ArticlePDF Available

Biological attributes of lemon: A review

May 2020
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapeutic Science 6(1):030-034

DOI:10.17352/2455-3484.000034

License
CC BY-NC 4.0

Authors:

Syeda Mona Hassan

Lahore Garrison University

Show all 8 authorsHide

The citrus fruits are originate to be frequently in cultivation throughout the tropics and are extremely nutritious and medicinal in nature. According to Ayurveda, different parts of Lemon tree possess various medicinal properties. Many properties such as anti-inﬂ ammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic are shown by lemon. In the present review important effects such as anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-inﬂ ammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-ulcer and desorption also have been studied In lemon, very important natural compounds containing ascorbic acid, minerals, citric acid, essential oils and ﬂ avonoids are present in high quantity9. lemon shows anticancer and antibacterial activity due to the presence of alkaloid constituent in different parts of lemon leaves, stem, root and ﬂ ower. Millennium development goals (MDGs) have one of the fundamental goal which is the quest to combat the incidence of diseases such as kidney stone, respiratory disorder, cancer blood sugar balance and cardiovascular diseases. The potential sources of drugs are secondary metabolites due to their therapeutic importance. These secondary metabolites are rich in medicinal plants.

Lemon bud and Flower.

Lemon tree and Fruit.

Figures - uploaded by Muhammad Farman Rafique

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Shahzad SHARIF Mughal

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Shahzad SHARIF Mughal

Content may be subject to copyright.

Available via license: CC BY-NC 4.0

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Muhammad Farman Rafique

Content may be subject to copyright.

030

Citation: Rafique S, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Hassan SK, Shabbir N (2020) Biological attributes of lemon: A review. J Addict Med Ther Sci 6(1): 030-034.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-3484.000034

https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/jamtsDOI:

2455-3484

ISSN:

MEDICAL GROUP

Introduction

In advanced and undeveloped countries, due to no side

effect and natural origin, usually herbal medicines are used.

From medicinal plants, many customary medicines are derived

which can be used. There are 21,000 plants which are used for

medicinal purposes all around the world are listed by World

Health Organization (WHO). According to the World Health

Organization (WHO), the best sources to acquire the diversity

of drugs are medicinal plants. The largest manufacturer of

medicinal plants is India which is also called botanical garden

of world [1]. In family Rutaceae, the genus Citrus is greatest

operational herb in traditional medicines. In tropical and

subtropical areas of Asia, the native genus is citrus. The main

winter fruits are the citrus fruits which are used up in the diet of

Mediterranean. The citrus fruits are originate to be frequently in

cultivation throughout the tropics and are extremely nutritious

and medicinal in nature. In Mediterranean region, there are

eight taxa have been traditionally cultivated belonging to the

genus Citrus.

History

(Rutaceae). For citrus lemon, the most common name

is lemon and it is an edible fruit. After orange, lemon is the

third most signiﬁ cant specie of citrus fruits which is cultivated

more than 4.4 million ton in each year. At present, the biggest

producer of lemons in the world is Argentina with 1.2 million

tones. In lemon, very important natural compounds containing

ascorbic acid, minerals, citric acid, essential oils and ﬂ avonoids

are present in high quantity [2]. Lemon shows anticancer

and antibacterial activity due to the presence of alkaloid

constituent in different parts of lemon leaves, stem, root and

ﬂ ower [3]. There are different varieties of lemon include: Avon,

Berna, Baboon, Bearss, Cameron [4]. Peels of lemon consist of

various phytochemicals, such as glycosides, volatile oils,  and

-sitosterol. There are various signiﬁ cant activities found in

lemon like polyethoxylated, ascorbic acid, ﬂ avones, phenolic

compounds which are exceptional in other plants.

In 200A.D, lemon plant was ﬁ rst introduced in southern

Abstract

The citrus fruits are originate to be frequently in cultivation throughout the tropics and are extremely nutritious and medicinal in nature. According to Ayurveda,

different parts of Lemon tree possess various medicinal properties. Many properties such as anti-inﬂ ammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic are shown by

lemon. In the present review important effects such as anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-inﬂ ammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-ulcer and desorption also have been

studied In lemon, very important natural compounds containing ascorbic acid, minerals, citric acid, essential oils and ﬂ avonoids are present in high quantity9. lemon

shows anticancer and antibacterial activity due to the presence of alkaloid constituent in different parts of lemon leaves, stem, root and ﬂ ower. Millennium development

goals (MDGs) have one of the fundamental goal which is the quest to combat the incidence of diseases such as kidney stone, respiratory disorder, cancer blood sugar

balance and cardiovascular diseases. The potential sources of drugs are secondary metabolites due to their therapeutic importance. These secondary metabolites are

rich in medicinal plants.

Review Article

Biological attributes of lemon:

A review

Sania Raﬁ que

1

, Syeda Mona Hassan

1

*, Shahzad Sharif

Mughal

1

, Syed Khurram Hassan

2

, Nageena Shabbir

1

,

Sumaira Perveiz

1

, Maryam Mushtaq

1

and Muhammad

Farman

3

1Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

2Institute of Quality and Technology Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

3University of Management and technology Lahore, Pakistan

Received: 05 May, 2020

Accepted: 21 May, 2020

Published: 22 May, 2020

*Corresponding author: Syeda Mona Hassan, Depart-

ment of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore,

Punjab, Pakistan, E-mail:

Keywords: Anti-cancer; Anti-ulcer; Anti-microbial; Anti-

diabetic; Lemon

https://www.peertechz.com

031

https://www.peertechz.com/journals/journal-of-addiction-medicine-and-therapeutic-science

Citation: Rafique S, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Hassan SK, Shabbir N (2020) Biological attributes of lemon: A review. J Addict Med Ther Sci 6(1): 030-034.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-3484.000034

Italy and then taken to Iraq and Egypt in 700 A.D. Lemon was

distributed in the Mediterranean Region by 1000-1150A.D and

then cultivated in China approximately 760-1297 A.D. Lemon

was brought into Spanish and then to Island in Hispaniola in

1493. Lemon was launched in California in 1751 -1786 [5].

Graphical distribution

It is native in north Indian but cultivated in Turkey,

Mexico, United States, Argentina, Iran, Brazil, Italy, Spain

and People Republic of China. The fruit of lemon can be used

for non-culinary and culinary purposes all over the world.

