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A Method for Assessing the Fairness of Health Resource Allocation Based on Geographical Grid
Computers, Materials & Continua
... As an example, a study conducted by Calovi et al. [9] mapped the degree of accessibility to outpatient services in the Tuscany region using spatial statistics and geographical analyses as supporting tools for healthcare policymakers. Nevertheless, the inherent challenge of achieving a fine-grained assessment of health resource statistics and evaluating the fairness of health services across regions is a concern in current research on the equity of health services [10]. In their work, Han et al. [10] proposed a geographical grid hot words statistics method to replace administrative geographical boundaries with geographical grids to carefully estimate the health resources within the target area. ...
... Nevertheless, the inherent challenge of achieving a fine-grained assessment of health resource statistics and evaluating the fairness of health services across regions is a concern in current research on the equity of health services [10]. In their work, Han et al. [10] proposed a geographical grid hot words statistics method to replace administrative geographical boundaries with geographical grids to carefully estimate the health resources within the target area. The proposed method exploited the hot words query to obtain the number of health resources within a geographical grid combined with maximum likelihood estimation to determine the corresponding population size. ...
... The proposed method exploited the hot words query to obtain the number of health resources within a geographical grid combined with maximum likelihood estimation to determine the corresponding population size. Recently, Pinto et al. [11] integrated the geographic grid representation form [10] and convolution theory in a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to optimize the placement of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs), such as parks, in Italian urban cities. They assessed the fairness of NBS distribution in relation to population density and used the Gini coefficient to globally evaluate the impact of NBS installations on the general resident population. ...
In Italy, the current demographic transition makes it a strategic goal to realign the distribution of health services based on the population aged over 65. The traditional challenge of achieving a fine-grained assessment of health resource statistics and evaluating the fairness of health services across regions is a concern in current research on the fairness of health services. In this study, the authors propose a methodological approach to foster a novel analysis of fairness in the allocation of primary health care services in Italy with a specific focus on the population aged 65 or over, which facilitates the processing of extensive administrative and demographic data to ensure a clear and precise visualization for informed decision making. The proposed methodology integrates convolution matrices weighted by aged population density within a fine-grained geographic grid representation. This approach is combined with an image convolution technique for filtering, enabling an effective estimation of health resource impact and a clear visualization of their spatial distribution across geographical areas. The integration of several data sources to evaluate the equity in accessibility distribution through the Gini index is also exploited to quantify the disparity between healthcare service provision and the aged population at the regional district level. Our findings showed a substantial unfairness in service distribution, with a concentration of healthcare effect in prominent regions such as Campania, Lazio, and Lombardia, indicating that healthcare accessibility is predominantly disproportionate in Italy, particularly for the population aged over 65.
... In solving the problem of dynamic resource allocation, the literature proposed Service based system (SBS) to apply dynamic resource allocation method [11]. When user demand changes dynamically, the application load in SBS will be different at different moments. ...
... In solving the problem of dynamic resource allocation, the literature proposed SBS to apply dynamic resource allocation method [11]. When user demand changes dynamically, the application load in SBS will be different at different moments. ...
... Fadahunsi, J.T. et al. [11] proposed a cartographic model to determine the optimal locations for medical institutions and applied it in Osun State, Nigeria. Han et al. [12] proposed a method for evaluating the equity of health resource allocation from both the supply and demand sides using grids as units. Yin et al. [13] utilized indicators of natural, social, and economic factors to analyze the causes of inequality in medical services in China. ...
