issue. Orphans represent
particularly vulnerable group of young people on
whose lifestyle any bigger problem can leave
major trace and cause bigger damage than on the
group of children with parental care. The studies
of quality of life in children without adequate
parental care are mainly related to additional life
problems. For instance, HIV positive orphans tend
to suffer more from depression than children with
parental care; they tend to have low self-esteem
and poor quality of life (He & Ji, 2007). The
quality of life in orphaned children depends on teh
number of enviromental factors. Poor countries are
reporting major financial problems to combat this
problem, especially when it comes to countries
that are undergoing or have gone through armed
conflicts, so the number of orpnhants is much
higher (Chitiyo, Changara, & Chitiyo, 2008; Watts
et al., 2007). Areas affected by natural disasters
(such as earthquakes) also have an increased
number of orphans, as well as reduced quality of
life caused by disaster itself (Kuntz, 2009).
✉
drasinac@oss.unist.hr
1
University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Split,
Croatia

EQOL Journal (2020) 12(1): 29-35
30
According to World Health Organization, the
quality of life stands as an individual perception of
own position within a society he/she lives in and its
correlation with his/her own goals, expectations,
standards and worries (WHO, 1998). Among
numerous studies that have defined quality of life, the
one given by Felce and Perry (1993) defines it as an
overall state of well-being that includes objective
factors and subjective determination of physical,
material, social and emotional well-being taking into
consideration, at the same time, personal
development and meaningful activity all judged from
an individual point of view (Felce & Perry, 1993).
Low quality of life can be traced among general
population of less physically active children, obese
children and among those who consume alcohol
(Gordija, 2008).
However, the situation with sport and weak groups
such as orphans is a little bit more complex. Elling,
De Knop, and Knoppers (2001) emphasize that sport
can contribute to an increase of socialization among
weak groups but it can, at the same time, expose them
to various forms of violence. Namely, the more the
person is physically active, the more her/his quality
of life is and vice-versa (Omorou, Langlois, Lecomte,
Briancon, & Vuillemin, 2016). Sport has positive
impact on the quality of life of children without
proper parental care (Kuntz, 2009; Nashwa, & Nagla,
2011).
Nevertheless, sport should have positive influence
on orphans quality of life. Apart from the fact that
sport has positive influence on an individual’s
physical state, it also builds self-esteem (Slutzky &
Simpkins, 2009), self-perception and self-efficiency
(Pastor, Balaguer, Pons, & Garcia-Merita, 2003).
Sport and play have long been the tools that provide
psychosocial assistance to children and young people
who suffer from various problems (Henley, &
Schweizer, 2007; Kunz, 2009). Being a member of
sports collective, an individual develops a feeling of
belonging to a group, so we often hear how sports
community becomes their second family. This tends
to be of importance primarily because of the fact that
orphans lack family. The question that arises whether
orphans perceive the benefits of exercising in the
same way as other groups. The aim of this study is to
establish weekly physical activity habits among
adolescent children in secondary schools and in
orphans and to determine the correlation between the
quality of life and physical activity. Based on this
research, better picture of the perception of sport in
children without proper parental care should be
obtained. This study should further emphasize the
importance of sport whose impact is mainly observed
through physical health of the trainer. The impact of
sport on psychosocial status is equally important. For
sport professional and coaches who work with such
groups, this information can be of great importance to
on them properly and to be as efficient as possible in
working with them.
Method
The study included 91 participants (age 15,4±1,2)
among which 27 men (29,7%) and 64 women
(70,0%). The sample was divided in two subsamples:
secondary school students (n=75, male 17 and female
58), and orphans from Split region (n=16, male 10
and female 6). All participants took part in the study
voluntarily while the study was approved by both
educational institutions.
The variable sample, consisting of 9 variables,
was divided in two logical sets. The first set consisted
of four domains that were measured by shorter
version of the international World Health
Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)
questionnaire: life quality self-assessment–physical
aspect, psychological aspect, social aspect and
surrounding factors. The following five variables
were a part of The International Physical Activity
Questionnaire (IPAQ): weekly physical activities
self-assessment–intensive physical activities,
moderate physical activities, light physical activities,
overall, of intensive, moderate and light physical
activities and sedentary habits self-assessment.
Descriptive statistical parameters (mean, standard
deviation and mode) have been calculated for all
variables. Differences between groups were tested by
Mann-Whitney U Test. Correlation among the quality
of life self-assessment variable and weekly physical
activity habits on total sample and for both groups
separately were established by Spearman coefficient
rank.
All participants and their teachers have been
informed about the aim of the study and were given
the headmistress's approval. The questionnaire was
anonymous and subjected to free will. All participants
were given 10 minutes to fill in both questionnaires.
All necessary clarifications were given when needed.
Age and gender data were also collected. The study
was based on two international questionnaires in their
shorter versions.

