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UNCORRECTED PROOF
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9Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany
:Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Department of Geography, Physical Geography, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Keywords
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1. Introduction
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
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2. Study site
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
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3. Materials and methods
3.1. Field work and cartography
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G> 9F 9JLAf;A9D HAL L@9L AK J=D9L=< LG ;9F9D ;GFKLJM;LAGF OGJCK HJGfD=K
#0– 9F< F9LMJ9D MF<=J;MLK 9DGF? L@= L@9DO=?K >GJ L@= GL@=J HJG
fD=K 09:D= )9AF 9AE G> L@AK 9HHJG9;@ O9K LG J=;GJ< ;GDDMNA9D <=
HGKALK 9K L@=K= 9J= <AJ=;LDQ DAFC=< LG @ME9F 9;LANALA=K "M;@K 9F<
6^DD=J GLL=JO=A;@ 0@= HJGfD=K O=J= <M? GML GF 9
OA<L@ G> ; –E MKAF? HA;C9P=K 9F< KH9<=K 9F< ;D=9F=< OAL@ KH9LMD9K
9F< @9F< :JMK@=K
0@= E9HHAF? O9K ;GF<M;L=< >GDDGOAF? L@= ?MA<=DAF=K >GJ ?=GEGJ
H@GDG?A;9D E9HHAF? G> (=K=J 9F< /LX:D=AF 9F< L@= !F?DAK@ L=J
EAFGDG?Q >GDDGOK (=K=J 9F< /LX:D=AF 0@= f=D< E9HK O=J=
<A?ALAR=< 9F< ;GEHD=E=FL=< MKAF? <=JAN9L=K >JGE 9 09F !)4 <A?
AL9D =D=N9LAGF EG<=D EHAP=D KAR= a (. <=JAN9L=K 9J=
K@9<=< J=DA=> KDGH= HJGfD= ;MJN9LMJ= 0GHG?J9H@A; %F<=P 9F< #=G
EGJH@GFK K== 'FALL=J =L 9D 9F< J=>=J=F;=K L@=J=AF >J==DQ
9N9AD9:D= @A?@ J=KGDMLAGF K9L=DDAL= AE9?=K EJ=KGDMLAGF A?AL9D
#DG:= %F; 9F< <=;D9KKAf=< +.+* K9L=DDAL= AE9?=K EJ=KG
DMLAGF 9N9AD9:D= L@JGM?@ L@= 1/ #=GDG?A;9D /MJN=Q ?=GJ=>=J=F;=< AE
9?=K >JGE L@= )A<<D= !9KL ;9F := 9;;=KK=< GFDAF=
Table 1
% K G> L@= J=;GJ<=< HJGfD=K 10) ;GGJ<AF9L=K G> L@= HJGfD= DG;9LAGFK 9:KGDML= =D=N9LAGF
9;;GJ<AF? LG L@= 09F !)4 <A?AL9D =D=N9LAGF EG<=D a (. LGL9D L@A;CF=KK G> L@=
<=HGKALK 9F< L@= D9F<>GJE MFAL 9L L@= HJGfD= DG;9LAGF 9KD 9:GN= K=9 D=N=D :?K :=
DGO ?JGMF< KMJ>9;=
,JGfD=
% 10)*
!D=N9LAGF
7E9KD8
0@A;CF=KK
7;E:?K8 (9F<>GJEMFAL
!9KLAF? *GJL@AF?
#0 "GGLKDGH=
#0 "GGLKDGH=
#0 "GGLKDGH=
#0 ,JGPAE9D
HA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0 ,JGPAE9D
HA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0 ,JGPAE9D
HA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0 ,JGPAE9D
HA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0 ,JGPAE9D
HA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0 "GGLKDGH=
#0 "GGLKDGH=
#0 "GGLKDGH=
NA9 @LLHK;GJGF9;9KLM9JC=<M 7D9KL 9;;=KK=< 8 !KH=
;A9DDQ L@= +.+* AE9?=K 9J= 9 N9DM9:D= KGMJ;= G> AF>GJE9LAGF 0@=Q
HJGNA<= 9F AEHJ=KKAGF G> L@= N=?=L9LAGF ;GN=J D9F< MK= 9F< @Q<JG?
J9H@Q 9JGMF< #^:=CDA 0=H= <MJAF? )9Q 0@AK HJ=<9L=K L@= E9BGJ
;GFKLJM;LAGF OGJCK G> <9EK 9F< AJJA?9LAGF ;9F9DK 9F< L@= 9?JA;MDLMJ9D AF
L=FKAf;9LAGF L@9L D=< LG L@= HJ=K=FL<9Q @ME9FE9F9?=< 9?JGD9F<K;9H=
AF L@= 9J=9 G> L@= FGJL@=JF $9JJ9F ,D9AF 9F< L@= MD9H /MQM :9KAF 0@=
J=D9L=< /GML@=9KL F9LGDA9 ,JGB=;L #, O9K AFALA9L=< AF L@= EA< K
:Q L@= 0MJCAK@ #GN=JFE=FL 59R9J =L 9D 9F< O9L=J >JGE L@=
L9L_JC 9E KL9JL=< LG gGO LGO9J<K L@= $9JJ9F HD9AF AF CKGQ
=L 9D
)9;JGK;GHA; K=<AE=FL <=K;JAHLAGFK O=J= <GF= AF L@= f=D< >GDDGO
AF? L@= #=JE9F ?MA<=DAF=K >GJ KGAD E9HHAF? G> L@= <$G;# G<=F
L@= !F?DAK@ FGE=F;D9LMJ= >GJ fF= E9L=JA9D <=K;JAHLAGFK AK 9;
;GJ<AF? LG /;@G=F=:=J?=J =L 9D 9F< L@= L=JEAFGDG?Q G> L@=
K=<AE=FL9JQ KLJM;LMJ=K >GDDGOK 0M;C=J 0@= >GDDGOAF? L=JEK J=
>=J LG L@= J=KH=;LAN= ?J9AF KAR= J9F?=K fF= E9L=JA9D GJ E9LJAP AK MK=< >GJ
L@= E9L=JA9D EE 9F< ;D9KLK ;GEHJAK= H=::D=K – EE ;G::D=K
– EE 9F< :GMD<=JK – EE /;@G=F=:=J?=J =L 9D
0M;C=J GDGJ <=L=JEAF9LAGF G> L@= fF= E9L=JA9D >J9;LAGF
EE O9K <GF= GF 9AJ<JA=< K9EHD=K MKAF? )MFK=DD KGAD ;GDGJ ;@9JLK
%F GJ<=J LG HJGNA<= J=9DAKLA; HJGfD= <J9OAF?K )MFK=DD ;GDGJK O=J= ;GF
N=JL=< LG .#N9DM=K 9F< MK=< >GJ L@= KC=L;@=K L@= ;D9KLK =P;=HL fF=
H=::D=K O=J= <A?ALAR=< >JGE J=;LAf=< H@GLG?J9H@K
3.2. Sediment analyses
/9EHD= HJ=H9J9LAGF ;GEHJAK=< 9AJ<JQAF? ;JMK@AF? G> 9??J=?9L=K AF 9
HGJ;=D9AF EGJL9J KA=N=K=H9J9LAGF G> fF= E9L=JA9D EE 9F< ;G9JK=
;GEHGF=FLK EE 9F< KM:K9EHDAF? G> L@= fF= E9L=JA9D >GJ KM:K=
IM=FL 9F9DQK=K 0@= 9F9DQK=K O=J= ;GF<M;L=< AF L@= (9:GJ9LGJQ >GJ ,@QK