Predominantly, lemon is used for its juice from side to side the

pulp and taste is as well used mostly in baking and cooking [6].

Toxicological Classiﬁ cation:

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Angiosperms

Phylum: Eudicots

Class: Rosids

Order: Sapindales

Family: Rutaceae

Genus: Citrus

Species: C. Limon

Botanical description

Citrus trees produce fruits of different shapes and sizes

(from round to oblong), these trees are evergreen and full of

ﬂ avor, fragrance, and juice [7]. The color of leaves of lemon is

dark green; these are 6.5 to 10mm and are arranged on stem

in alternate manners. There are ﬁ ve petals in lemon with

white fragrant color. The pulp of lemon is highly acidic and its

ﬂ ower is bisexual and male. ‘Pink Lemonade’ is lemon cultivar

from which the ﬂ ower of lemon originates. The fruit of this

cultivaris striped and leaves are variegated. Commonly lemons

are oval in shape with smooth and spongy surface [8]. Lemons

are varied in their shapes and sizes, some are like grape fruits

and some are little bigger in size. Lemons are mostly greenish

yellow in color after gaining its full size it shows bright yellow

color instead of greenish yellow. The small seeds are found

with-in the fruit called ﬂ oopies [9] Figures 1-3.

Phytochemicals and nutrition’s values

Phytonutrients shows the biological relationship between

plants and human health. Mainly phytonutrients are those

bioactive nutrients which are extracted from plants for the

beneﬁ t of mankind. Citrus fruits are rich in phytoconstituents

and lemon is one of them. Citrus fruit is rich of ﬂ avonoid

glycosides, coumarins and volatile oils [10]. Citrus fruit is rich

in ﬂ avonoid, glycosides, coumarins,  and  sitosterol Citrus

fruits constitute only 0.9% of total daily calories and 1.7% of

daily carbohydrate. Polymethoxylated ﬂ avones have much

importance and are very rare in other plants. Fiber of citrus

fruits contains bioactive compound, such as polyphenols, the

most important being vitamin C (or ascorbic acid) and it cure

the deﬁ ciency of vitamin C.

Citrus limonene has been analyzed for their content of

nutrient, carbohydrates, protein, fats, sodium or cholesterol.

The 100g of lemon without peel having the energy value121 kJ

(29 kcal) carbohydrates9.32 g, Fat 0.30 g, zinc, 0.06 mg (1%),

calcium 26 mg (3%) , potassium 138 mg (3%), magnesium, 8

mg (2%), iron – 0.60 mg (5%),phosphorus 16 mg (2%), protein

1.10 g, riboﬂ avin is also known as Vit. B2 0.020 mg (1%),

thiamine also known as vitamin B10.040 mg 3%,pantothenic

acid (B5) – 0.190 mg (4%), ascorbic acid also called vitamin C

53.0 mg (88%)

Vitamin B6–0.080 mg (6%), Niacin (Vit. B3) – 0.100 mg

(1%), folate (Vit. B9), 11  g (3%) (Hashemipour et al., 2016).

A considerable amount of carotenoids and a big quantity of

vitamin C (approximately are able of changing to vitamin A),

ﬁ ber and folate. A large amount of mono-terpene hydrocarbons

Figure 1: Lemon bud and Flower.

Figure 2: Lemon Fruit.

Figure 3: Lemon tree and Fruit.

032

https://www.peertechz.com/journals/journal-of-addiction-medicine-and-therapeutic-science

Citation: Rafique S, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Hassan SK, Shabbir N (2020) Biological attributes of lemon: A review. J Addict Med Ther Sci 6(1): 030-034.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-3484.000034

(7095%) is present in citrus oils along with lesser aggregates

of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and these are responsible for a

characteristic ﬂ avor [10].

Medicinal uses

Lemon was cure the plague and a syrup known as acridine

citri is prepared from its juice which is used for quenched the

thirst of someone and also fought over at the same time. Honey

is boiled with lemon and used as digests. It is also used for the

removal of pimples and dark spots on face [11].

To kill the intestinal worms, to remove the kidney stone

and gravel, lemon juice was used [12]. It is suggested by the

various reports that, reduction in oxidative stress, prevention

in atherogenic modiﬁ cations of LDL cholesterol, improve in

the blood lipid proﬁ le, platelet aggregation and improves

HDL-cholesterol concentrations have been done by drinking

substantial volumes of a mixture of citrus juices. It is studied

that its extract has anti-thyroidal properties, which suggest its

potential to ameliorate hyperthyroidism [11].

Due to their similar phytonutrient contents, all citrus fruits

contain nutritional and therapeutic properties. The main source

of primates’ device vitamin C1 is citrus. Absorption of iron from

small intestine in the body is enhanced by ascorbic acid which

is compulsory for connective metabolism particularly the scar

tissue, teeth and bones. It is essential as an anti-stress and

defender against chills damp and cold. It quenches and scavenge

the free radical created by ultra violet radiation stabilization, It

performances also as antioxidants in the skin [7].

The collagens production is also reliant on vitamin C.

Collagens supports in the advancement and renewal of skin and

ﬁ ne wrinkles are improved by it. Total number of protein in the

body and its energetic constituent are increased by its extracts

which are responsible for the raise of protein serum such as

d- limonene. Citrus fruits and their peels are found to help

in improving various metabolic and inﬂ ammatory disorders

attributing to the abundance in its bioactive compounds [13].

