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Engaging with Policy Makers: The Need for Accessible and Timely Health Services and Systems Research in 2020

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In its conception, Healthcare Policy was a partnership between the canadian Institutes of Health Research's Institute of Health Services and Policy Research (IHSPR), the Canadian Association of Health Services and Policy Research and Longwoods Publishing. With the support of IHSPR's scientific director at the time, Dr. Morris Barer, the objective of the journal was to "stimulate communication and cross-fertilization between researchers and healthcare decision makers" (Government of Canada 2006). With a strong focus on knowledge translation and interdisciplinary research, the journal links policy makers with researchers, thus carrying its founding objective forward as a guiding principle for Healthcare Policy.
[6] HEALTHCARE POLICY Vol.15 No.4, 2020
I  ,        
Institutes of Health Research’s Institute of Health Services and Policy Research (IHSPR),
the Canadian Association of Health Services and Policy Research and Longwoods
Publishing. With the support of IHSPRs scientific director at the time, Dr. Morris Barer,
the objective of the journal was to stimulate communication and cross-fertilization between
researchers and healthcare decision makers” (Government of Canada 2006). With a strong
focus on knowledge translation and interdisciplinary research, the journal links policy mak-
ers with researchers, thus carrying its founding objective forward as a guiding principle for
Healthcare Policy.
With the COVID-19 pandemic raging across provinces and territories, Canadians are wit-
nessing and experiencing active policy making among public health professionals whose roles
have included translating basic science and public health knowledge into public and healthcare
policy. Their recommendations and resultant federal, provincial and municipal regulations and
policies are being felt across all aspects of our lives – including social distancing and resource
allocation, affecting tens of thousands with cancelled elective surgeries.
Their successes in slowing the spread of COVID-19 highlight the role and importance
of policy making. This issue of Healthcare Policy is focused on generating the evidence base
for decisions, actions and policy making at the federal and provincial levels. The issue’s arti-
cles highlight gaps in the federal and provincial governments’ policies for accessing care and
therapeutics, gaps in delivery networks and the impact of not addressing social determinants
of health. In each article, authors write in a style to engage with policy makers and provide a
range of policy options.
Two important Discussion and Debate articles are presented with rejoinders in this
issue. Each is focused on temporal policy topics – two-tier medicare and rapid review of novel
drugs – facing federal and provincial governments and whose ramifications have important
Engaging with Policy Makers: The Need for
Accessible and Timely Health Services and
Systems Research in 2020
EDITORIAL
HEALTHCARE POLICY Vol.15 No.4, 2020 [7]
From the Editor-in-Chief
consequences for a province’s healthcare delivery network. The issue also includes five original
research articles on a range of policy-relevant topics, such as antimicrobial resistance policies
and the use of real-world evidence in evaluating a new drug’s market access and funding.
Two-tier healthcare is a controversial topic among many in Canada, whose perceptions are
exacerbated by lengthy wait times for some surgeries or diagnostics as experienced by some.
Healthcare Policy is contributing to the debate and knowledge base by presenting Flood and
colleagues’ (2020) very thorough article on the legal aspects of the constitutional challenge
unfolding in British Columbia on a physician’s ability for dual practice and the role of private
health insurance. The authors develop the argument that, should the case succeed in challeng-
ing existing legislation, Canadians can expect the private financing of healthcare to accelerate.
Moreover, the authors strike the position that the federal and provincial governments are
largely ensnared in this predicament owing to their continued inaction against enforcing
(federal) or delivering (provincial) on shorter wait times.
In a rejoinder, Stephen Duckett (2020) describes the policy environment that supports
dual private and public healthcare delivery in Australia. Drawing on Australia’s two-tier
healthcare systems to possible outcomes in provinces, Duckett pulls evidence from a range of
studies, showing that the impact in Australia has resulted in deleterious effects on the public
hospital system leading to the ongoing public subsidies to the private insurance sector.
Nonetheless, the outcome of the case in British Columbia aside, it does portend
significant changes in regulation and policy within the provinces on healthcare delivery
and financing.