A;9D #=G?J9H@Q G> L@= "J=A= 1FAN=JKALXL =JDAF
!D=;LJA;9D ;GF<M;LANALQ c/ ;E− 9F< H$ N9DM=K O=J= <=L=JEAF=<
AF 9 KGDMLAGF G> ? G> 9AJ<JA=< K=<AE=FL 9F< ED G> :A<AK
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
LADD=< O9L=J MKAF? 9 @9F<@=D< H$ ;@=;C=J $9FF9 %FKLJME=FLK OAL@ 9
J=KGDMLAGF G> >GJ H$ 9F< 9F !0=EH=J9LMJ= ;@=;C=J $9FF9 %FKLJM
E=FLK >GJ =D=;LJA;9D ;GF<M;LANALQ !D=;LJA;9D ;GF<M;LANALQ AK L9C=F 9K 9F
AF<A;9LGJ >GJ J=9<ADQ KGDM:D= K9DLK AF L@= K=<AE=FLK KM;@ 9K HJGNA<=< :Q
;@=EA;9D O=9L@=JAF? GJ KGAD O9L=J =N9HGJAL=K /=<AE=FLK’H$ AK @A?@DQ
;GFLJGDD=< :Q :Mh=JAF? HJG;=KK=K G> GJ?9FA; 9;A<K 9F< L@MK HJGNA<=K 9F
AF<A;9LAGF G> L@= G;;MJJ=F;= G> H9D=GKGDK
0@= DGKK GF A?FALAGF (+% 9L ` 9F< 9L ` O9K <=L=JEAF=<
>GDDGOAF? L@= HJG;=<MJ= G> =9F 9F< ;9D;MD9L=< 9;;GJ<AF? LG
$=AJA =L 9D 0@= (+% HJGNA<=K =KLAE9L=K G> L@= 9EGMFL G> GJ
?9FA; E9LL=J 9L ` 9F< G> L@= ;9J:GF9L= ;GFL=FL 9L ` =9F
$A?@ 9EGMFLK G> GJ?9FA; E9LL=J HGAFL LG @MEMK 9;;MEMD9
LAGF /;@9=LRD 9F< F<=JKGF =? AF >GJE=J LGHKGAD @GJA
RGFK L@9L O=J= :MJA=< 9F< LG<9Q >GJE H9D=GKGDK %F ;9J:GF9L= K=<A
E=FLK 9DL=JF9LAF? ;9J:GF9L= ;GFL=FLK JGM?@DQ AF<A;9L= O=9L@=JAF? AFL=F
KALQ =? L@=Q ;9F := J=<M;=< AF :MJA=< LGHKGAD @GJARGFK <M= LG <AK
KGDMLAGF 9F< LJ9FKDG;9LAGF 3JA?@L -M9DALQ ;GFLJGD AK 9KK=KK=<
MKAF? 9F AFL=JF9D KL9F<9J< /0 (+% b E9KK
(+% b E9KK 9F< ;9D;AME ;9J:GF9L= 9+
(+% b E9KK 9K J=>=J=F;= E9L=JA9DK OAL@ 9;;MJ9;Q
<Ah 9F< J=HJG<M;A:ADALQ ./ 9K IM9DALQ E=9KMJ=K /AE9F<D =L
9D 0@= J=>=J=F;= E9L=JA9DK HJGNA<=< 9;;MJ9L= <Ah 9F<
J=HJG<M;A:D= ./ E=9KMJ=E=FLK
"GJ K=D=;L=< KM:K9EHD=K F LGL9D ;9J:GF 0 9F< LGL9D AF
GJ?9FA; ;9J:GF 0% ;GFL=FLK O=J= <=L=JEAF=< 0@= LGL9D ;9J:GF 0
;GFL=FLK O=J= E=9KMJ=< MKAF? L@= 0JM/H=; $* (=;G 9F9DQR=J 9F< L@=
LGL9D AFGJ?9FA; ;9J:GF 0% ;GFL=FLK O=J= 9F9DQR=< MKAF? L@= 9JE@G
?J9H@ 3^KL@Gh ;9J:GF 9F9DQR=J 0@= LGL9D GJ?9FA; ;9J:GF 0+
;GFL=FLK ;GJJ=KHGF< LG L@= <A>>=J=F;= :=LO==F 0% 9F< 0 )_DD=J =L
9D 0@= IM9DALQ AK ;GFLJGDD=< MKAF? ;=JLAf=< J=>=J=F;= E9L=JA9DK
(=;G – b E9KK (=;G – b
E9KK (=;G – b E9KK >GJ 0 E=9KMJ=
E=FLK 9F< AFL=JF9D KL9F<9J<K /0 E9KK /0
E9KK 9F< ;9D;AME ;9J:GF9L= 9+ b E9KK
>GJ 0% E=9KMJ=E=FLK 0@= J=DA9:ADALQ G> J=KMDLK AK <G;ME=FL=< :Q 9;
;MJ9L= <Ah >GJ 0 <Ah >GJ 0% 9F< J=HJG<M;A:D=
./ >GJ 0 ./ >GJ 0% E=9KMJ=E=FLK 0@= DAF=9J J=D9LAGFK@AHK
:=LO==F (+% 9F< 0+ 9F< :=LO==F (+% 9F< 0% 9J= 9KK=KK=< MK
AF? ,=9JKGF HJG<M;LEGE=FL ;GJJ=D9LAGF J9OD=Q 0@= ;GJ
J=D9LAGF ;G=>f;A=FL J α F K@GOK 9 O=9C HGK
ALAN= J=D9LAGFK@AH :=LO==F (+% 9F< 0+ 9F< L@= ;GJJ=D9LAGF ;G=>
f;A=FL J α F K@GOK 9 KLJGF? HGKALAN= J=D9LAGF
K@AH :=LO==F (+% 9F< 0% 0@= AFL=J;=HL G> L@= ;GJJ=D9LAGF G>
(+% 9F< 0+ "A? 9 HGAFL LG 9F GN=J=KLAE9LAGF G> L@= GJ?9FA;
E9LL=J ;GFL=FLK :9K=< GF (+% <=L=JEAF9LAGFK L@9L E9Q := L@= ;GFK=
IM=F;= G> <=@Q<J9LAGF G> ;D9Q EAF=J9DK GJ E=L9D GPA<=K $=AJA =L 9D
<<ALAGF9DDQ L@= D9J?= K;9LL=JAF? G> L@= <9L9 "A? 9 KM??=KLK
L@9L N9JA9LAGFK G> (+% N9DM=K K@GMD< := AFL=JHJ=L=< OAL@ ;9MLAGF "GJ
L@= ;GJJ=D9LAGF G> (+% 9F< 0% EAFGJ GN=J=KLAE9LAGF G> ;9J:GF9L=
;GFL=FLK :9K=< GF (+% <=L=JEAF9LAGFK 9J= G:K=JN=< 9K O=DD AFL=J
;=HL "A? :
)9?F=LA; KMK;=HLA:ADALQ 9F< L@= ;GEHGKALAGF G> ;@=EA;9D =D=E=FLK
O=J= E=9KMJ=< >GJ L@= K9EHD=K F G> L@= HJGfD=K #0 #0
#0 9F< #0 "A?
(GO >J=IM=F;Q C$R NGDME= KH=;Af; E9?F=LA; KMK;=HLA:ADALQ
κ O9K <=L=JEAF=< OAL@ L@= )/ K=FKGJ 9JLAF?LGF %FKLJME=FLK MK
AF? 9AJ<JA=< 9F< O=A?@=< KM:K9EHD=K H9;C=< AF ;EK9EHD= ;GF
L9AF=JK )9KK KH=;Af; KMK;=HLA:ADALQ 4 −EC?− AK ;9D;MD9L=< :Q
<ANA<AF? L@= NGDME= KMK;=HLA:ADALQ :Q L@= :MDC <=FKALQ G> L@= K9EHD=K
=9JAF? 3= MK= E9?F=LA; KMK;=HLA:ADALQ 9K 9FGL@=J HJGPQ >GJ
L@= A<=FLAf;9LAGF G> :MJA=< KGAD @GJARGFK 9K E9?F=LA; =F@9F;=E=FL G>
MHH=J KGAD @GJARGFK AK OA<=DQ HJ=K=FL )9@=J
0@= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK G> ;@=EA;9D =D=E=FLK O=J= <=L=JEAF=< MKAF? 9
HGJL9:D= =F=J?Q<AKH=JKAN= 4J9Q gMGJ=K;=F;= KH=;LJGE=L=J H! 4."
0@=JEG /;A=FLAf; *ALGF 4(L LG 9KK=KK L@= K=D=;LAN= J=EGN9D G> KGDM:D=
9F< EG:AD= =D=E=FLK ;GEH9J=< LG L@= J=D9LAN= =FJA;@E=FL G> J9L@=J AE
EG:AD= 9F< FGFKGDM:D= =D=E=FLK 9F< L@MK LG =KLAE9L= L@= O=9L@=JAF? AF
L=FKALQ G> L@= <=HGKALK M??D= =L 9D )9?F=KAME O9K ;@GK=F 9K
KGDM:D= 9F< EG:AD= =D=E=FL %L @9K 9 DGO AGFA; HGL=FLA9D %, L@MK AL
GFDQ >GJEK O=9C :GF<K OAL@ GPQ?=F 9F< AK HJ=>=J=FLA9DDQ J=D=9K=< <MJAF?