Pharmacological activities

Due to their physiological, medicinal and pharmacological

activities, many Citrus species are recognized which includes

antioxidant, anti-inﬂ ammatory, hypoglycemic, anticancer

and antimicrobial activities. Studies have also shown that

the main compound of C. limon essential oil D-limonene—

in concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0%, administered to mice

by inhalation, has a signiﬁ cant calming and anxiolytic

effect by activating serotonin and dopamine receptors [14].

In addition, D-limonene has an inhibitory effect on pain

receptors, similar to that of indomethacin and hyoscine. The

pharmacological potential of C. limon is determined by its rich

chemical composition. The most important group of secondary

metabolites in the fruit includes ﬂ avonoids and also other

compounds, such as phenolic acids, coumarins, carboxylic

acids, amino acids and vitamins. The main compounds of

essential oil are monoterpenoids, especially D-limonene. These

valuable chemical components are the reason for the important

position of C. limon in the food and cosmetics industries.

Another pharmacopoeial raw material obtained from C. limon

is the outer part of the mesocarp—the ﬂ avedo. A monograph

entitled ‘Citrus limon ﬂ avedo’ can be found in older editions

of the French Pharmacopoeia, for example, in its 10th edition

from 1998. C. limon also has a positive recommendation in

the European Commission’s Cosmetics Ingredients Database

(CosIng Database) as a valuable plant for cosmetics’ production

[15].

Anticancer

An irregular growth of cells or tissues of body is called

cancer. If abnormal cells divide without control and invade

nearby tissues is called malignant tumor and also known as

malignancy. If the abnormal cell growth does not invade

nearby tissues is called benign tumor or non-cancerous

growth. A number of chemo protective activities and chemicals

are found in plants in which some of these are taking as clinical

experiments.

A novel procedure for cancer therapy is Inhibition of

angiogenesis. The selected plants may be carefully used as

anti-angiogenic therapy and in cancer controlling [14]. Citrus

limonene contain vitamin C, folate, dietary ﬁbre and other

bioactive components, such as carotenoids and ﬂavonoids,

which are suggested to be responsible for the prevention

of cancer and degenerative disease. Citrus liminoids shows

anticancer property in aqueous extract of fruit , containing

those compounds which shield the cells from damage which is

the cause of cancer [16].

Antioxidant activity

The important sources of antioxidants are citrus juices

and fruits and these antioxidants are ascorbic acid, ﬂ avonoids

and phenolic compounds [17]. The source of glycosides and

phenolic compounds are citrus peels. The bioactive compounds

are phenolic acids which are responsible for the antioxidant

and many other biological activities [18]. The highest anti-

oxidant activity can be found in citrus fruits. Ascorbic acid

(vitamin C) interpretations for a great proportion in some fruits

can act as antioxidant. Moreover, other phytoconstituents

like carotenoids, ﬂ avonoids, glutathione, and various enzyme

systems may also contribute to the antioxidant activity [19].

Anti-ulcer activity

The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer dieses involves an

imbalance between offensive (acid, pepsin, and H. pylori) as

well as suspicious aspects [14]. Indian Medicinal plants and

their derivatives have been a valuable source of therapeutic

agents to treat various disorders including Antiulcer diseases.

Fruit aqueous excerpt also shows the antiulcer activity against

gastric ulcer [20].

Anti-diabetic activity

A metabolic disorder is called Diabetes. A system, through

which our body utilizes the digested food energy and growth,

is known as metabolism. The eaten food is converted into a

033

https://www.peertechz.com/journals/journal-of-addiction-medicine-and-therapeutic-science

Citation: Rafique S, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Hassan SK, Shabbir N (2020) Biological attributes of lemon: A review. J Addict Med Ther Sci 6(1): 030-034.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-3484.000034

form of blood sugar and the basic component of blood sugar is

called glucose. The main source of fuel for our body is glucose.

In absence of insulin, glucose cannot enter our cells. A class of

organic substance known as polyphenols which is present in

lemon and a high amount in lemon peel [13]. It is investigated

that polyphenols considerably inhibited the fat accumulation,

high blood glucose levels and insulin resistance, development

of hyper lipidemia, weight gain which are different aspects of

obesity. A range of essential oils is present in citrus peel. The

pathogenic bacteria are killed or their growth is inhibited by

suing these essential oils. The lowering of diabetes and anti-

per oxidative effects are possessed by citrus peel due to the

high content of total polyphenols [14].

Antimicrobial activity

The antibacterial activity of the organic acid-rich extract of

fresh red chicory was veriﬁ ed against predontopathic bacteria

like actionmycies and streptococcus mutant. Oxalic acid and

succinic acid were recognized from active extract .entire

organic acid with variant level of efﬁ ciency were present to

reducing bioﬁ lm generation and adhesion of bacteria to the

cell. The antibacterial activity was analyzed by well diffusion

method. 25 mL of Muller Hinton agar was prepared according

to the standard procedure and poured into the plates and then

it is allowed to get hard. The inoculums suspension are taken as

standard which streaked over the surface of the media by using

sterile cotton pad to make sure the conﬂ uent development of

the organism and 5 minutes are allowed to dry the plates. The

different concentrations (50, 75 and 100 g/mL) of the extract

were poured into the wells after drying. A standard (1 g/mL)

which is used called Tetracycline. Finally, the bacteria are

incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours in the inoculated plates [21-24].

Conclusion

One of the most important sources of medicines are

plants. It is well documented from ancient times till date all

over the world, medicinal plants are stimulating the ability

of human health to handle with the unpleasant and difﬁ cult

circumstances. A millennium development goal (MDGs) has

one of the fundamental goal which is the quest to combat the

incidence of diseases such as kidney stone, respiratory disorder,

cancer blood sugar balance and cardiovascular diseases. The

potential sources of drugs are secondary metabolites due to

their therapeutic importance. These secondary metabolites are

rich in medicinal plants. As therapeutic agents, the interest in

the use of plant extracts is increasing. A “citrus fruit” lemon

belongs to family Rutaceae which is used in pharmacological

potential as solution. One of the most popular fruit is lemon

in all over the world. From the literature investigation, it is

stated that a potential source of anti-diabetic, anticancer,

antimicrobial and anti-inﬂ ammatory activity is lemon.