In a second Discussion and Debate article, Professor Joel Lexchin (2020) uses an empirical
basis for arguing that Health Canada’s proposed accelerated review pathway for novel drugs is
bound to be ineffective on two grounds. First, while positing that accelerated reviews are neces-
sary, he describes that programs that expedite access are insufficiently sensitive to identifying
meaningful therapeutic advantages. Second, he notes that drugs that have had an expedited
review are more likely to acquire a post-market safety warning. The article concludes with a
number of recommendations to strengthen the process of expedited drug reviews in Canada.
Darrow and Beall (2020) provide a thorough rejoinder to the Lexchin article. Providing
a counterpoint, the authors describe that Health Canada’s criteria for expedited reviews may
be attributable to the agency’s delicate balance of attempting to exclude low-value drugs while
providing speedier access to high-impact drugs. On the second point, regarding patient safety,
the authors suggest that the stage of a disease or its severity may be a confounder. The rejoin-
der concludes by affirming Lexchin’s position that expedited reviews are important, and the
authors provide four additional steps to strengthen Health Canada’s expedited review process.
Tadrous et al. (2020) also shine the light of policy making on Health Canada. Their
article describes a process for using real-world evidence to inform market access and funding
decisions for drugs. Based on integrating data across platforms and systems, real-world evi-
dence will have a material impact on the valuation of drugs.
[8] HEALTHCARE POLICY Vol.15 No.4, 2020
Van Katwyk et al. (2020) study the prevalence and intensity of policy interventions for
antimicrobial resistance across Canada. With a survey-based approach, and highlighting
the threat of antimicrobial resistance, they describe that current policies are inadequate and
much more can be done through regulation and policy making. The authors conclude by
discussing opportunities for provinces and their health professional associations to engage
in policy making.
Based in Ontario, McDonald et al. (2020) study the association between community-
level marginalization and emergency-room wait time, reporting that reducing residential
instability is a promising vector toward reducing emergency room use. Agnolon et al. (2020)
use a retrospective case-study design to evaluate Quebec’s efforts to increase breastfeed-
ing rates in the province, reporting that past efforts were contentious and future provincial
efforts should fully involve mothers. Courbage and Kalouguina (2020) report on their study
of health prevention activities using survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System used in the US, reporting that awareness, ease of access and quality of health infor-
mation are associated with health prevention activities.
True to its original mission, Healthcare Policy encourages submissions that engage
Canadian healthcare policy makers on timely and relevant healthcare policy issues.
JASON M. SUTHERLAND, PHD
Editor-in-Chief
References
Agnolon, M.C., C. Rodríguez and J. Lauzière. 2020. Triggering Institutional Change: Examining the
Development of the 2001 Quebec Breastfeeding Policy. Healthcare Policy 15(4): 77–92. doi:10.12927/
hcpol.2020.26221.
Courbage, C. and V. Kalouguina. 2020. On Portfolios of Preventive Decisions for Multiple Health Risks –
Evidence from US-Based Data. Healthcare Policy 15(4): 93–101. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26222.
Darrow, J.J. and R.F. Beall. 2020. Commentary: Expedited Regulatory Review of Low-Value Drugs.
Healthcare Policy 15(4): 35–40. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26226.
Duckett, S. 2020. Commentary: The Consequences of Private Involvement in Healthcare – The Australian
Experience. Healthcare Policy 15(4): 21–25. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26228.
Flood, C.M., B. Thomas and K. White. 2020. The Courts and Two-Tier Medicare. Healthcare Policy 15(4):
13–20. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26229.
Government of Canada. 2006, March 15. Healthcare Policy Journal. Retrieved May 1, 2020. <https://cihr-irsc.
gc.ca/e/30743.html>.
Lexchin, J. 2020. Health Canada’s Proposal to Accelerate New Drug Reviews. Healthcare Policy 15(4):
26–34. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26227.
McDonald, E.J., M. Quick and M. Oremus. 2020. Examining the Association between Community-
Level Marginalization and Emergency Room Wait Time in Ontario, Canada. Healthcare Policy 15(4):
64–76. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26223.
Tadrous, M., T. Ahuja, B. Ghosh and R. Kropp. 2020. Developing a Canadian Real-World Evidence
Action Plan across the Drug Life Cycle. Healthcare Policy 15(4): 41–47. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26225.