O=9L@=JAF? M= LG ALK KE9DD AGFA; J9<AMK L@= L=F<=F;Q G> :=AF? 9<KGJ:=<
LG ;D9Q EAF=J9DK AK J=<M;=< 9F< L@MK ALK EG:ADALQ AK =F@9F;=< M??D=
=L 9D 0AL9FAME O9K ;@GK=F 9K FGFKGDM:D= 9F< AEEG:AD= =D=
E=FL %L @9K 9 @A?@=J AGFA; HGL=FLA9D %, – 9F< L@= @A?@ <=FKALQ G> L@=
HGKALAN= ;@9J?= 9DDGOK KLJGF? :GF<K OAL@ GPQ?=F >GJEAF? O=9L@=JAF?J=
KAKL9FL GPA<=K )GJ=GN=J =D=E=FLK @9NAF? 9F AGFA; HGL=FLA9D G> – AF
?=F=J9D IMA;CDQ HJ=;AHAL9L= 9K AFKGDM:D= 9F< AEEG:AD= @Q<JGDQR9L=K 9>L=J
:=AF? J=D=9K=< <MJAF? O=9L@=JAF? M??D= =L 9D ;=JLAf=< J=>
=J=F;= E9L=JA9D */ O9K MK=< LG 9KK=KK L@= IM9DALQ L@= E=9
KMJ=E=FLK QA=D<=< 9;;MJ9L= <Ah 9F< J=HJG<M;A:D= ./
J=KMDLK >GJ 0A :ML K@GO DAEAL9LAGFK >GJ )? <Ah ./
3.3. Dating
0@= ;@JGFGDG?Q AK :9K=< GF J9<AG;9J:GF <9LAF?K )/ >JGE
FAF= <A>>=J=FL HJGfD=K "A? 09:D= M= LG L@= K;9J;ALQ G>
Fig. 2. ,=9JKGF HJG<M;LEGE=FL ;GJJ=D9LAGF G> 9 (+% 9F< 0+ 9F< : (+% 9F< 0% 0@= K@9<=< 9J=9K E9JC L@= ;GFf<=F;= AFL=JN9DK G> L@= DAF=9J J=?J=KKAGF DAF=K
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 3. =L9AD=< ?=GEGJH@GDG?A;9D E9H G> L@= ;DGK= NA;AFALQ G> #^:=CDA 0=H= 0@= E9H K@GOK L@= E9AF ?=GEGJH@A; HJG;=KK 9J=9K 9DKG GMLDAFAF? L@= HJ=<GEAF9FL ;GF<ALAGFK G> <=HGKALAGF
K== L=PL >GJ <=L9ADK 0@= DG;9LAGFK G> L@= KLM<A=< K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K 09:D= 9J= @A?@DA?@L=< 9F< L@= O9L=JK@=<K G> L@= L@J== <J9AF9?= :9KAFK 9J= <=DAF=9L=< !D=N9LAGF AF>GJE9LAGF
<=JAN=< >JGE 09F !)4 <A?AL9D =D=N9LAGF EG<=D OAL@ EHAP=D KAR= a (.
<9L9:D= ;@9J;G9D >J9?E=FLK F OAL@AF L@= <=HGKALK :MDC K9EHD=K
;GFL9AFAF? GJ?9FA; E9LL=J >JGE GJ?9FA; JA;@ K=<AE=FLK GJ :MJA=< LGHKGAD
@GJARGFK F @9N= :==F ;GFKA<=J=< LGG ?= <=L=JEAF9LAGF O9K
H=J>GJE=< 9L L@= 0Uj0' *9LAGF9D )2 )/ (9:GJ9LGJQ #=:R='G
;9=DA 0MJC=Q D9: ;G<= 0Uj0' F 9F< L@= ,GRF9k .9<AG;9J:GF
(9:GJ9LGJQ ,GRF9k ,GD9F< D9: ;G<= ,GR F 0@= <9L=K O=J=
;9DA:J9L=< OAL@ +P9D N JGFC .9EK=Q MKAF? L@= %FL
9D 9LEGKH@=JA; ;MJN= .=AE=J =L 9D >GJ , 9?=K 9F< L@=
,GKL:GE: 9LEGKH@=JA; *$ ;MJN= $M9 =L 9D >GJ " 9?=K
?=K 9J= J=HGJL=< 9K ;9D 9 , 9F< 9 !! 9?= AFL=JN9DK 9L σD=N=DK
9F< 9L σD=N=DK >GJ EG<=JF 9?=K A= HGKL 9 ! 09:D= 0@=
:GMF<9JA=K >GJ L@= KM:<ANAKAGF G> L@= $GDG;=F= =HG;@K 9J= 9;;GJ<AF? LG
39DC=J =L 9D <<ALAGF9DDQ gAFL 9JLA>9;LK J=;GN=J=< >JGE LOG
HJGfD=K #0 #0 K== :=DGO O=J= ;@9J9;L=JAR=< 9F< 9?= =KLAE9L=K
O=J= <GF= AF L@= f=D< :Q 9J;@9=GDG?A;9D =PH=JLK
4. Results
4.1. Geomorphological setting
0@= =FNAJGFK G> #^:=CDA 0=H= 9J= ;@9J9;L=JAR=< :Q K=N=F ?=GEGJH@G
DG?A;9D MFALK 0@= 9J=9K L@9L 9J= K@9H=< :Q @ME9F 9;LANALA=K =AL@=J J=D9L=
LG J=;=FL ;9F9D ;GFKLJM;LAGF OGJCK GJ LG L@= K=<AE=FL 9;;MEMD9LAGF GF
LGH G> L@= DAE=KLGF= HD9L=9M L@9L >GJEK L@= J=E9AFK G> L@= 9J;@9=GDG?A
;9D KAL= G> #^:=CDA 0=H= "A? =KA<=K L@AK 9F< DG;9DDQ G;;MJJAF? ?J9N
=DK 9F< H9L;@=K G> 9 L@AF KGAD D9Q=J L@= g9LDQAF? DAE=KLGF= HD9L=9MK 9J=
D9J?=DQ =JG<=< 9F< ;@9J9;L=JAR=< :Q GML;JGHHAF? :=<<=< DAE=KLGF= 0@=
DAE=KLGF= HD9L=9M 9J=9K KLJ=L;@ >JGE FGJL@O=KL LG KGML@=9KL J=KA<M9D
H9L;@ G> 9 :9K9DLA; ;GN=J >GJEK L@= :9K9DL HD9L=9M KGML@O=KL G> #^:=CDA
0=H= "A? GEH9J=< LG L@= K@9JH >GJEK L@9L ;@9J9;L=JAR= L@= DAE=
KLGF= HD9L=9M 9J=9K L@= >GJEK G> L@= :9K9DL HD9L=9M 9J= J9L@=J KEGGL@
0@= KMJ>9;= AK MKM9DDQ <=FK=DQ ;GN=J=< OAL@ MH LG :GMD<=JKAR=< ?J9N=DK
9F< 9 ;GFKA<=J9:D= KGAD ;GN=J @9K >GJE=< O@A;@ AK MK=< >GJ 9J9:D= >9JE
AF? 9>L=J L@= KMJ>9;= AK ;D=9J=< >JGE L@= ?J9N=DK
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Table 2
.=KMDLK G> <9LAF?K 9F< ;9DA:J9LAGFK )9L <9L=< E9L=JA9D +) :MDC K9EHD= ;GFL9AFAF? GJ?9FA; E9LL=J ;@9J;G9D )G<=JF <9L=K 9J= J=HGJL=< 9K " "
H) EG<=JF ;9J:GF DD 9?=K O=J= ;9DA:J9L=< OAL@ +P9D N JGFC .9EK=Q >GJ , 9?=K L@= %FL9D 9LEGKH@=JA; ;MJN= .=AE=J =L 9D 9F< >GJ
" 9?=K L@= ,GKL:GE: 9LEGKH@=JA; *$ ;MJN= $M9 =L 9D O9K MK=< 0@= EG<=JF 9?=K E9JC=< OAL@ 9F 9KL=JAKC 9J= EGKL HJG:9:DQ QGMF?=J L@9F 9 ! AFKL=9< G> :=AF?