References

1. Vijayalakshmi K, Selvaraj CI (2018) Medicinal Plants and their Phyto-

Constituents with Potential Antidiabetic Activity–A Review. Res J Biotechnol

13. Link: https://bit.ly/3cYYpEY

2. Makni M, Jemai R, Kriaa W, Chtourou Y, Fetoui H (2018) Citrus limon from

Tunisia: Phytochemical and physicochemical properties and biological

activities. Biomed Res Int Link: https://bit.ly/2zY3dvF

3. Dhanavade MJ, Jalkute CB, Ghosh JS, Sonawane KD (2011) Study antimicrobial

activity of lemon (Citrus lemon L.) peel extract. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol 2: 119-

122. Link: https://bit.ly/2ZoDkzX

4. Mshelia BM, Adeshina GO, Onaolapo JA (2018) The antibacterial activity of

honey and lemon juice against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus

pyogenes isolates from respiratory tract infections. Acta Sci Microbiol 1. Link:

https://bit.ly/3eeeRBz

5. Ali J, Das B, Saikia T (2017) Antimicrobial activity of lemon peel (Citrus limon)

extract. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9: 79-81.

Link: https://bit.ly/2TxLx10

6. Mohanapriya M, Ramaswamy L, Rajendran R (2013) Health and medicinal

properties of lemon (Citrus limonum). International Journal of Ayurvedic and

Herbal Medicine 3: 1095-1100. Link:

7. Okwu DE (2008) Citrus fruits: A rich source of phytochemicals and their roles

in human health. Int J Chem Sci 6: 451-471. Link: https://bit.ly/2XicsPu

8. Zhao J (2007) Nutraceuticals, nutritional therapy, phytonutrients, and

phytotherapy for improvement of human health: a perspective on

plant biotechnology application. Recent Pat Biotechnol 1: 75-97. Link:

https://bit.ly/2WXz5K9

9. Gamarra F, Sakanaka L, Tambourgi E, Cabral F (2006) Inﬂ uence on the quality

of essential lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) oil by distillation process. Brazilian

Journal of Chemical Engineering 23: 147-151. Link: https://bit.ly/3eeeneJ

10. Ahmad MM, Iqbal Z, Anjum F, Sultan J (2006) Genetic variability to essential

oil composition in four citrus fruit species. Pakistan Journal of Botany 38: 319.

Link: https://bit.ly/36obaXd

11. Uduak OA, Ani EJ, Etoh ECI, Macstephen AO (2014) Comparative effect of

Citrus sinensis and carbimazole on serum T4, T3 and TSH levels. Niger Med J

55: 230-234. Link: https://bit.ly/36kWWX0

12. Arias BA, Ramón-Laca L (2005) Pharmacological properties of citrus and their

ancient and medieval uses in the Mediterranean region. J Ethnopharmacol 97:

89-95. Link: https://bit.ly/2zjt5lC

13. Sridharan B, Michael ST, Arya R, Mohana Roopan S, Ganesh RN, et al.

(2016) Beneﬁ cial effect of Citrus limon peel aqueous methanol extract

on experimentally induced urolithic rats. Pharm Biol 54: 759-769. Link:

https://bit.ly/3e800Z7

14. Umashanker M, Shruti S (2011) Traditional Indian herbal medicine used as

antipyretic, antiulcer, anti-diabetic and anticancer: A review. Int J Res Pharm

Chem 1: 1152-1159. Link: https://bit.ly/2zawq6J

15. Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Szopa A, Ekiert H (2020) Citrus limon (Lemon)

Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties,

Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries,

and Biotechnological Studies. Plants 9: 119. Link: https://bit.ly/2LPrhn5

16. Tripoli E, La Guardia M, Giammanco S, Di Majo D, Giammanco M (2007) Citrus

ﬂ avonoids: Molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: A

review. Food chemistry 104: 466-479. Link: https://bit.ly/2TudOFC

17. Moosavy M, Hassanzadeh P, Mohammadzadeh E, Mahmoudi R, Khatibi S, et

al. (2017) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of Lemon

(Citrus limon) peel in vitro and in a food model. Journal of food quality and

hazards control 4: 42-48. Link: https://bit.ly/2XyU0ST

18. ChunYan H, Hong P, ZhenYu Z, Jing S (2010) Evaluation of antioxidant and

antitumour activities of lemon essential oil. J Med Plants Res 4: 1910-1915.

Link: https://bit.ly/3gfmeKT

19. Oikeh EI, Omoregie ES, Oviasogie FE, Oriakhi K (2016) Phytochemical,

antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of different citrus juice concentrates.

Food Sci Nutr 4: 103-109. Link: https://bit.ly/2zWvu5Y

034

https://www.peertechz.com/journals/journal-of-addiction-medicine-and-therapeutic-science

Citation: Rafique S, Hassan SM, Mughal SS, Hassan SK, Shabbir N (2020) Biological attributes of lemon: A review. J Addict Med Ther Sci 6(1): 030-034.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-3484.000034

Copyright: © 2020 Rafique S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

20. Nagaraju B, Anand S, Ahmed N, Chandra JNS, Ahmed F, et al. (2012) Antiulcer

activity of aqueous extract of Citrus medica Linn. fruit against ethanol-induced

ulcer in rats. Adv Biol Res 6: 24-29. Link: https://bit.ly/3bRzykX

21. John S, Monica SJ, Priyadarshini S, Sivaraj C, Arumugam P (2017) Antioxidant

and Antimicrobial Eﬃ cacy of Lemon (Citrus limonum L.) Peel. Int J Pharm Sci

Rev Res 46: 115-118. Link: https://bit.ly/3gdBNmd

22. ChunYan H, Hong P, ZhenYu Z, Jing S (2010) Evaluation of antioxidant and

antitumour activities of lemon essential oil. J Med Plants Res 4: 1910-1915.