EQOL Journal (2020) 12(1): 29-35
31
Both shorter and longer versions of the
international questionnaire World Health
Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) are
valid and reliable whether for the adult or adolescent
population (Whoqol Group, 1998; Skevington, Lotfy,
& O'Connell, 2004; Varni et al., 2019; Yang, Kuo, Su,
Wang, & Lin, 2006). The reliability parameters of the
questionnaire were checked and for the sample of
high school students are: Cronbach alpha 0,79 and
Average Inter-Item Correlation: 0,14 but for orphans
are: Cronbach alpha 0,82 and Average Inter-Item
Correlation: 0,17. The questionnaire that consisting
of 24 variables measures four quality of life domains:
physical health, psychological health, social
relationships and surrounding factors. Question
number 21 has been elicited from the questionnaire
because it refers to sexual habits of the respondent the
average age of the study participant was 15,4.
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire
(IPAQ) is a valid and reliable tool in measuring
physical activities (Craig et al., 2003; Hagstromer,
Oja, & Sjostrom, 2006). The reliability parameters of
the questionnaire were checked and for the sample of
high school students are: Cronbach alpha 0,69 and
Average Inter-Item Correlation: 0,14 but for orphans
are: Cronbach alpha 0,70 and Average Inter-Item
Correlation: 0,47. The reliability parameters of this
questionnaire are low but still acceptable (Taber,
2018; Gliem & Gliem, 2003). For the purpose of this
study, the shorter version of the IPAQ questionnaire
was used that, nevertheless, fulfilled all needed metric
characteristics for both age groups (Papathanasiou et
al., 2009; Hagstromer et al., 2008). Three types of
activities were measured by the questionnaire
(intensive, moderate and light physical activities)
together with the overall physical activities and
sedentary habits. The results have been shown in
minutes/week for every domain and for overall
domains.
Results
In Table 1 can be noticed that there is a statistical
difference between groups in terms of weekly
physical activities only in the variable 'light physical
activities' (U=376.5; Z=-2.3; p= 0.02).
Table 1. Descriptive statistical parameters (mean, mode and frequency of mode) for all variables referring to physical activities and
the quality of life together with differences between groups (Mann-Whitney U Test) in all the analyzed variables.
Quality
All groups
Secondary school
Maestral
Median
Mode
f mode
Median
Mode
f mode
Median
Mode
f mode
Physical
112.0
116.0
13.0
112.0
116.0
12.0
112.0
116.0
3.0
Psychological
92.0
88.0
12.0
92.0
88.0
12.0
92.0
88.0
3.0
Social
36.0
36.0
28.0
36.0
36.0
25.0
36.0
36.0
6.0
Surrounding
124.0
116.0
10.0
128.0
116.0
10.0
124.0
116.0
3.0
Physical activity
Intesive
0.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
41.0
0.0
0.0
9.0
Moderate
34.3
0.0
31.0
42.9
0.0
23.0
0.0
13.3
8.0
Light
13.2
69.3
18.0
13.2*
0.0*
15.0
69.3*
46.2*
6.0*
Total
92.4
69.3
6.0
89.9
69.3
4.0
Multiple
121.2
2.0
Sitting
300.0
0.0
33.0
240.0
0.0
30.0
Multiple
360.0
3.0
*statistically significant difference among groups(p<0.05)

EQOL Journal (2020) 12(1): 29-35
32
Table 2. Correlation among weekly physical activities and the quality of life (Spearman coefficient rank) in secondary school
children and orphans
Quality of life
Group
Physical activities
Sitting
Intensive
Moderate
Light
Total
Physical aspect
All groups
(n=90)
-0.04
-0.10
-0.19
-0.12
-0.12
Psychological aspect
0.27*
0.21*
-0.02
0.25*
-0.17
Social aspect
0.24*
0.15
-0.11
0.17
-0.18
Surrounding factors
0.23*
0.34*
-0.03
0.32*
-0.26*
Physical aspect
Secondary
school
(n=75)
-0.09
-0.08
-0.27*
-0.14
-0.04
Psychological aspect
0.29*
0.17
-0.09
0.24*
-0.24*
Social aspect
0.13
0.09
-0.17
0.10
-0.26*
Surrounding factors
0.16
0.29*
-0.05
0.28*
-0.39*
Physical aspect
Maestral
(n=16)
0.10
-0.17
-0.03
-0.06
-0.58*
Psychological aspect
0.23
0.32
0.23
0.25
0.09
Social aspect
0.64*
0.46
0.05
0.58*
0.12
Surrounding factors
0.52*
0.55*
0.24
0.62*
0.34
*statistically significant correlation (p<0.05)
From Table 2 it is evident that there is a significant
correlation between intensive physical activity and
psychological, social and surrounding factors that
influence the quality of life. The correlation in
secondary school children has been spotted only in
correlation to psychological aspect, while in orphans
it highly correlates with social and surrounding
factors.
Moderate physical activity correlates
psychological and surrounding factors of the quality
of life. Surrounding factors that influence the quality
of life of the secondary school children correlate only
with moderate physical activity. The same situation
can be noticed in orphans with only one slight
difference–correlation coefficient is much higher
(secondary school children r=29, orphans r=55).