Van Katwyk, S.R., J.M. Grimshaw and S.J. Hoffman. 2020. Ten Years of Inaction on Antimicrobial
Resistance: An Environmental Scan of Policies in Canada from 2008 to 2018. Healthcare Policy 15(4):
48–63. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26224.
Jason M. Sutherland
HEALTHCARE POLICY Vol.15 No.4, 2020 [9]
D  ,        ’  
l’Institut des politiques et des services de la santé (ISPS) des Instituts de recherche
en santé du Canada, l’Association canadienne pour la recherche sur les services et
les politiques de la santé (ACRSPS) et Longwoods Publishing. Fort du soutien du directeur
scientifique de l’ISPS dalors, M.Morris Barer, l’objectif de la revue était de «stimule[r] la
communication et la fertilisation croisée entre les chercheurs et les décideurs dans le domaine
des soins de santé» (Gouvernement du Canada 2006). Mettant l’accent sur la transposi-
tion des connaissances et la recherche interdisciplinaire, Politiques de Santé entend réunir les
responsables de politiques et les chercheurs, menant ainsi à bien l’objectif initial de la revue.
Avec la pandémie de COVID-19 qui fait rage dans les provinces et territoires, les
Canadiens et les Canadiennes sont en mesure de voir comment les professionnels de la
santé travaillent activement à l’élaboration de politiques; professionnels dont le rôle inclut
la transposition de connaissances scientifiques dans les politiques publiques de santé. Leurs
recommandations et les réglementations fédérales, provinciales ou municipales qui en décou-
lent ont des répercussions sur tous les aspects de notre vie, pensons notamment aux mesures
de distanciation sociale ou à l’allocation des ressources, qui affectent des dizaines de milliers
de personnes en raison de l’annulation de chirurgies électives.
Leurs efforts pour ralentir la propagation de la COVID-19 met en lumière le rôle
et l’importance des politiques de santé. Le présent numéro de Politiques de Santé porte
l’accent sur la production de données probantes utiles à la prise de décision, à l’action et à
l’élaboration de politiques aux niveaux fédéral et provincial. Les articles de ce numéro font
voir les lacunes dans les réseaux de prestation de services et l’impact associé au fait de ne pas
prendre en considération les déterminants sociaux de la santé. Chacun des articles présente
une série d’options politiques et est rédigé dans un style propre à interpeller les responsables
de politiques.
Relations avec les responsables des politiques:
importance d’un accès opportun à la recherche sur
les services et les systèmes de santé en 2020
ÉDITORIAL
[10] HEALTHCARE POLICY Vol.15 No.4, 2020
Deux articles de la section Discussion et débat proposent d’intéressantes pistes de
réponse. Tous deux présentent des sujets politiques d’actualité – les systèmes de santé à
deux vitesses et l’examen accéléré des nouveaux médicaments – auxquels font face les gou-
vernements fédéral et provinciaux et dont les ramifications ont d’importantes répercussions
sur les réseaux de santé des provinces. Le numéro comprend également cinq articles originaux
faisant état de recherches sur des sujets pertinents tels que les politiques sur la résistance aux
antimicrobiens ou l’utilisation des données probantes du monde réel pour évaluer l’accès au
marché et le financement d’un nouveau médicament.
Le système de santé à deux vitesses est un des nombreux sujets à controverse dans le pay-
sage canadien. Sujet que vient exacerber la longueur des temps d’attente pour certains types
de chirurgies ou de diagnostics. Politiques de Santé contribue à ce débat et au fonds de con-
naissances en présentant le travail approfondi de Flood et coll. (2020) sur les aspects légaux
d’une contestation constitutionnelle qui a présentement lieu en Colombie-Britannique au
sujet de la double pratique des médecins et du rôle de l’assurance-maladie privée. Les auteurs
allèguent que si la contestation obtenait gain de cause, on verrait une accélération du finance-
ment privé des services de santé. De plus, ils soutiennent que les gouvernements fédéral et
provinciaux sont pris au piège en raison de leur inaction pour réduire les temps d’attente, que
ce soit par l’application de règles (compétence fédérale) ou par les mesures de prestation (com-
pétence provinciale).