Link: https://bit.ly/3gfmeKT

23. Hajimahmoodi M, Aliabadipoor M, Moghaddam G, Sadeghi N, Oveisi MR et

al. (2012) Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activities of lemon juice for safety

assessment. Am J Food Technol 7: 708-714. Link: https://bit.ly/2XiVTTj

24. Hashemipour M, Kargar M, Ghannadi A, Kelishadi R (2016) The effect of

Citrus Aurantifolia (Lemon) peels on cardiometabolic risk factors and

markers of endothelial function in adolescents with excess weight: A triple-

masked randomized controlled trial. Med J Islam Repub Iran 30: 429. Link:

https://bit.ly/3cUrqBJ

STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL & MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF LEMON

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2025

Lemon (Citrus limon) is a widely cultivated fruit crop known for its distinct tangy flavour and numerous health benefits. This abstract explores the biological attributes of lemon, emphasizing its genetic, physiological, and ecological characteristics. Genetically, lemon belongs to Rutaceae family and a hybrid of the citron and lime, exhibiting a diverse array of cultivars adapted to various climates. Physiologically, lemon are characterized by their high citric acid content, which contributes to their acidity and preservative qualities. The fruit's composition includes a range of bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, flavonoids, and essential oils, which provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Ecologically, lemon trees are adaptable to a range of soil types but thrive in well-drained soils with a Mediterranean climate. Their cultivation practices involve managing water stress and pest control to optimize fruit yield and quality. Understanding these biological attributes is crucial for enhancing lemon cultivation practices, improving fruit quality, and leveraging the health benefits associated with its consumption. Citrus fruits are widely grown in the tropics and are incredibly nutritious and therapeutic. Ayurveda identifies therapeutic virtues in many sections of the lemon tree. Lemon has several qualities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic effects. This review examines many effects, including antifungal, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, and desorption properties. Lemon has a high concentration of key natural elements such as ascorbic acid, minerals, citric acid, essential oils, and flavonoids. Lemon has alkaloid constituents in its leaves, stem, root, and flower, which have anti-cancer and antibacterial properties. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aim to combat ailments such kidney stones, respiratory disorders, cancer, blood sugar balance, and cardiovascular disease. Secondary metabolites are potential medication sources because of their medicinal value. These secondary metabolites are abundant in therapeutic plants.

Green and Sustainable Electrospun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Eggshell Nanofiber Membrane with Lemon-Honey for Facial Mask Development

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2025

Facial masks contain additives such as thickeners and preservatives that have adverse effects on the skin, and there is growing demand for organic products. Inspired by this, we developed a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibrous facial mask that contains all-natural ingredients such as honey and an eggshell membrane (ESM) by a green solvent-based electrospinning technique. Various analyses, including SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and TGA measurements, and tests for water solubility, wettability, water absorption and retention, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties were performed. SEM analysis showed average diameters from 257 to 325 nm. XRD results indicated decreased crystallinity after cross-linking. FT-IR measurements confirmed ester and acetal cross-link formation. TGA demonstrated enhanced thermal stability in cross-linked samples, especially PVA10%_lemon/esm10/honey20-H. Water solubility tests showed that heated samples were more stable. Water absorption rates exceeded 400%, with PVA10%_lemon/esm10/honey20-H having the highest retention rate. Wettability analysis showed significant changes in contact angles after heating. Antioxidant assays revealed that PVA10%_lemon had the highest DPPH activity (71.2%) among unheated samples, decreasing after cross-linking. Antibacterial tests showed significant activity only in PVA10%_lemon/esm10/honey20, against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. Active ingredients can be added directly to this facial mask. This facial mask is gentler on the skin, and its ingredients have antiaging and anti-inflammatory properties. This mask can avoid the use of preservatives. This prepared facial mask has potential to be used in the organic skincare product industry and can also help the chemical industry toward sustainable and healthy practices.

Molecular docking study of selected compounds of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck against Prothrombin, Uromodulin, and Xanthine Dehydrogenase proteins

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Mar 2025

Kidney disease affects a large section of the world’s population, and millions of people die each year because they cannot afford the expensive medical services. Prothrombin, uromodulin, and xanthine dehydrogenase are proteins that are known to cause a variety of kidney problems, including blood clots, kidney stones, hyperuricemia, myositis, and acute renal failure. Hyper secretions of these proteins are known to cause several other diseases including high blood pressure, stroke and various heart diseases etc. Though there are drugs and therapies available for the targeted mutations, there are still many undiscovered compounds that may be effective against different kidney diseases. The current study involves molecular docking approach to investigate the effect of naturally occurring compounds present in Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck against prothrombin, uromodulin, and xanthine dehydrogenase proteins. The virtual screening and docking of the selected compounds (diosmin, eriocitrin, eriodictyol, hesperidin, limocitrin, and vitexin) demonstrated that eriocitrin (G= -8.9, RMSD=0) is effective against prothrombin proteins. Diosmin (G=-11.4, RMSD=0) and eriocitrin (G=11.4, RMSD= 0), on the other hand, was effective against uromodulin protein. Furthermore, vitexin(G= - 41.44, RMSD= 0) was found to be highly effective against xanthin dehydrogenase protein. From this preliminary investigation, it can be concluded that, these ligands can be explored further to establish there for identification of promising medication candidate for various kidney ailments.