>JGE LG 9 ! 9K AF<A;9L=< :Q G:K=JN9LAGFK 9F< 9 EG<=D=< >GJ=;9KL G> L@= 9LEGKH@=JA; J9<AG;9J:GF ;GFL=FL /A=JJ9
/9EHD=% HJGfD=% 9F<
<=HL@ (9:% )9L 9?=
1F;=JL9AFLQ
b
;9D9,:=>GJ=
σ
9!!σσ>GJ"
9?=K (9F<>GJEMFAL
#0– ,+6 +)
"
"GGLKDGH=
#0– ,+6 +) , – −LG − "GGLKDGH=
#0– 0Uj0'
"
LG "GGLKDGH=
#0– ,+6 +)
"
,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0– ,+6 +) , – −LG − ,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0– ,+6 +) , – LG ,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0– ,+6 +) , – −LG − ,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0– 0Uj0' +) , – −LG − ,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0 ,+6
"
,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0 ,+6
"
– ,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0– 0Uj0' +) , – −LG − ,JGPAE9DHA=<EGFL
RGF=
#0– ,+6 +) , – – "GGLKDGH=
#0 ,+6
"
"GGLKDGH=
#0– ,+6 +) , – – "GGLKDGH=
#0– ,+6 +) , – – "GGLKDGH=
)9BGJ K;9JHK >GJE L@= JAEK G> L@= DAE=KLGF= HD9L=9M 9J=9K LGO9J<K
L@= DGO=JDQAF? =JG<=< MHH=J EA<KDGH=K 0@= MHH=J EA<KDGH=K 9J=
E9AFDQ ;@9J9;L=JAR=< :Q GML;JGHHAF? :=<<=< DAE=KLGF= >GJE9LAGFK
O@A;@ J=?MD9JDQ >GJE KL9AJ;9K=DAC= K;9JHK 9F< MH LG :GMD<=JKAR=< ?J9N
=DK fF= E9L=JA9D AK EGKLDQ 9:K=FL .9J=DQ AFL=JEALL=FL ?MDDA=K 9J= HJ=
K=FL AF MHH=J EA<KDGH= HGKALAGFK "A? "MJL@=J <GOFKDGH= MKM9DDQ
:=DGO L@= DAE=KLGF= K;9JHK L@= MFAL G> L@= =JG<AF? K;J== KDGH=K AK HJ=
K=FL 0@= N9DD=QK G> L@= @=9<O9L=J ;9L;@E=FLK 9J= MKM9DDQ ;GFfF=< 9F<
L@=AJ KL==H K;J== KDGH=K K@GO 9 L@AF K=<AE=FL ;GN=J L@9L E9AFDQ ;GF
KAKLK G> ?J9N=DK OAL@ 9 ;GFKA<=J9:D= 9EGMFL G> fF= E9L=JA9D 0@= K;J==
KDGH=K 9J= <AKK=;L=< :Q AFL=JEALL=FL ?MDDA=K GJ NK@9H=< <J9AF9?= O9QK
"A? >GJE=< :Q J=G;;MJJAF? ;GF;=FLJ9L=< GN=JD9F< gGOK L@9L >J=
IM=FLDQ =JG<=< L@= K=<AE=FL ;GN=J <GOF LG L@= MF<=JDQAF? DAE=KLGF=
:=<JG;C 0@=K= ?MDDA=K 9F< <J9AF9?= O9QK 9DKG <AKK=;L L@= ;GDDMNA9D <=
HGKALK 9L L@= >GGL KDGH=K >GJEAF? F9LMJ9D GML;JGHK 9DGF? L@= L@9DO=?K
0@= ;GFfF=E=FL G> L@= N9DD=QK <=;J=9K=K AF L@= HJGPAE9D HA=<EGFL RGF=
9F< L@= D9F<K;9H= GH=FK LGO9J<K L@= MF<MD9LAF? HD9AF G> L@= MD9H /MQM
:9KAF @9FF=D 9F< GN=J:9FC <=HGKALK ;@9J9;L=JAR= L@= HJGPAE9D HA=<
EGFL RGF= (9J?= 9JLAf;A9D HALK AF L@= KGML@=9KL 9F< FGJL@=9KL >GJE H9JL
G> L@= AJJA?9LAGF ;9F9D ;GFKLJM;LAGF OGJCK "A?
4.2. Sediment records
0@= AFN=KLA?9L=< HJGfD=K 9J= DG;9L=< AF L@J== <A>>=J=FL <J9AF9?=
:9KAFK G> KE9DD AFL=JEALL=FL KLJ=9EK L@9L <J9AF L@= DAE=KLGF= HD9L=9M G>
#^:=CDA 0=H= 9F< L@= 9<B9;=FL KDGH=K "A? 0@= HJGfD=K #0–#0
9J= DG;9L=< AF L@= :9KAF KGML@ G> #^:=CDA 0=H= <J9AF9?= :9KAF
0@= HJGfD=K #0–#0 9F< L@= HJGfD=K #0 9F< #0 9J= DG
;9L=< AF LOG :9KAFK 9F< =9KL G> #^:=CDA 0=H= 3= HJ=
K=FL LOG HJGfD=K AF <=L9AD 9K C=Q HJGfD=K L@9L J=HJ=K=FL L@= <=HG
KALAGF9D ;GF<ALAGFK 9L L@= >GGL KDGH=K AF L@=
@=9<O9L=J 9J=9K #0 "A? 9F< AF L@= HJGPAE9D HA=<EGFL RGF=
#0 "A? KMEE9JQ G> L@= GL@=J K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K AK HJGNA<=<
9DGF? 9 KC=L;@ G> L@= LGHG?J9H@A; D=F?L@ 9F< ;JGKK HJGfD=K LG 9DDGO L@=AJ
KH9LA9DDQ <A>>=J=FLA9L=< AFL=?J9LAGF "A? 0@= <=L9AD=< <=K;JAHLAGFK G>
L@=K= K=IM=F;=K L@=AJ 9J;@AL=;LMJ9D =D=E=FLK 9F< D9:GJ9LGJQ H9J9E=L=JK
9J= HJ=K=FL=< AF *QC9EH =L 9D KM:EALL=<
0@= C=Q HJGfD= #0 ! * 10) * @9K 9 LGL9D
L@A;CF=KK G> ;E 9F< K@GOK L@J== MFALK L ;E <=HL@ L@= K=<AE=FLK
K@GO 9 K@9JH :GMF<9JQ LG L@= MF<=JDQAF? DAE=KLGF= :=<JG;C "A?
1FAL – ;E :?K J=HJ=K=FLK L@= HJ=K=FL<9Q HDGO @GJARGF 9F<
K@GOK 9 <A>>MK= :GMF<9JQ OAL@ MFAL %L AK ;GEHGK=< G> KDA?@LDQ ;GE
H9;L=< J=<<AK@ :JGOF 5. K9F<Q DG9E OAL@ 9 ?J9FMD9J KLJM;LMJ=
.GGLK 9J= ;GEEGF AF L@= fJKL ;E 9F< <=;J=9K= AF G;;MJJ=F;= LGO9J<K
L@= :GLLGE F?MD9J LG KM:JGMF<=< H=::D=K 9F< >=O ;G::D=K 9;;GMFL >GJ
; >GJEAF? 9 E9LJAPKMHHGJL=< >9:JA; 0@= ;D9KLK 9J= HGGJDQ KGJL=<
9F< MF?J9<=<
1FAL – ;E :?K ;GFKAKLK G> EG<=J9L=DQ ;GEH9;L=< J=<<AK@
:JGOF 5. K9F<Q DG9E OAL@ 9 ?J9FMD9J KLJM;LMJ= "=O JGGLK 9J=
HJ=K=FL 9F< ; 9F?MD9J LG KM:JGMF<=< DAE=KLGF= H=::D=K 9J= AF
;GJHGJ9L=< 0@= ;D9KLK 9J= HGGJDQ KGJL=< 9F< MF?J9<=< >GJEAF? 9 E9
LJAPKMHHGJL=< >9:JA; 0@= J9<AG;9J:GF <9LAF? G> 9 HA=;= G> ;@9J;G9D 9L
L@= :GLLGE G> MFAL QA=D<K 9 EG<=JF 9?= "A? 09:D= 0@= :GMF<
9JQ :=LO==F MFAL 9F< MFAL AK <A>>MK=
1FAL – ;E :?K AK ;GEHGK=< G> @=9NADQ ;GEH9;L=< <9JC J=<
<AK@ :JGOF 5. K9F<Q DG9E OAL@ 9 ?J9FMD9J KLJM;LMJ= 9F< >=O
JGGLK /=;GF<9JQ HJ=;AHAL9L=< ;9J:GF9L=K >GJE ;G9LAF?K GF L@= KMJ>9;=K
G> L@= 9??J=?9L=K 1H LG ; G> KM:9F?MD9J LG JGMF<=< DAE=KLGF=
H=::D=K G;;MJ L@9L 9J= EG<=J9L=DQ KGJL=< 9F< MF?J9<=< +;;9KAGF9DDQ
HD9LQ DAE=KLGF= ;G::D=K 9J= HJ=K=FL L@9L K@GO <GOFKDGH= <AHHAF? G>
L@=AJ DGF? 9P=K 0@= >9:JA; AK E9LJAPKMHHGJL=<
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 4. ,JGfD= <J9OAF? 9F< :MDC H9J9E=L=JK G> #0 0@= D=?=F< 9DKG 9HHDA=K LG L@= HJGfD= <J9OAF? G> #0 "A?
0@= (+% N9DM=K 9J= @A?@ AF MFAL 9F< 9F< <JGH AF MFAL LGO9J<K
L@= :GLLGE G> L@= HJGfD= 0@= (+% K@GOK 9F GHHGKAF? LJ=F< OAL@ DGO
N9DM=K AF MFAL 9F< 9F< @A?@ N9DM=K MFAL 0@= H$ N9DM=K J9F?= :=
LO==F KDA?@LDQ 9;A<A; 9F< KDA?@LDQ 9DC9DAF= 9F< K@GO 9F AF;J=9K= >JGE
LGH LG :GLLGE 0@= =D=;LJA;9D ;GF<M;LANALQ <=;J=9K=K AF MFAL K@GOK AF
L=JE=<A9L= N9DM=K AF MFAL 9F< 9 KDA?@L <=;J=9K= AF MFAL 9F< KLJGF?