Reasonably allocating medical resources can effsectively optimize the utilization efficiency of such resources. This paper took Taiyuan City as an example and established a model to evaluate the rationality of medical resource spatial allocation, incorporating two key dimensions: the spatial layout and the supply and demand of medical resources. In terms of the spatial layout, three indexes were included: Firstly, the service coverage rates of different levels of medical institutions, based on residents’ medical orientations, were calculated using network analysis methods. Secondly, the Huff-2SFCA method was improved to calculate the accessibility of medical resources for four different modes of transportation. Then, the Health Resource Agglomeration Degree (HRAD) and Population Agglomeration Degree (PAD) were used to quantify the equity of medical resources. In terms of the supply and demand of medical resources, one index was included: the supply–demand ratio of medical resources during sudden public health events, which was calculated using the number of beds per thousand people as an indicator. These four indexes were weighted using the entropy weight method to obtain the rationality grade of medical resource spatial allocation in Taiyuan City. The study found that the rationality evaluation level of medical resource allocation in the central urban area of Taiyuan City followed a “concentrically decreasing” pattern. The rating ranged from “very reasonable” to “less reasonable”, with the area of each level expanding gradually. The areas rated within the top two categories only accounted for 19.92% of the study area, while the area rated as “less reasonable” occupied 38.73% of the total area. These results indicate that the model accounted for residents’ travel for various medical orientations and the availability of resources during public health emergencies. It considered both the spatial layout and supply and demand of medical resources, offering recommendations for the precise allocation of urban medical resources.
... Third, based on the perspective of medical facility distribution [8]. Han et al. used maximum likelihood estimation to measure the fairness of health resource allocation in the target area of the grid [9]. Ji and Zhang used standard deviation ellipse, kernel density estimation, and spatial hot spot analysis to analyze the spatial distribution of medical and nursing care resources in Beijing [10]. ...
The academic research on the spatial distribution of pension institutions is mostly from the perspective of constructing or improving spatial analysis methods. It is not considered that with the development of social science and technology, the facilities and services of elderly care institutions will develop in the direction of intelligence. Exploring the intelligence level and spatial distribution of Shanghai’s elderly care institutions has important practical significance for improving and optimizing the service facilities and resource allocation of Shanghai’s pension institutions. The spatial scale and cluster distribution of pension institutions in Shanghai are described by means of standard deviation ellipse, kernel density analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and spatial hotspot analysis. The Gini coefficient of intelligent bed is proposed to describe the comprehensive allocation of resources of pension institutions. Additionally, correlation analysis is used to explore the spatial fairness distribution of pension institutions in Shanghai. The results show that the development of pension institutions in various districts of Shanghai is uneven; the distribution of pension institutions is concentrated in the central urban area; the intelligent facilities, service resources, and the number of beds of pension institutions in the suburbs are better than those in the central urban area. Based on the analysis results, policy suggestions are put forward, such as optimizing the allocation of bed resources in pension institutions and focusing on building a more equitable and rationally structured smart pension institution.
... Effective fog-cloud computing applied to IoT devices requires an efficient resource management technique that performs task scheduling and resource allocation while numerous connected users offload countless processing tasks. A number of techniques have been proposed to achieve this goal [4], [7]- [22]. An optimal workload allocation model for fog-cloud computing that reduces latency and energy consumption was proposed in [23], in which metrics of computing are formulated as three subproblems (e.g., SP1, SP2, and SP3) corresponding to the fog, cloud and WAN (wide area network) layers, respectively. ...
Efficient task and resource allocation techniques are critical to managing the relationships between the components of cloud, fog, and mist-assisted internet of things networks. Fulfilling this function necessarily implicates concerns between two affected groups, users, who prioritize cost-effectiveness and latency, and service providers, who prioritize efficient and cost-effective resource management. While there is no single solution that is capable of simultaneously wholly optimizing the experiences of both groups, solutions that ensure mutual satisfaction can be achieved. To accomplish this, we developed an algorithm that first derives two objective functions, user and service provider satisfaction, from data concerning service provisioning, user preferences, and resources utilization. The algorithm then combines these functions into a mutual objective function that maximizes satisfaction of both individuals. Next, available computing nodes are ordered in a list, prioritizing by compromising factors, and the most appropriate node(s) for task completion are selected. The proposed algorithm was tested extensively through simulations and compared with existing techniques. Ultimately, the proposed algorithm outperformed alternatives across every metric, illustrating its utility as a means of achieving mutual satisfaction and improving quality of service.