Anticancer Potential of Citrus Limon-Derived Purified Phytochemicals Using Their Implication in Progesterone and Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Breast Cancer

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2025

Breast cancer one of the most common global health issues is influenced significantly by estrogen and progesterone signaling, with treatments often centered on endocrine-based regimens that include progesterone and estrogen modulators. Historically, a wide range of illnesses and ailments have been treated with medicinal herbs. The Rutaceae family’s Citrus limon contains a plethora of therapeutically valuable phytoconstituents: sugar, polyphenols, pectin, polysaccharides, and monoterpenes. Citrus peels exhibit a wide range of biological activities like antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antidiabetic most valuable ones. The current study was conducted to investigate the anticancer potential of phytoconstituents from Citrus limon against the breast cancer target proteins ERa (estrogen receptor alpha) and PR (progesterone receptor) using the technique of molecular docking after purification of phytochemicals. Drug likeliness was predicted using SwissADME while Molinspiration and PASS servers were used to estimate the bioactivity and anticancer activity of phytochemicals, respectively. Among seven phytoconstituents analyzed, humulene demonstrated the highest binding energy (−13.749 kcal/mol) against the targets of breast cancer. Phytochemicals complied with all ADME criteria and were verified as novel therapeutic agents. Humulene and valencene have the potential to treat breast cancer. Received: 19 July 2024 | Revised: 5 November 2024 | Accepted: 30 January 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Author Contribution Statement Asad Nawaz: Methodology, Writing – review & editing. Sadia Falak: Resources, Supervision, Project administration. Muhammad Saqlain: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. Mazhar Abbas: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Project administration. Waqas Haider: Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Maha Gul Zafar: Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Marium Nadeem: Validation, Writing – review & editing. Ayesha Farooq: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

ASSESSMENT OF THE OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF CITRUS LIMON, CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA JUICE EXTRACTS AND COUNTERSTAINING PROSPECTS OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA LEAF EXTRACT TO THE CONVENTIONAL PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF'S TECHNIQUE

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2025

Background: Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) is a widely used histochemical staining technique specifically for the demonstration of carbohydrate molecules in tissues. Citrus limon and Citrus aurantifolia juice are non-toxic juices that are safe for consumption and do not cause any adverse effects when exposed to bodily tissues. Aim: This study demonstrates the oxidative potential of Citrus limon and Citrus aurantifolia juice as a substitute for periodic acid in the conventional PAS staining technique while also evaluating the counterstaining quality of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract. Methodology: Histological sections were obtained from archival blocks retrieved from the histopathology service laboratory of Bowen University Teaching Hospital and stained using the conventional Periodic acid Schiff technique while modification in staining protocol was carried out on subsequent slides that were treated with fresh juice extracts of Citrus limon and Citrus aurantifolia and extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa obtained from its calyces. While the control tissue sections were stained with the conventional PAS technique, other sections of tissues were independently treated by oxidizing with Citrus limon or Citrus aurantifolia juice respectively and continued with Schiff’s reagent while counterstaining with Harris hematoxylin. The other tissue sections were treated with Citrus limon Schiff and Citrus aurantifolia Schiff technique by first oxidizing with Citrus limon juice / Citrus aurantifolia juice, treated with the Schiff’s reagent and followed by counterstaining with Hibiscus sabdariffa extract. Results: The result showed that the periodic acid Schiff, Citrus limon Schiff and Citrus aurantifolia Schiff-stained liver and kidney sections appear similarly with purple-magenta colour which demonstrates the glycogen and glycoprotein content of the tissues, as well as the blue colouration demonstrating the counterstained nuclei. Conclusion: This study showed that the substitution of the 1% periodic acid with freshly prepared Citrus limon or Citrus aurantifolia juice and counterstaining with the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa impacted a staining effect similar to the conventional PAS staining protocol thus suggesting it as a possible substitute that is cost-effective and readily available alternative in the demonstration of carbohydrates in histologic tissue.

Prediction of physicochemical characteristics of Lemon (Citrus limon cv. Montaji Agrihorti) using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning model

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2024

Ultrasound assisted bio-acid leaching of sewage sludge ash for phosphorus extraction using lemon juice: optimization and ecological risk assessment

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024
CLEAN TECHNOL ENVIR

Incinerated sewage sludge ash contains significant amounts of phosphorus. This research optimized the phosphorus extraction process using ultrasonic and leaching processes and determined the most suitable process conditions by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This was done by evaluating the effect of different parameters such as the lemon juice (10 to 70% v/v), sewage sludge density (0.2 to 4% w/v), ultrasonic power (50 to 200 W), and time (0 to 120 min). Central Composite Design (CCD) defined a reduced cubic model with R² and Adjusted R², 0.947 and 0.904, respectively. In the optimal conditions including sewage sludge density of 1.17% w/v, lemon juice of 55% v/v, ultrasonic power was 87 W, and 34 min the highest phosphorus extraction was received to 94%. In addition, these studies show that leaching process significantly contributes to detoxification, and reuse of sewage sludge. Graphical abstract

Development of methods to improve the technology of reproduction of lemon (Citrus limon L.) by green cuttings

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024

The paper studies the effect of the form of preparation (powder and alcohol solution) and concentrations of auxin class phytohormone - indolyl-3- butyric acid (IBA) on morphometric parameters of root system development in green lemon cuttings at rooting under conditions of fog. The results of the study showed 100% rooting of Meyer lemon (C. meyeri) in all variants, and also revealed the advantage of using rooting powder with a concentration of 0.75% IBA. At rooting of ‘Novogruzinsky’ lemon variety (Citrus limon L.) 100% rooting ability was detected in all variants except for alcohol solution with concentration of 1.0%. According to the indicators of root system development the advantage of rooting powder with IBA concentration 1.0% and alcohol solution with IBA concentration 0.75% was revealed.

Phytochemistry, Nutritional, and Pharmacological Potential of Citrus Limonum

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024

The current research aimed to provide an overview of the phytochemical configuration, nutritional value, and therapeutic uses of Citrous Limonum (lemon). Its fruit contains a variety of phytochemicals including citric acid, polyphenols, terpenes, limonene, flavonoids, vitamin C, sugar, pectin, citric acid, malic acid, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpineol, fellander, camhenium, citrain, calcium oxalates, and mucilages. Vitamin C is abundant in citrous fruits, as well as macronutrients (dietary fibre and simple sugar) and micronutrients (copper, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, vit B6 niacin thiamin, and folate). Lemon oil is composed of 70% limonene and 20% monoterpenes, along with significant amounts of aldehydes, such as citral, alcohols (linalool), and esters (coumarin). Lemon peel contains high concentrations of flavonoids, glycosides, coumarins, steroids (beta, gamma, sitosterol), dietary fibers, carbs, and volatile oils, all of which are necessary for good health and appropriate development. However, citrus fruits are low in calories, salts, and cholesterol. They find uses in herbal remedies due to their antioxidant, antifungal, anti-cholesterol, anticancer, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. It is also important to mention that the excessive use of lemon may also be associated with some risks, such as the lowering of sperm count.