AF;J=9K= LG L@= :GLLGE G> L@= <=HGKALK <AJ=;LDQ GN=JDQAF? L@= DAE=KLGF=
:=<JG;C "A?
0@= C=Q HJGfD= #0 ! * 10) * @9K 9 LG
L9D L@A;CF=KK G> ;E 9F< K@GOK >GMJ <AKLAF?MAK@9:D= MFALK L ;E
<=HL@ L@= K=<AE=FLK K@GO 9 K@9JH ;GFL9;L OAL@ L@= MF<=JDQAF? DAE=KLGF=
:=<JG;C "A?
1FAL – ;E :?K K@GOK 9DL=JF9LAF? D9Q=JK G> DAE=KLGF= H=:
:D=K 9F< ;G::D=K 0@= D9Q=JK L@9L 9J= ;GEHGK=< G> H=::D=K EGKLDQ K@GO
@GJARGFL9D :=<<AF? 9F< 9J= MKM9DDQ EG<=J9L=DQ LG O=DD KGJL=< OAL@
EAFGJ HJGHGJLAGFK G> ;G::D=K 0@= H=::D=K 9J= JGMF<=< 9F< L@= >9:
JA; G> L@=K= D9Q=JK AK ;D9KLKMHHGJL=< OAL@ DALLD= E9LJAP E9L=JA9D 0@=
D9Q=JK L@9L 9J= <GEAF9L=< :Q ;G::D=K 9J= HGGJDQ KGJL=< 9F< L=F< LG
K@GO 9 E9LJAPKMHHGJL=< >9:JA; 0@= ;G::D=K 9J= EGKLDQ 9F?MD9J LG
KM:JGMF<=< H9JLDQ HD9LQ 9F< G;;9KAGF9DDQ K@GO AE:JA;9LAGF 0G?=L@=J
L@= ;G9JK=J ;G::D=<GEAF9L=< 9F< L@= fF=J H=::D=<GEAF9L=< D9Q=JK
9J= FGJE9D ?J9<=< >GJEAF? KAP <AKLAF?MAK@9:D= fFAF?MHO9J< ;Q;D=K
0@= E9LJAP E9L=JA9D AK J=<<AK@ :JGOF 5. K9F<Q DG9E H9JL
>JGE @9AJ JGGLK AF L@= MHH=JEGKL >=O ;E JGGLK 9J= FGL HJ=K=FL AF
MFAL 0@= J9<AG;9J:GF <9LAF? G> 9 HA=;= G> ;@9J;G9D
>JGE ;E :?K QA=D<K 9 EG<=JF 9?= "A? 09:D= 0@= :GMF<9JQ
:=LO==F MFAL 9F< MFAL AK ?J9<M9D
1FAL – ;E :?K AK HGGJDQ KGJL=< 9F< K@GOK 9 E9LJAPKMH
HGJL=< >9:JA; OAL@ MH LG G> MF?J9<=< 9F< 9F?MD9J LG KM:JGMF<=<
DAE=KLGF= H=::D=K 9F< ;G::D=K AF;GJHGJ9L=< AFLG J=<<AK@ :JGOF 5.
K9F<Q DG9E 0@= fF= E9L=JA9D @9K 9 ?J9FMD9J KLJM;LMJ= K@GOAF? L@AF
;G9LAF?K G> K=;GF<9JQ HJ=;AHAL9L=< ;9J:GF9L=K GF L@= KMJ>9;=K G> L@= 9?
?J=?9L=K ; ;E DGF? D9L=J9D J=LGM;@=< 9F< H9LAFAR=< DAL@A; g9C= G;
;MJK 9L ;E <=HL@ O@GK= ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K >GJ <=L9ADK K== HGAFL
LG L@= ,J=,GLL=JQ *=GDAL@A; H=JAG< 0@= J9<AG;9J:GF <9LAF? G> 9 HA=;= G>
;@9J;G9D >JGE ;E <=HL@ QA=D<K 9 EG<=JF 9?= "A? 09:D= 1FAL
@9K K@9JH =JGKAN= ;GFL9;L OAL@ MFAL
1FAL – ;E :?K AK ;GEHGK=< G> J=<<AK@ :JGOF 5.
K9F<Q DG9E OAL@ 9 ?J9FMD9J KLJM;LMJ= JGMF< – KM:9F?MD9J LG
JGMF<=< DAE=KLGF= H=::D=K 9F< ;G::D=K 9J= AF;GJHGJ9L=< AFLG L@= E9LJAP
>GJEAF? L@= E9LJAPKMHHGJL=< >9:JA; 0@= ;D9KLK 9J= HGGJDQ KGJL=< 9F<
MF?J9<=< /=;GF<9JQ HJ=;AHAL9L=< ;9J:GF9L=K G;;MJ 9DGF? ;9NALA=K G> <=
;9Q=< JGGLK 9F< G;;9KAGF9DDQ >GJE ;G9LAF?K GF L@= KMJ>9;=K G> L@= 9??J=
?9L=K L ;E <=HL@ 9 ; ;E DGF? EA<<D=>J9?E=FL G> 9 DAL@A; :D9<=
G;;MJK O@GK= ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K >GJ <=L9ADK K== KM??=KL 9 ,J=,GLL=JQ
*=GDAL@A; 9?= 0@= J9<AG;9J:GF <9LAF? G> 9 :MDC K9EHD= ;GFL9AFAF? GJ
?9FA; E9LL=J AF L@= MHH=J H9JL G> MFAL QA=D<K 9F 9?= G> – ;9D
9 , – 9 ! "A? 09:D= 1FAL @9K 9 ;D=9J :GMF<9JQ
OAL@ MFAL
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 5. ,JGfD= <J9OAF? :MDC H9J9E=L=JK 9F< =D=E=FL ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK G> #0 /== "A? >GJ D=?=F<
1FAL – ;E :?K ;GFKAKLK G> ; DAE=KLGF= H=::D=K
9F< ;G::D=K L@9L 9J= 9F?MD9J LG KM:JGMF<=< H9JLDQ HD9LQ 0@= >9:JA; AK
;D9KLKMHHGJL=< OAL@ DALLD= E9LJAP E9L=JA9D L@9L AK ;GEHGK=< G> J=<<AK@
:JGOF 5. K9F<Q DG9E 0@= ;D9KLK 9J= HGGJDQ KGJL=< 9F< AFN=JK=DQ
?J9<=< >GJEAF? GF= ;G9JK=FAF?MHO9J< ;Q;D= 0@= HD9LQ ;D9KLK G;;9KAGF
9DDQ K@GO AE:JA;9LAGF L L@= LGH 9L ;E <=HL@ 9 ; ;E DGF? DAL@A;
:D9<= OAL@ LJ9;=K G> MK9?= G;;MJK %LK ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K >GJ <=L9ADK K==
HGAFL LG L@= ,J=,GLL=JQ *=GDAL@A; H=JAG<
0@= (+% AK DGO MFAL AF;J=9K=K AF L@= ;GMJK= G> MFAL J=9;@=K L@=
@A?@=KL N9DM=K AF MFAL 9F< <JGHK AF MFAL 0@= (+% JGM?@DQ K@GOK
L@= AFN=JK= H9LL=JF G> (+% "A? 0@= H$ N9DM=K 9J= KDA?@LDQ 9DC9
DAF= L@JGM?@GML L@= HJGfD= 9F< <JGH AF L@= ;GMJK= G> MFAL 0@= =D=;LJA
;9D ;GF<M;LANALQ K@GOK DGO N9DM=K AF MFAL JAKAF? N9DM=K AF MFAL 9F<
9DL=JF9LAF? :ML AF LGL9D AF;J=9K=< N9DM=K AF MFAL 0@= H9LL=JF G> L@=
E9?F=LA; KMK;=HLA:ADALQ JGM?@DQ J=K=E:D=K L@= GF= G> L@= =D=;LJA;9D ;GF
<M;LANALQ :ML <JGHK AF MFAL 0@= N9DM=K G> )? 9F< 0A ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
K@GO 9 JGM?@DQ AFN=JK= H9LL=JF )? ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK 9J= @A?@ AF MFAL
9F< <=;J=9K= MFLAD J=9;@AF? L@= :9KAK G> MFAL L@=Q J=E9AF DGO AF MFAL
9F< AF;J=9K= 9?9AF AF MFAL GFN=JK=DQ 0A ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK 9J= DGO AF
MFAL J=D9LAN=DQ @A?@ AF L@= MFALK 9F< 9F< 9?9AF DGO 9L L@= :9KAK G>
MFAL
0@= L@A;CF=KK G> K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K L@9L 9J= DG;9L=< 9L L@= >GGL
KDGH=K AF L@= @=9<O9L=J 9J=9K #0– 9F< #0– AK ?=F=J9DDQ
D=KK L@9F ;E MKM9DDQ <AJ=;LDQ GN=JDQAF? L@= DAE=KLGF= :=<JG;C GJ
O=9L@=J=< DAE=KLGF= "A? 0@= <=HGKALK EGKLDQ K@GO 9 E9LJAPKMH