Dans son article, Stephen Duckett (2020) décrit l’environnement politique qui soutient
la double prestation de services de santé – privés et publics – en Australie. En observant ce
système à deux vitesses pour en extrapoler les effets possibles pour les provinces, Duckett
présente des données provenant de plusieurs études qui montrent que l’impact en Australie a
eu des effets délétères sur le système hospitalier public, ce qui a mené à des subventions pub-
liques dans le secteur de l’assurance privée.
Néanmoins, indépendamment du résultat de l’affaire en Colombie-Britannique,
d’importants changements dans la réglementation et les politiques provinciales en matière de
prestation et de financement des services de santé sont à prévoir.
Dans un deuxième article de la section Discussion et débat, le Dr Joel Lexchin (2020)
affirme, sur une base empirique, que la proposition de Santé Canada pour accélérer les pro-
cessus d’examen des nouveaux médicaments est vouée à l’inefficacité, et ce, sur deux plans.
Premièrement, tout en convenant que les examens accélérés sont nécessaires, il décrit que
les programmes d’accès expéditifs ne sont pas assez précis pour permettre de dégager des
avantages thérapeutiques significatifs. Deuxièmement, il observe que les médicaments qui
ont bénéficié d’un examen accéléré sont plus susceptibles de donner lieu à des avertissements
après leur mise en marché. L’article se termine par une série de recommandations pour ren-
forcer le processus d’examen accéléré des médicaments au Canada.
Darrow et Beall (2020) proposent une réponse approfondie à l’article de Lexchin. En
contrepoint, ils expliquent que les critères de Santé Canada pour les examens expéditifs
pourraient être attribuables à la recherche d’un équilibre pour tenter d’exclure les
Jason M. Sutherland
HEALTHCARE POLICY Vol.15 No.4, 2020 [11]
Du rédacteur en chef
médicaments de faible valeur tout en permettant un accès rapide aux médicaments qui ont
un fort impact. Sur le second point, en ce qui concerne la sécurité des patients, les auteurs
suggèrent que le stade d’une maladie ou sa sévérité peut agir comme facteur de confusion.
L’article conclut en affirmant la position de Lexchin selon laquelle les examens accélérés sont
importants; les auteurs proposent en outre quatre étapes supplémentaires pour renforcer
les processus d’examen accéléré de Santé Canada.
Tadrous et coll. (2020) se penchent également sur l’élaboration des politiques de Santé
Canada. Leur article décrit un processus d’utilisation des données probantes du monde
réel pour éclairer l’accès aux marchés et les décisions de financement pour les médicaments.
En étant intégrées dans les plateformes et les systèmes, les données probantes du monde
réel auront un impact concret sur l’évaluation des médicaments.
Van Katwyk et coll. (2020) étudient la prévalence et l’intensité des politiques
d’intervention contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens, partout au Canada. Au moyen d’une
enquête, et en soulignant la menace de la résistance aux antimicrobiens, ils rapportent que
les politiques actuelles sont inadéquates et qu’on pourrait faire beaucoup mieux avec les
mesures de réglementation et l’élaboration de politiques. Les auteurs concluent en présentant
comment les provinces et les associations professionnelles peuvent participer à l’élaboration
des politiques.
Basés en Ontario, McDonald et coll. (2020) étudient le lien entre la marginalisation
communautaire et les temps d’attente au service des urgences. Ils rapportent qu’une réduc-
tion de l’instabilité sociale pourrait être un vecteur de réduction de l’utilisation du service des
urgences. Pour leur part, Agnolon et coll. (2020) ont recours à une étude de cas rétrospective
afin dévaluer les mesures québécoises pour accroître l’allaitement maternel dans la province.
Ils observent que les mesures prises dans le passé ont donné lieu à du mécontentement et
que les efforts à venir devraient compter sur l’entière participation des mères. Courbage et
Kalouguina (2020) font état de leur étude sur les activités de prévention en matière de santé.