Liquid Chromatography‒Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Primary Metabolites and Phenolic Acids Across Five Citrus Species

Article

Mar 2025
CURR ISSUES MOL BIOL

Citrus is a globally consumed fruit with great popularity, yet systematic analyses of primary metabolites across major varieties remain scarce, with phenolic acids as an auxiliary focus due to their flavor relevance. In this study, the primary metabolites and phenolic acids of five citrus varieties were analyzed via liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The analysis revealed that five different citrus varieties contained 342 primary metabolites and 77 phenolic acids. The PCA clearly distinguished the metabolites of various citrus varieties. Compared with the pomelo group, the lemon group presented the most differentially abundant metabolites, whereas the kumquat and navel orange groups presented the fewest. An examination of metabolic pathways with notable disparities revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and the biosynthesis of amino acids significantly varied between varieties. This study elucidates primary metabolic networks underlying citrus flavor diversification, with phenolic acids providing secondary modulation insights. Moreover, this study provides a theoretical foundation for enhancing the flavor of citrus fruits.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of lemon (Citrus limon) peel in vitro and in a food model

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2017

Background: Citrus fruits have some antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Essential Oil (EO) of lemon (Citrus limon) peel in vitro and in a food model. Methods: The analysis of the lemon peel EO was carried out using gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using standard protocols. The antioxidant activity of the EO was also evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial properties of the EO were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus using the broth microdilution method. Also, barely soup was chosen as food model. Data were analyzed using SPSS Inc. software version 22.0. Results: The total phenol content was 81.82±8.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of the EO. Also, the total amount of flavonoids in the EO of lemon peel was 11.72±1.82 mg/g rutin equivalent. Lemon peel EO showed 55.09% inhibition of DPPH, showing significant difference with control group (p < 0.05). The MIC and MBC value of EO against S. aureus was 1.25 and 5%, respectively having significant difference (p < 0.05) with control group. A dose-dependent manner was seen in food model revealed significantly lower (p < 0.05) bacterial number in EO containing barley soup groups than the control one. Conclusion: The EO of lemon peel showed considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties both in vitro and barley soup as food model.

Citrus limon from Tunisia: Phytochemical and Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018
BMRI

Natural plant extracts contain a variety of phenolic compounds which are assigned various biological activities. Our work aims to make a quantitative and qualitative characterization of the Zest (ZL) and the Flesh (FL) of lemon (Citrus limon) , to valorize the pharmacological uses of lemon, by evaluating in vitro activities (DPPH, free radical scavenging and reducing power). The antibacterial, antifungal, and antiproliferative activities were sought in the ability of Citrus limon extracts to protect DNA and protein. We found that the ZL contains high amounts of phenolics responsible for the important antioxidant properties of the extract. However, the FL is richer in flavonoids than the ZL. The FL extract was also found to be more effective than the ZL in protecting plasmid DNA against the strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radicals. We also concluded that the FL extract exhibited potent antibacterial activity unlike ZL. Analysis by LC/MS-MS identified 6 compounds (Caffeoyl N-Tryptophan, Hydroxycinnamoyl-Oglucoside acid, Vicenin 2, Eriocitrin, Kaempferol-3-O- rutinoside, and Quercetin-3-rutinoside). These preliminary results showed that Citrus limon has antibacterial and antioxidant activity in vitro . It would be interesting to conduct further studies to evaluate the in vivo potential in an animal model.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMON PEEL (CITRUS LIMON) EXTRACT

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2017

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) in conjugation with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) was separated from fruits, shade dried, powdered and extracted using methanol, analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and other is Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and 1 fungal strains (Candida albicans) using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the fruits peel Citrus limon. Various phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides and citric acids and tannins. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the plant showed significant result against all the of the test organisms.Conclusion: The present study concluded that methanolic extract of the peel of Citrus Limon contains the high presence of phytochemicals. The methanolic extract of the plant was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.

The effect of Citrus Aurantifolia (Lemon) peels on cardiometabolic risk factors and markers of endothelial function in adolescents with excess weight: A triple-masked randomized controlled trial

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2016

Background: Childhood obesity is becoming a global problem and its incidence is increasing. The role of dietary intervention with fruits containing vitamin C and flavonoid to control obesity consequences in childhood has not been yet defined. Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) peels contain flavonoid, pectin and vitamin C. We aimed to compare the effects of lemon peels and placebo on cardiometabolic risk factors and markers of endothelial function among adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methods: In this triple-masked, randomized controlled trial, 60 overweight/obese adolescents were enrolled in a 4-week trial. Eligible participants were randomly assigned into two groups of equal number receiving daily oral capsules containing lemon powder or placebo. Fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure were compared between the two groups before and after administration of medication and placebo. Results: Of the total 60 enrolled patients, 30 and 29 patients in the lemon and control groups completed the study, respectively. The results of within-group analysis demonstrated a slight reduction in body mass index, LDL-C and systolic blood pressure in the lemon group, but no between group differences existed in the studied variables. Conclusion: This study revealed that consumption of lemon peel extract has some beneficial effects for childhood obesity; however, no considerable effect was documented on anthropometric measures and biochemical factors. Future studies with longer follow up are highly recommended.