... It was difficult for us to obtain the data for the population and economy of small areas due to various restrictions. Han et al. [21] proposed a model using maximum likelihood estimation to build a population assessment model based on a hot keyword crawler. Our experiment used this population assessment model to calculate the population and economic data of each grid in Hunan Province through an estimate based on the number of keywords in each grid. ...
The gust In recent years, MCR model analysis method has been widely used in geography. It is an attempt and innovation to combine geographical theory and management practice to add MCR model to university apartment management to assist decision making. In NUIST, for example, this study research resistance surface model in university dormitory management optimization under the guidance of the campus road system adjustment and improvement, optimization of campus dormitory management and road traffic modification plan put forward the scientific guidance, based on MCR resistance model of school teaching, scientific research, sports, life four big area resistance situation analysis, Then, the management of campus dormitories is optimized to form visual results through accuracy and provide more possibilities and innovations for future university management and planning. KeywordsMCR modelPlane of resistanceOptimize the spatial patternOptimize dormitory managementLayout of campus
Background
Good health and equal health care are the cornerstones of the Swedish Health and Medical Service Act. Recent studies show that the average level of health, measured as longevity, improves in Sweden, however, social inequalities in health remain a major issue. An important issue is how health care services can contribute to reducing inequalities in health, and the impact of a recent Primary Health Care (PHC) Choice Reform in this respect. This paper presents the findings of a review of the existing evidence on impacts of these reforms. Methods
We reviewed the published accounts (reports and scientific articles) which reported on the impact of the Swedish PHC Choice Reform of 2010 and changes in reimbursement systems, using Donabedian’s framework for assessing quality of care in terms of structure, process and outcomes. ResultsSince 2010, over 270 new private PHC practices operating for profit have been established throughout the country. One study found that the new establishments had primarily located in the largest cities and urban areas, in socioeconomically more advantaged populations. Another study, adjusting for socioeconomic composition found minor differences. The number of visits to PHC doctors has increased, more so among those with lesser needs of health care. The reform has had a negative impact on the provision of services for persons with complex needs. Opinions of doctors and staff in PHC are mixed, many state that persons with lesser needs are prioritized. Patient satisfaction is largely unchanged. The impact of PHC on population health may be reduced. Conclusions
The PHC Choice Reform increased the average number of visits, but particularly among those in more affluent groups and with lower health care needs, and has made integrated care for those with complex needs more difficult. Resource allocation to PHC has become more dependent on provider location, patient choice and demand, and less on need of care. On the available evidence, the PHC Choice Reform may have damaged equity of primary health care provision, contrary to the tenets of the Swedish Health and Medical Service Act. This situation needs to be carefully monitored.
Background
The inequitable allocation of health resources is a worldwide problem, and it is also one of the obstacles facing for health services utilization in China. A new round of health care reform which contains the important aspect of improving the equity in health resource allocation was released by Chinese government in 2009. The aim of this study is to understand the changes of equity in health resource allocation from 2009 to 2013, and make a further inquiry of the main factors which influence the equity conditions in China.
Methods
Data resources are the China Health Statistics Yearbook (2014) and the China Statistical Yearbook (2014). Four indicators were chosen to measure the trends in equity of health resource allocation. Data were disaggregated by three geographical regions: west, central, and east. Theil index was used to calculate the degree of unfairness.
Results
The total amount of health care resources in China had been increasing in recent years. However, the per 10, 000 km2 number of health resources showed a huge gap in different regions, and per 10, 000 capita health resources ownership showed a relatively small disparities at the same time. The index of health resources showed an overall downward trend, in which health financial investment the most unfair from 2009 to 2012 and the number of health institutions the most unfair in 2013. The equity of health resources allocation in eastern regions was the worst except for the aspect of health technical personnel allocation. The regional contribution rates were lower than that of the inter-regional contribution rates which were all beyond 60 %.