Light physical activity does not correlate with a
subjective assessment of one's own quality of life
apart in secondary school children where it correlates
with physical aspect of the quality of life (r=-27).
Total physical activity correlates with psychological
and surrounding aspect of the quality of life in the
total sample and in secondary school children; in
orphans it highly correlates with social aspect
(r=0.58) and with surrounding aspect of the quality of
life (r=0.62).
Discussion
It is very interesting to notice how orphans perceive
their quality of life in the same way as secondary
school children who have been raised in normal
family surroundings emphasizing no significant
difference in any of the variables. The same situation
can also be found when referring to the amount of
physical activities. The only significant difference
can be traced in light physical activities between
groups (U=376.5; Z=-2.3; p= 0.02) in such a way that
orphans have more amount of weekly light physical
activities. These activities are mainly related to
housekeeping activities such as cleaning. In the
sample of orphans there are 37,5 % female, so it’s
strange that they have more light activities because
they have professional staff (cleaning ladies …) in
their children’s home taking care of everyday chores.
Although the sample of school children is mostly
female, they do less housework and according to
research do less sport (Dufur & Linford 2010). Male
have been reported in most countries to dominate in
various forms of exercise (Van Tuyckom, Scheerder
& Bracke, 2010). Female dominate only in certain
sports (figure skating synchronized swimming …)
and as far as the age is concerned only in the older
adult category (<55), the percentage of women in
sports is equal to men (Van Tuyckom, Scheerder &
Bracke, 2010). It would be interesting to see what
gender differences are involved in sport activities in
orphans sample. Limited sample is one of the major
limitations of this study.
Orphans have many reasons to get involved in
sports. The results referring to intensive physical
activities inform us that none of the children in both
groups is involved in sports (median and mode=0).
Less than half of the children in both groups do sports
which eventually results in their doing sports less than

EQOL Journal (2020) 12(1): 29-35
33
half an hour per week on average. This tends to be
quite misguiding since it includes a small number of
those who exercise regularly and larger number of
those who do not exercise at all. There are too many
children reporting lack of activity in both groups that
fits in with global trends and actions taken in this
direction do not produce the expected results
(Vandermeerschen, Vos & Scheerder, 2016).
The correlation between physical activity and the
quality of life self-assessment offers the best insight
into the issue. One of the most common hypotheses
that connects sports to orphans is the fact that, while
being involved in sports, orphans find their second
family. While in secondary school children can be
seen significant connection between intensive
physical activity and satisfaction with social aspect of
the quality of life. In the total number of participants
can be significant connection but low correlation.
There is a significant statistical correlation between
intensive physical activities and orphans perception
of social quality of life. The correlation between
physical activity and various forms of social variables
has been established in different sample groups
(Ćorić & Ljubotina, 2014; Vuletić & Mujkić, 2002).
This correlation is even more significant if we take
into consideration the fact that the majority of
children in both group samples do not exercise. We
may assume that we would gain more subjective
feelings regarding the quality of life if larger number
of orphans was involved in sports. When orphans
were exposed to the treatment in which they played
social games, their perception of their quality of life
significantly increased (Hanrahan, 2005). Playing
social games just like doing sports significantly
contributes, in general, to orphans quality of life.
Society is the one that should ensure that all children
have all necessary conditions needed for doing and
being involved in sports.
The study proves that satisfaction with
surrounding factors that determine one’s quality of
life, is connected with intensive physical activities. It
comes as no surprise since, in order for a child to be
involved in sports, all surrounding factors like
adequate equipment, gym, transport and other things
are needed. Data also suggest that the sedentary habits
negatively determine the quality of life (Berčić &
Đonlić, 2009; Bungić & Barić, 2009). Physical
activity reduces anxiety and increases confidence in
orphans (Kolayiş, Sarı, Soyer, & Gürhan, 2011).
Orphans quality of life is mostly connected with
intensive physical activities, i.e. the more they get
involved in sports, the higher level of social (r=0.64)
and surrounding aspect (r=0.52) they report.
Conclusion
Orphans have similar amount of physical activities as
other children with parental care. This study showed
low physical activity in both groups but physical
activity has particular significance for orphans. The
more sports they do, the more pleased they are with
their quality of social life. Therefore, we may agree
with the idea that, for children, sport has a role of the
second family. Obtained results suggest that the
surrounding conditions are important and, as such,
connected to physical activities. This means that we
should enable orphans all necessary conditions so that
they can be involved in sports.
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How to cite this article:
APA:
Maglica, L., Karninčić, H., Penjak, A., & Drašinac, G. (2020). Physical
activity and quality of life in adolescents and orphans. Exercise
and Quality of Life, 12(1), 29-35. doi:10.31382/eqol.200604
MLA:
Maglica, Lucija, et al. "Physical activity and quality of life in adolescents
and orphans." Exercise and Quality of Life 12.1 (2020): 29-35.
Chicago:
Maglica, Lucija, Hrvoje Karninčić, Ana Penjak, and Gordan Drašinac.
"Physical activity and quality of life in adolescents and orphans."
Exercise and Quality of Life 12, no. 1 (2020): 29-35.