Beneficial effect of Citrus limon peel aqueous methanol extract on experimentally induced urolithic rats

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2015
PHARM BIOL

Context: Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. (Rutaceace) is a commonly available fruit variety with high medicinal and industrial values. Objective: Lemon peel (LP) extract was studied as a potent preventive and curative agent for experimentally induced hyperoxaluric rats. Materials and methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and toxicity study were performed for aqueous methanol LP extract. Twenty-four Wistar rats were segregated into four groups. Group 1: Control; Group 2: Urolithic (ethylene glycol (EG) - 0.75%); Group 3: Preventive study (EG + LP extract administration from 0th to 7th week); Group 4: Curative study (EG + LP extract administration from 4th to 7th week). Animals received LP extract daily by oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) for 7 weeks. Results and discussion: GC-MS analyses revealed that compound 6 was abundant in the LP extract (32%) followed by compound 1 (∼21%). The LD50 value of LP extract was found to be >5000 mg/kg of body weight. Urolithic rats showed significantly higher urinary calcium and oxalate (4.47 ± 0.44 and 18.86 ± 0.55 mg/24 h, respectively) excretion compared with control and experimental rats. Renal function parameters like urea (84 ± 8.5 and 96.1 ± 3.6 mg/dL), creatinine (1.92 ± 0.27 and 1.52 ± 0.22 mg/dL), and urinary protein (2.03 ± 0.02 and 2.13 ± 0.16 mg/24 h) were also reduced by LP extract (p < 0.001) and corroborated with tissue analyses (SOD, catalase, and MDA levels) and histological studies in normal and experimental animals. Immunohistochemical staining of THP and NF-κB in urolithic animals showed elevated expression than the control, while LP extract suppressed the expression of these proteins. Conclusion: In conclusion, lemon peel is effective in curing kidney stone disease and also can be used to prevent the disease and its recurrence.

Phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of different citrus juice concentrates

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2015

The search for new antimicrobial compounds is ongoing. Its importance cannot be overemphasized in an era of emerging resistant pathogenic organisms. This study therefore investigated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different citrus juice concentrates. Fruit juices of Citrus tangerine (tangerine), Citrus paradisi (grape), Citrus limon (lemon), and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) were evaluated. Antimicrobial activities against five bacterial and three fungal strains were evaluated. The results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and reducing sugars in all the juice concentrates. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacities varied with tangerine and grape juices having better scavenging capacities than lemon and lime juices. Grape juice was observed to have a significantly higher (P < 0.05) ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) value (364.2 ± 10.25 μmol/L Fe(II)/g of the extract) than the reference antioxidant, ascorbic acid (312.88 ± 5.61 μmol/L). Antimicrobial studies revealed differential antimicrobial activities against different microbial strains. Zones of inhibition ranging from 4 to 26 mm were observed for the antibacterial tests with 0–24 mm for antifungal test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bacteriostatic concentrations (MBC) for concentrates against bacterial strains ranged from 12.5 to 200 μg/mL. Lemon and lime juice concentrates had lower MIC and MBC values with orange and tangerine having the highest values. Minimum fungicidal concentrations ranged from 50 to 200 μg/mL. The results of this study suggest that these juice concentrates may have beneficial antimicrobial roles that can be exploited in controlling unwanted microbial growth.

Medicinal plants and their phyto-constituents with potential antidiabetic activity - A review

Article

May 2018

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by oxidative strain or the loss of glucose homeostasis with the disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. It consequently affects insulin function and secretion. The growth and usage of synthetic drugs may cause side effects like mental illness or the other physiological imbalances. A new approach for treating diabetic complications is possible by using alternative medications from medicinal plants which possess many active bio-compounds. The plant sources consist of important phyto-constituents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and other components which acts against defective cellular metabolism and regulate its functional property. The variance in the cellular products helps to boost the body or cells against immune-complications caused by diabetes. The active compounds from the plants could be recorded and systematically validated to increase the plant-based medicines with fewer side effects or without side effects. The prolonged usage of synthetic drug can be replaced by natural form of supplements as it regulates mechanism against diabetes mellitus.

The Antibacterial Activity of Honey and Lemon Juice against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates from Respiratory Tract Infections

Article

Aug 2017

Mshelia BM

Traditional Indian herbal medicine used as antipyretic, antiulcer, anti-diabetic and anticancer: A review

Article

Jan 2011

Citrus fruits: A rich source of phytochemicals and their roles in human health

Article

Nov 2007

Donatus Ebere Okwu

Citrus fruits are the main fruit trees grown throughout the world and are well – appreciated for their refreshing juice and health benefits. Numerous therapeutic properties have been attributed to citrus fruits, like anticancer, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory activities, and effects on capillary fragility as well as an ability to inhabit platelet aggregation. More recently, therapeutic values related to cardiovascular diseases and age related macular degeneration have been reported. These numerous health benefits of citrus fruits are linked to the high amounts of photochemical and bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals available in citrus fruits. These phytonutrients may act as antioxidants, stimulate the immune systems; induce protective enzymes in the liver or block the damage of the genetic materials. The phytonutrients and vitamins may be responsible for the antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of the citrus species. The citrus species have numerous applications in herbal medicine and as fruits in Nigeria. In this review, the protective effects of citrus flavonoids and carotenoids against cancer, tumor growth, cardio diseases and macular degeneration along with various healing benefits and nutritional values of citrus fruits have been discussed.

Article

ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Selenium-Containing 5...

March 2016 · ChemInform

Review: 126 refs.

Article

In Search for Conceptual Bridges: A Review of "Functions in Biological and Artificial Worlds"

January 2010 · Artificial Life

Article

Full-text available

The Phytoalexins from Brassicaceae: Structure, Biological Activity, Synthesis and Biosynthesis

March 2019 · Natural Product Communications

The structures, biological activity, synthesis and biosynthesis of crucifer phytoalexins are reviewed.

Article

Full-text available

Homopurine Alkaloids: A Brief Overview

April 2020 · Natural Product Communications

The isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis, biological properties, and biosynthesis of the homopurine alkaloids are reviewed, with an emphasis on the “victim-guardian” relationships between co-occurring alkaloids.