HGJL=< >9:JA; 9F< L@= ;D9KLK 9J= MF?J9<=< 9F< MKM9DDQ HGGJDQ KGJL=< 0@=
E9AF <A>>=J=F;= :=LO==F L@= K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K AK L@= N9JQAF? ;D9KL
;GFL=FL *GJE9DDQ L@= DGO=J H9JL G> L@= K=IM=F;=K AK ;@9J9;L=JAR=< :Q
@A?@=J ;D9KL ;GFL=FLK ;GEHGK=< G> 9F?MD9J LG KM:JGMF<=< H=::D=K 9F<
;G::D=K L@9L 9J= AF;GJHGJ9L=< AF 9 K9F<Q LG DG9EQ E9LJAP +>L=F L@= DGF
?ALM<AF9D 9P=K G> L@=K= ;D9KLK <AH <GOFKDGH= JGM?@DQ >GDDGOAF? L@= ?J9
<A=FL G> L@= @ADDKDGH= HJGfD=K #0– 9F< #0 0@= MHH=J H9JLK G>
L@=K= K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K E9AFDQ ;GFKAKL G> K9F<Q LG DG9EQ fF= E9L=J
A9D HGGJ AF ?J9N=D *QC9EH =L 9D KM:EALL=< /=N=F J9<AG;9J:GF 9?=K
O=J= G:L9AF=< >JGE L@= ;GDDMNA9D <=HGKALK 9L L@= >GGL KDGH=K 09:D=
0@= K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K 9DGF? L@= L@9DO=?K G> L@= HJGPAE9D HA=<
EGFL RGF= #0– 9F< #0– <GOFKLJ=9E AF;J=9K= AF L@A;C
F=KK J9F?AF? :=LO==F ; – ;E "A? 0@=Q ;9F := ;@9J9;
L=JAR=< :Q 9DL=JF9LAF? D9Q=JK G> A fF= E9L=JA9D OAL@ DGO ;D9KL ;GF
L=FLK 9F< AA ?J9N=D <=HGKALK OAL@ 9 J9L@=J DGO 9EGMFL G> fF= E9
L=JA9D 0@= >9:JA; G> L@= ?J9N=D <=HGKALK AK G>L=F ;D9KLKMHHGJL=< "J=
IM=FLDQ =D=E=FLK G> gMNA9D K=<AE=FL 9J;@AL=;LMJ= KM;@ 9K FGJE9D GJ
AFN=JK= ?J9<AF? @GJARGFL9D :=<<AF? G> O=DDJGMF<=< H=::D=K GJ AE
:JA;9LAGF G> HD9LQ ;G::D=K G;;MJ F9DG?GMK LG MFAL G> C=Q HJGfD=
#0 MFAL G> HJGfD= #0 K@GOK AFN=JK= ?J9<AF? @GJARGFL9D :=<
<AF? G> H=::D=K ;@9J9;L=JAR=K L@= DGO=J H9JLK G> L@=K= MFALK 9F< AE
:JA;9LAGF G> ;G::D=K G;;MJK AF L@= MHH=J H9JLK *GJE9D ?J9<AF? @GJA
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
Fig. 6. /MEE9JQ G> L@= fF<AF?K >JGE L@= KLM<A=< K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K 9DGF? LGHG?J9H@A; D=F?L@ HJGfD=K G> L@= N9DD=QK AF 9 <J9AF9?= :9KAF 9F< : <J9AF9?= :9KAF 9F<
9F< 0@= GN=JNA=O E9H K@GOK L@= DG;9LAGFK G> L@= <J9AF9?= :9KAFK AF J=D9LAGF LG #^:=CDA 0=H= 9F< L@= ADDMKLJ9LAGFK AF<A;9L= L@= ;GMJK=K G> L@= LGHG?J9H@A; HJGfD=K 9F< L@=
DG;9LAGFK G> L@= K=<AE=FL K=IM=F;=K 0GHG?J9H@A; D=F?L@ HJGfD=K JMF 9DGF? L@= L@9DO=?K G> L@= N9DD=QK 0@= HGKALAGFK G> L@= LGHG?J9H@A; ;JGKK HJGfD=K 9F< L@= DG;9LAGFK G> L@= K=<AE=FL
K=IM=F;=K 9J= AF<A;9L=< 9DGF? L@= ;GMJK= G> =9;@ LGHG?J9H@A; D=F?L@ HJGfD= ADDMKLJ9LAGFK 9F< LGHG?J9H@A; HJGfD=K 9J= :9K=< GF 09F !)4 =D=N9LAGF <9L9 a (.
RGFL9D :=<<AF? 9F< G>L=F AE:JA;9LAGF G;;MJ—9H9JL >JGE MFAL G> C=Q
HJGfD= #0—AF MFAL G> HJGfD= #0 9K O=DD 9K AF L@= MFALK
9F< G> HJGfD= #0 *QC9EH =L 9D KM:EALL=< 0@= fF= E9L=
JA9D D9Q=JK 9J= ;@9J9;L=JAR=< :Q K9F<Q LG DG9EQ E9L=JA9D 9F< 9 E9
LJAPKMHHGJL=< >9:JA; 0@= ;D9KLK OAL@AF L@=K= D9Q=JK 9J= MF?J9<=< 9F<
D9J?=DQ HGGJDQ KGJL=< H9JL >JGE MFAL 9F< G> C=Q HJGfD= #0
L@=K= ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K 9DKG G;;MJ AF MFAL G> HJGfD= #0 AF 9DD D9Q=JK
G> L@= HJGfD=K #0 9F< #0 9F< AF L@= MFALK 9F< G> HJG
fD= #0 HJ=K=JN=< ?J9FMD9J KLJM;LMJ= 9F< K=;GF<9JQ HJ=;AHAL9L=<
;9J:GF9L=K 9DGF? ;9NALA=K G> <=;9Q=< JGGLK G;;MJ 9F9DG?GMK LG MFAL
G> C=Q HJGfD= #0 9DKG AF MFAL G> HJGfD= #0 0@= ;@9J9;L=JAK
LA;K G> L@= :MDC H9J9E=L=JK 9F< =D=E=FL ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK AF MFAL G>
HJGfD= #0 AF;J=9K=< (+% =D=;LJA;9D ;GF<M;LANALQ E9?F=LA; KMK
;=HLA:ADALQ 9F< 0A N9DM=K <=;J=9K=< (+% 9F< )? N9DM=K 9J= 9DKG
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
;GEH9J9:D= OAL@ L@GK= AF MFAL G> C=Q HJGfD= #0 0@= MFALK 9F<
G> HJGfD= #0 9DKG K@GO ;GEH9J9:D= K=<AE=FL ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K :ML
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9JLA>9;LK O@GK= ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K >GJ <=L9ADK K== KM??=KL 9 ,J=,GLL=JQ
*=GDAL@A; 9?= O=J= >GMF< AF L@= HJGfD=K #0 9F< #0 "A? :
5. Discussion
5.1. Facies interpretation and interacting depositional environments along
the sediment cascade
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N=DGH AF J9HA<DQ EGNAF? <=:JAK gGOK )9BGJ 3= @GO=N=J AF
L=JHJ=L L@= MFALK L@9L K@GO AE:JA;9LAGF G> ;D9KLK A= MFAL 9F< G> C=Q
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ALQ 9F< ;9MK=K L@= KO=DDAF? 9F< K@JAFCAF? G> L@= ;D9Q EAF=J9DK J=
KMDLAF? AF KGAD ;J==H =KH=;A9DDQ AF AF;DAF=< L=JJ9AF =QGF< AF L@= LG
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;9MK= KMJ>9;= JMFGh ;GAF;A<AF? OAL@ KDGH= O9K@ ,J=;AHAL9LAGF =N=FLK
L@9L 9J= KLJGF? 9F< =>>=;LAN= =FGM?@ LG ;9MK= ;GF;=FLJ9L=< JMFGh ;9
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:J9A<=< KLJ=9E <=HGKALK G;;MJ OAL@ @A?@ N9JA9:ADALQ L@MK 9;LAF? =HAKG<A
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