Conclusion
The equity of health resource allocation improved gradually from 2009 to 2013. However, the internal differences within the eastern region still have a huge impact on the overall equity in health resource allocation. The tough issues of inequitable in health resource allocation should be resolved by comprehensive measures from a multidisciplinary perspective.
ᅟ: There are many existing methodologies on measuring health equity, while seldom has method aiming at health resource allocation. We collected 6 method of measuring equity in health resource allocation. This paper presents key contents of methods on measuring horizontal equity in health service allocation, yet each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well as range of application, which may help researchers or government to make wise decision when choosing appropriate method for measuring equity. Through comparative analysis, we concluded that socioeconomic factors were considered in concentration index; although the Lorenz curve and Gini-coefficient are widely used, which exist uncertainty and incompleteness; overall inequality can be decomposed by Theil index, which is of significance for the planning of urban and rural areas; preferences on a certain class can be set artificially by Atkinson index; it is easy for Chi-square to analyze aided with statistical software; specific regional differences can be calculated by index of dissimilarity.
I1.
The pace of redressing inequities in the distribution of scarce health care resources in Namibia has been slow. This is due primarily to adherence to the historical incrementalist type of budgeting that has been used to allocate resources. Those regions with high levels of deprivation and relatively greater need for health care resources have been getting less than their fair share. To rectify this situation, which was inherited from the apartheid system, there is a need to develop a needs-based resource allocation mechanism.
Principal components analysis was employed to compute asset indices from asset based and health-related variables, using data from the Namibia demographic and health survey of 2000. The asset indices then formed the basis of proposals for regional weights for establishing a needs-based resource allocation formula.
Comparing the current allocations of public sector health car resources with estimates using a needs based formula showed that regions with higher levels of need currently receive fewer resources than do regions with lower need.
To address the prevailing inequities in resource allocation, the Ministry of Health and Social Services should abandon the historical incrementalist method of budgeting/resource allocation and adopt a more appropriate allocation mechanism that incorporates measures of need for health care.
Growing scientific evidence points to the pervasiveness of inequities in health and health care and the persistence of the inverse care law, that is the availability of good quality healthcare seems to be inversely related to the need for it in developing countries. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is likely to be compromised if inequities in health/healthcare are not properly addressed.
This study attempts to assess trends in inequities in selected indicators of health status and health service utilization in Malawi using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004.
Data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 1992, 2000 and 2004 are analysed for inequities in health/healthcare using quintile ratios and concentration curves/indices.
Overall, the findings indicate that in most of the selected indicators there are pro-rich inequities and that they have been widening during the period under consideration. Furthermore, vertical inequities are observed in the use of interventions (treatment of diarrhoea, ARI among under-five children), in that the non-poor who experience less burden from these diseases receive more of the treatment/interventions, whereas the poor who have a greater proportion of the disease burden use less of the interventions. It is also observed that the publicly provided services for some of the selected interventions (e.g. child delivery) benefit the non-poor more than the poor.
The widening trend in inequities, in particular healthcare utilization for proven cost-effective interventions is likely to jeopardize the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other national and regional targets. To counteract the inequities it is recommended that coverage in poor communities be increased through appropriate targeting mechanisms and effective service delivery strategies. There is also a need for studies to identify which service delivery mechanisms are effective in the Malawian context.
Depression is a common chronic disorder. It often goes undetected due to limited diagnosis methods and brings serious results to public and personal health. Former research detected geographic pattern for depression using questionnaires or self-reported measures of mental health, this may induce same-source bias. Recent studies use social media for depression detection but none of them examines the geographic patterns. In this paper, we apply GIS methods to social media data to provide new perspectives for public health research. We design a procedure to automatically detect depressed users in Twitter and analyze their spatial patterns using GIS technology. This method can improve diagnosis techniques for depression. It is faster at collecting data and more promptly at analyzing and providing results. Also, this method can be expanded to detect other major events in real-time, such as disease outbreaks and earthquakes.