Pour ce faire, ils ont consulté les données de l’enquête du Système de surveillance des facteurs
de risques comportementaux réalisée aux États-Unis. Ils rapportent que la conscientisation,
la facilité d’accès et la qualité des informations en matière de santé ont un lien avec les activi-
tés de prévention.
Fidèle à sa mission originale, Politiques de Santé encourage la soumission d’articles
qui interpellent les responsables des politiques de santé au Canada sur des enjeux actuels
et pertinents.
JASON M. SUTHERLAND, PHD
Rédacteur en chef
[12] HEALTHCARE POLICY Vol.15 No.4, 2020
Références
Agnolon, M.C., C. Rodríguez et J. Lauzière. 2020. Déclencher le changement institutionnel: examen
de l’élaboration de la politique de 2001 sur l’allaitement maternel au Québec. Politiques de Santé 15(4):
77–92. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26221.
Courbage, C. et V. Kalouguina. 2020. Portefeuilles de décisions de prévention face aux risques de santé –
une analyse sur données américaine. Politiques de Santé 15(4): 93–101. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26222.
Darrow, J.J. et R.F. Beall. 2020. Commentaire : Examens réglementaires expéditifs pour les médicaments de
faible valeur. Politiques de Santé 15(4): 35–40. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26226.
Duckett, S. 2020. Commentaire : Conséquences du volet privé dans les services de santé – l’expérience
australienne. Politiques de Santé 15(4): 21–25. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26228.
Flood, C.M., B. Thomas et K. White. 2020. Les tribunaux et le système de santé à deux vitesses. Politiques de
Santé 15(4): 13–20. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26229.
Gouvernement du Canada. 15 mars 2006. Revue Politiques de Santé. Consulté le 1er mars 2020. <https://cihr-
irsc.gc.ca/f/30743.html>.
Lexchin, J. 2020. Proposition de Santé Canada pour accélérer la politique d’examen des nouveaux médicaments.
Politiques de Santé 15(4): 26–34. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26227.
McDonald, E.J., M. Quick et M. Oremus. 2020. Examen du lien entre la marginalisation communautaire et
le temps d’attente au service des urgences en Ontario, Canada. Politiques de Santé 15(4): 64–76. doi:10.12927/
hcpol.2020.26223.
Tadrous, M., T. Ahuja, B. Ghosh et R. Kropp. 2020. Développement d’un plan d’action canadien fondé sur les
données probantes du monde réel tout au long du cycle de vie des médicaments. Politiques de Santé 15(4):
41–47. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26225.
Van Katwyk, S.R., J.M. Grimshaw et S.J. Hoffman. 2020. Dix ans d’inaction face à la résistance aux
antimicrobiens: analyse du contexte des politiques canadiennes de 2008 à 2018. Politiques de Santé 15(4):
48–63. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26224.
Jason M. Sutherland
Longwoods.com
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
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Objective: This study examines the association between community-level marginalization and emergency room (ER) wait time in Ontario. Methods: Data sources included ER wait time data and Ontario Marginalization Index scores. Linear regression models were used to quantify the association. Results: A positive association between total marginalization and overall, high-acuity and low-acuity ER wait time was found. Considering specific marginalization dimensions, we found positive associations between residential instability and ER wait time and negative associations between dependency and ER wait time. Conclusions: Reductions in community-level marginalization may impact ER wait time. Future studies using individual-level data are necessary.
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On Portfolios of Preventive Decisions for Multiple Health Risks -Evidence from US-Based Data
  • C Courbage
  • V Kalouguina
Courbage, C. and V. Kalouguina. 2020. On Portfolios of Preventive Decisions for Multiple Health Risks -Evidence from US-Based Data. Healthcare Policy 15(4): 93-101. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26222.
Déclencher le changement institutionnel : examen de l'élaboration de la politique de 2001 sur l'allaitement maternel au Québec
  • M C Agnolon
  • C Rodríguez
  • J Lauzière
Agnolon, M.C., C. Rodríguez et J. Lauzière. 2020. Déclencher le changement institutionnel : examen de l'élaboration de la politique de 2001 sur l'allaitement maternel au Québec. Politiques de Santé 15(4): 77-92. doi:10.12927/hcpol.2020.26221.