– E=9F 9FFM9D HJ=;AHAL9LAGF J=;GJ< >GJ L@= KL9LAGF m9FDιMJ>9
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J9F=9F J=?AGF OAL@ 9F 9FFM9D HJ=;AHAL9LAGF :=LO==F 9F< EE
AF<A;9L= L@9L =N=FL HJ=;AHAL9LAGF G> EE 9F< EE K@GO=< JMFGh
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JMFGh ;G=>f;A=FLK J=9;@AF? fN=>GD< @A?@=J N9DM=K O@=F J9AF >9DDK GF O=L
KGADK KM;@ 9K <MJAF? OAFL=J J9AFQ K=9KGF ;GEH9J=< LG <JQ KGADK (DGN=L
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5.2. Geochronology
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AFL=JHJ=L=< 9K E9PAEME <=HGKALAGF 9?=K KAF;= J=OGJCAF? MKM9DDQ ;9F
FGL := =P;DM<=< (9F? 9F< $^FK;@=A<L @AN=JJ=DD =L 9D
.9<AG;9J:GF 9?=K G:L9AF=< >JGE GJ?9FA; E9LL=J G> :MJA=< LGH
KGAD @GJARGFK ;9F := AFL=JHJ=L=< A 9K EAFAEME 9?=K >GJ L@= <MJ9LAGF G>
KGAD >GJE9LAGF /;@9JH=FK==D 9F< /;@AhE9FF 39F? =L 9D
<M= LG L@= L=JEAF9LAGF G> >J=K@ ;9J:GF KMHHDQ AFLG L@= KGAD @GJA
RGF J=A:JG<L =L 9D 9F< AA 9K E9PAEME 9?= =KLAE9L=K >GJ
L@= LAE= G> :MJA9D /;@9JH=FK==D 9F< /;@AhE9FF .9<AG;9J
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E=FLK J=g=;L L@= L=JEAF9LAGF G> >J=K@ ;9J:GF AFHML AFLG L@= K=<AE=FL
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/;@9JH=FK==D 9F< /;@AhE9FF
0@= HJ=K=FL=< J9<AG;9J:GF <9LAF?K K@GO 9?= J=N=JK9DK >GJ LOG
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G> ;@9J;G9D AK AF;GJHGJ9L=< AF 9F GJ?9FA; JA;@ K=<AE=FL D9Q=J O@GK=
LGH O9K <9L=< LG – ;9D 9 , 09:D= %F L@= ;9K= G> HJGfD=
#0 AL ;9F := 9J?M=< >GDDGOAF? L@= ;GF;=HLM9D EG<=D G> (9F? 9F<
$^FK;@=A<L L@9L L=EHGJ9JQ KAFCK 9DGF? L@= LJ9FKHGJL H9L@O9Q
G> L@= K=<AE=FLK E9Q @9N= ;9MK=< 9F 9;;MEMD9LAGF G> L@= K=<AE=FLK
L@9L O=J= KM:K=IM=FLDQ J=EG:ADAR=< 9F< fF9DDQ <=HGKAL=< 0@= =JGKAGF
LJ9FKHGJL9LAGF 9F< <=HGKALAGF 9DGF? KM;@ 9 K=<AE=FL ;9K;9<= AEHDA=K
L@9L EGKL G> L@= E9L=JA9D O9K :JGM?@L LG L@= HJGPAE9D HA=<EGFL RGF=
"A? <MJAF? K=N=J9D =N=FLK AF;DM<AF? H=JAG<K G> L=EHGJ9D KLGJ9?=
J9L@=J L@9F <MJAF? 9 KAF?D= =N=FL GJ 9K 9 J=KMDL G> 9 ;GFLAFMGMK HJG;=KK
(9F? 9F< $^FK;@=A<L %F L@= ;9K= G> HJGfD= #0 AL K==EK
EGJ= DAC=DQ L@9L 9F AF9<N=JL=FLDQ AFLJG<M;LAGF G> EG<=JF ;@9J;G9D AFLG
L@= K=<AE=FLK <MJAF? HJGfD= ;D=9FAF? ;9MK=< L@= 9?= J=N=JK9D
0@= DAL@A; g9C=K 9F< :D9<= >J9?E=FLK L@9L O=J= G:L9AF=< >JGE L@=
MFALK 9F< G> HJGfD= #0 "A? 9F< >JGE MFAL G> HJGfD= #0
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L=JAKLA;K HGAFL L@= ,J=,GLL=JQ *=GDAL@A; H=JAG< ; – C9 , 0@=
<=?J== G> H9LAF9LAGF—9 ;GEEGFDQ MK=< >=9LMJ= LG =KLAE9L= L@= 9?= G>
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LG L@GK= J=;GN=J=< >JGE =P;9N9LAGFK 9L #^:=CDA 0=H= 0@=K= 9JLA>9;LK 9J=
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;> J=A:JG<L =L 9D 0@= =E:=<<AF? G> L@=K= 9JLA>9;LK OAL@AF
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HJ=L9LAGF G> K=<AE=FL J=OGJCAF? 9DGF? 9 K=<AE=FL ;9K;9<= 9F< AEHDA=K
L@9L L@= <=HGKALAGF G> L@=K= K=<AE=FLK ;9FFGL := GD<=J L@9F ; C9
,
0@= KGAD >GJE9LAGF L=JEAF9L=< <MJAF? JGFR= ?= 9K AF<A;9L=< :Q L@=
<=HGKALAGF G> :J9A<=< ;@9FF=D AF L@= ;9K= G> HJGfD= #0 9F< #0
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:GF <9LAF?K L@9L O=J= G:L9AF=< >JGE L@= MHH=J H9JLK G> MFAL G> HJG
fD= #0 MFAL G> HJGfD= #0 9F< MFAL G> HJGfD= #0 QA=D<=<
EAFAEME 9?=K >GJ L@= <MJ9LAGF G> KGAD >GJE9LAGF 9F< E9PAEME <=HGKA
LAGF 9?=K >GJ L@= KMH=JAEHGK=< <=HGKALK G> – – 9F<
– ;9D 9 , J=KH=;LAN=DQ "A? 09:D= 0@= J9<AG;9J:GF
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L@GM?@ AF KLJ9LA?J9H@A; GJ<=J <G FGL ;GFfJE =9;@ GL@=J :=;9MK= L@=
EG<=JF 9?=K 9J= AF ;GFLJ9<A;LAGF OAL@ L@= JGM?@ E9PAEME 9?= =KLAE9L=
>GJ L@= :MJA9D LAE= G> >GKKAD LGHKGAD "A? 09:D= HGKKA:D= =PHD9F9
LAGF ;9F := L@= AF9<N=JL=FLDQ AFLJG<M;LAGF G> EG<=JF ;@9J;G9D AFLG L@=
HJGfD= 9DGF? ;J9;CK AF L@= <JQ 9F< DG9EQ E9L=JA9D <MJAF? HJGfD= ;D=9F
AF? 3= AFL=JHJ=L L@= 9?= >JGE L@= H9D=GKGD 9K EGJ= J=DA9:D= :=;9MK= AL
JGM?@DQ K@GOK L@= K9E= 9?= J9F?= 9K L@= ;GJJ=KHGF<AF? <9LAF? >JGE HJG
fD= #0 09:D= 0@MK O= ;GF;DM<= L@9L L@= <=HGKALAGF G> L@= K=<A
E=FLK G> L@= :J9A<=< KLJ=9E 9F< GN=J:9FC >9;A=K 9F< L@= 9;;GEH9FQAF?
:MJA9D G> L@= LGHKGAD @GJARGFK AF L@= HJGfD=K #0 9F< #0 EGJ= DAC=DQ
G;;MJJ=< AF L@= D9L= )A<$GDG;=F= GJ =9JDQ (9L= $GDG;=F= J9L@=J L@9F AF
EG<=JF LAE=K 0@= 9?= ?9H G> L@=K= LOG 9?=K 9DKG KMHHGJLK L@= AFL=JHJ=
L9LAGF G> <=HGKALAGF G> L@= 9:GN=DQAF? K=<AE=FLK AF 9 ;@9GLA; KQKL=E G>
:J9A<=< ;@9FF=DK
5.3. Holocene geomorphodynamics in the vicinity of Göbekli Tepe
%F L@= ;DGK= NA;AFALQ G> #^:=CDA 0=H= L@= ;GDDMNA9D 9F< 9DDMNA9D <=
HGKALK G>L=F <AJ=;LDQ GN=JDA= L@= O=9L@=J=< DAE=KLGF= :=<JG;C "A?