Transforming raw observations into geometrically regular global grids is a fundamental data processing and storage problem underlying much of our global data analysis. The basic geometry of traditionally employed quadrilateral-based point or area grids, while well suited to array storage and matrix manipulation, may inherently hinder numerical and geostatistical modeling efforts. Several scientists have noted the superior performance of triangular point grids and associated triangular cells that can be aggregated into hexagonal surface tessellations, yet, no thorough evaluation of discrete global grid alternatives has been conducted. We present results from a global grid comparison study that focused on recursive tiling of polyhedral faces projected onto the globe. A set of evaluation criteria for global partitioning methods were developed. Of these, metrics for spheroidal surface area, compactness, and centerpoint spacing were found to be of particular importance. We present examples of these metrics applied to compare different recursive map projection-based and quadrilateral spherical partitionings. One map projection approach, the Icosahedral Snyder Equal Area (ISEA), shows particular promise due to its production of equal area triangular and hexagonal cells on the spheroid at all levels of recursive partitioning.
The rate of changes in the allocation of health care resources has escalated in the past decade in an attempt to provide for cost containment and a more equitable distribution while retaining quality of care. In this issue, economists, physicians, psychologists, and sociologists examine the current health care environment for evidence relevant to the effect of these changes and provide a guideline for future direction.
Rasterization is a conversion process accompanied with information loss, which includes the loss of features’ shape, structure, position, attribute and so on. Two chief factors that affect estimating attribute accuracy loss in rasterization are grid cell size and evaluating method. That is, attribute accuracy loss in rasterization has a close relationship with grid cell size; besides, it is also influenced by evaluating methods. Therefore, it is significant to analyze these two influencing factors comprehensively. Taking land cover data of Sichuan at the scale of 1:250,000 in 2005 as a case, in view of data volume and its processing time of the study region, this study selects 16 spatial scales from 600 m to 30 km, uses rasterizing method based on the Rule of Maximum Area (RMA) in ArcGIS and two evaluating methods of attribute accuracy loss, which are Normal Analysis Method (NAM) and a new Method Based on Grid Cell (MBGC), respectively, and analyzes the scale effect of attribute (it is area here) accuracy loss at 16 different scales by these two evaluating methods comparatively. The results show that: (1) At the same scale, average area accuracy loss of the entire study region evaluated by MBGC is significantly larger than the one estimated using NAM. Moreover, this discrepancy between the two is obvious in the range of 1 km to 10 km. When the grid cell is larger than 10 km, average area accuracy losses calculated by the two evaluating methods are stable, even tended to parallel. (2) MBGC can not only estimate RMA rasterization attribute accuracy loss accurately, but can express the spatial distribution of the loss objectively. (3) The suitable scale domain for RMA rasterization of land cover data of Sichuan at the scale of 1:250,000 in 2005 is better equal to or less than 800 m, in which the data volume is favorable and the processing time is not too long, as well as the area accuracy loss is less than 2.5%.
Techniques are presented for navigating between adjacent triangles of greater or equal size in a hierarchical triangle mesh where the triangles are obtained by a recursive quadtree-like subdivision of the underlying space into four equilateral triangles. These techniques are useful in a number of applications including finite element analysis, ray tracing, and the modeling of spherical data. The operations are implemented in a manner analogous to that used in a quadtree representation of data on the two-dimensional plane where the underlying space is tessellated into a square mesh. A new technique is described for labeling the triangles which is useful in implementing the quadtree triangle mesh as a linear quadtree (i.e., a pointer-less quadtree); the navigation can then take place in this linear quadtree. When the neighbors are of equal size, the algorithms take constant time. The algorithms are very efficient, as they make use of just a few bit manipulation operations and can be impl...
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