0@MK AF L@=K= ;9K=K D9L= )A<<D= 9F< (9L= $GDG;=F= K=<AE=FLK <A
J=;LDQ GN=JDA= L@= J=L9;=GMK LG )AG;=F= DAE=KLGF= AF<A;9LAF? 9F =JG
KAGF <AK;GFLAFMALQ 0@= HJ=K=F;= G> DAL@A; 9JLA>9;LK >JGE L@= ,J=,GL
L=JQ *=GDAL@A; OAL@AF L@= HJGfD=K #0 9F< #0 AEHDA=K L@9L L@=
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
<=HGKALAGF G> L@=K= K=<AE=FLK ;9FFGL @9N= G;;MJJ=< :=>GJ= L@AK LAE= A=
C9 , /M;@ 9F =JGKAGF <AK;GFLAFMALQ O9K 9DKG G:K=JN=< 9L '9R9F=
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(9L= ,D=AKLG;=F= <=HGKALK 9J= <AJ=;LDQ GN=JD9AF :Q )A<$GDG;=F= K=<A
E=FLK .GK=F KM??=KLAF? 9F =PL=FKAN= H@9K= G> =JGKAGF AF
L@= OA<=J J=?AGF "A? 9 <MJAF? L@= (9L= ,D=AKLG;=F= GJ !9JDQ $GDG;=F=
.GK=F
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0@= L@J== J9<AG;9J:GF 9?=K G:L9AF=< >JGE L@= >GKKAD LGHKGAD @GJARGFK
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GEGJH@G<QF9EA;K $GhE9FF =L 9D <MJAF? JGFR= ?= "A?
; GN=J K=<AE=FLK GN=JDQAF? L@= >GKKAD LGHKGAD @GJARGFK HJGNA<= =NA
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G> L@=K= KGADK 0@= JGFR= ?= :MJA9D 9?=K ;GAF;A<= OAL@ 9 KM:KL9FLA9D
HGHMD9LAGF AF;J=9K= AF KGML@=JF 0MJC=Q .G:=JLK =L 9D 9F< @M
E9F AEH9;L DAC=DQ :=;9E= EGJ= HJGFGMF;=< AF L@AK 9J=9 3ADCAFKGF
JGFR= ?= @ME9F 9;LANALA=K AF L@= OA<=J KMJJGMF<AF?K 9J= O=DD
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KMDLAF? D9F< MK= HJ=KKMJ= O9K AFL=FKAf=< :Q 9JA<AR9LAGF L@9L G;;MJJ=<
AF 0MJC=Q :=LO==F ; – C9 , "AFFZ =L 9D 0@= 9JA<AR9
LAGF AF L@= ;GMJK= G> L@= )A<$GDG;=F= O=FL 9DGF? OAL@ =JJ9LA; J9AF
>9DD H9LL=JFK AF;J=9K=< <JGM?@L JAKCK 9F< D=KK KL9:D= gGO J=?AE=K OAL@
KAEMDL9F=GMKDQ AF;J=9K=< gGG< H=9CK .GK=F .GK=F
3ADCAFKGF 'MRM;MGiDM =L 9D /M;@ ;GF<ALAGFK >GKL=J
AF;J=9K=< ?=GEGJH@G<QF9EA;K AF K=EA9JA< =FNAJGFE=FLK 9K 9 <=?J9<=<
N=?=L9LAGF ;GN=J J=KMDLK AF J=AF>GJ;=< D9F<K;9H= K=FKALANALQ LG L@= AF
;J=9KAF? >J=IM=F;Q G> LGJJ=FLA9D J9AFK 39DK@ =L 9D 0@=K= DG;9D
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JGFR= ?= @ME9F AEH9;L 9F< =PLJ=E= J9AF>9DD =N=FLK MK9J =L 9D
=P=EHDA>QAF? L@= ;GEHD=P AFL=JHD9Q G> N9JQAF? ;DAE9L= 9F< @M
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O=J= ;@9J9;L=JAR=< :Q E9BGJ HGHMD9LAGF <QF9EA;K .G:=JLK =L 9D
0@=Q ;GAF;A<= OAL@ J=G;;MJJAF? H@9K=K G> =F@9F;=< ?=GEGJH@G
<QF9EA;K AF L@= ;GMJK= G> L@= (9L= $GDG;=F= "A? = %F L@= !9KL=JF
)=<AL=JJ9F=9F J=?AGF KGAD =JGKAGF J9L=K :=;9E= @A?@=KL <MJAF? L@= .G
E9F H=JAG< ;GEH9J=< LG GL@=J $GDG;=F= H=JAG<K 9K 9 ;GFK=IM=F;= G> L@=
=PHDGAL9LAGF G> HJ=NAGMKDQ MF=PHDGAL=< @ADDKDGH=K 9F< 9 O=LL=J :ML @A?@DQ
N9JA9:D= ;DAE9L= MK9J =L 9D "AFFZ =L 9D
6. Conclusions
;;GJ<AF? LG GMJ J=KMDLK L@= HJ=<GEAF9FL J=DA=>>GJEAF? HJG;=KK=K
9;LAF? GF L@= @ADDKDGH=K 9J= 9 KGAD ;J==H <M= LG H=JAG<A;9DDQ <JQAF?
9F< O=LLAF? ;GAF;A<AF? OAL@ KO=DDAF? 9F< K@JAFCAF? G> ;D9Q EAF=J
9DK 9F< : KDGH= O9K@ LJA??=J=< :Q H=JAG<A;9DDQ J=G;;MJJAF? HJ=;AHAL9
LAGF =N=FLK 9DDGOAF? K@==L gGO LG G;;MJ 1KM9DDQ L@= DGO=J H9JLK G>
L@= K=IM=F;=K 9L L@= >GGL KDGH=K A= #0– 9F< – 9J= ;@9J
9;L=JAR=< :Q L@= KGAD ;J==H >9;A=K 9F< L@= MHH=J H9JLK :Q L@= KDGH=
O9K@ >9;A=K 0@=K= K=<AE=FLK 9J= <AKK=;L=< 9DGF? L@= L@9DO=?K :Q ;GF
;=FLJ9L=< JMFGh <M= LG =HAKG<A;9DDQ G;;MJJAF? @A?@ E9?FALM<=
Fig. 7. /;@=E9LA; ADDMKLJ9LAGF G> L@= $GDG;=F= =NGDMLAGF G> L@= MHH=J H9JL G> 9 K=<A
E=FL ;9K;9<= 9K KLM<A=< >GJ L@= ;DGK= NA;AFALQ G> #^:=CDA 0=H= 0@= <AKL9D H9JL G> L@=
UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
HA=<EGFL RGF= 9F< L@= 9DDMNA9D HD9AF G> L@= J=;=ANAF? KLJ=9E ;GEHD=E=FL L@= K=<AE=FL
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;MJJ=FLDQ KLM<A=< AF <=L9AD
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MFAL 9F< AF #0 GJ GN=J:9FC K=LLAF?K =? MFAL 9F< AF #0
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HGKALAGF 9?=K G> ; C9 , O= O=J= 9:D= LG F9JJGO <GOF L@= 9KKME=<
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MJAF? L@= JGFR= ?= L@J== <A>>=J=FL GJ?9FA; JA;@ LGHKGAD @GJARGFK
O=J= :MJA=< 9L ; 9F< ;9D 9 , HGAFLAF? LG 9 @A?@ KH9
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JGFR= ?= AF L@= 9J=9 9F< L@= !9KL=JF )=<AL=JJ9F=9F J=?AGF 9K O=DD
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IM=KLAGF O@=L@=J ,D=AKLG;=F= LG )A<$GDG;=F= K=<AE=FLK O=J= J=<=
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HA=<EGFL RGF= 9F< L@= 9DDMNA9D HD9AF G> L@= J=;=ANAF? KLJ=9E 0@=K=
9J;@AN=K O=J= 9DJ=9<Q J=;GJ<=< 9F< L@= K9EHD=K 9J= ;MJJ=FLDQ AFN=KLA
?9L=< +MJ HJ=DAEAF9JQ fF<AF?K HJGNA<= HJGEAKAF? =NA<=F;=K >GJ (9L=
,D=AKLG;=F= 9F< $GDG;=F= K=<AE=FL J=<AKLJA:MLAGF AF L@= =FNAJGFK G> L@=
1*!/+ 3GJD< $=JAL9?= KAL= #^:=CDA 0=H=—9 Q=L MFHM:DAK@=< J9<AG;9J
:GF ;@JGFGDG?Q ;GN=JK L@= D9KL ; Q=9JK 0@AK 9DDGOK >GJ 9 (9L=
-M9L=JF9JQ <A9;@JGFA; 9F9DQKAK G> N9JQAF? ?=GEGJH@G<QF9EA;K 9DGF?
L@= K=<AE=FL ;9K;9<= >JGE L@= @=9<O9L=J 9J=9K LG L@= 9DDMNA9D HD9AF G>
L@= J=;=ANAF? KLJ=9E OAL@ J=KH=;L LG <A>>=J=FL HGKKA:D= LJA??=JK KM;@ 9K
<=EG?J9H@A; KG;AG;MDLMJ9D 9F< ;DAE9LA; <QF9EA;K
Uncited reference
Declaration of Competing Interest
0@= 9ML@GJK <=;D9J= L@9L L@=Q @9N= FG CFGOF ;GEH=LAF? fF9F;A9D AF
L=J=KLK GJ H=JKGF9D J=D9LAGFK@AHK L@9L ;GMD< @9N= 9HH=9J=< LG AFgM=F;=
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Acknowledgements
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References
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
M. Nykamp et al. Catena xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
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