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The 2015 eruption of Gamalama volcano (Ternate Island–Indonesia): precursor, crisis management, and community response

DOI:10.1007/s10708-020-10237-w
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Agung Hidayat at Universitas Sebelas Maret
Agung Hidayat
Muh Aris Marfai at Universitas Gadjah Mada
Muh Aris Marfai
Danang Sri Hadmoko at Universitas Gadjah Mada
Danang Sri Hadmoko
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Abstract and Figures

Gamalama is an active stratovolcano on Ternate, a small volcanic island in Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Since 1510, a total of 77 eruptions have been recorded, with various impacts on the population and environment on the island and its surroundings. In July 2015, Gamalama erupted after < 24 h of precursor signs. The seismic activity continued to increase until September 2015, as marked by three sudden eruptions that were not preceded by significant volcanic and tremor earthquakes. This research was intended to understand the chronology and impact of the 2015 Gamalama eruption, which is categorically unusual, and to learn how the government conducted relevant crisis management and in what manners the community affected by ejected materials reacted to it. The former was achieved by analyzing the data provided by the Gamalama volcano observatory. As for the latter, interviews with key stakeholders in volcanic disaster management and a questionnaire-based survey involving 85 respondents in the most affected areas were conducted. The results showed that despite the relatively small Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI = 2), the 2015 eruption was rather unexpected to many parties because it began with a short-term precursor sign (less than a day). The impact included tephra deposits as thick as 2–6 mm was in the Loto, Togafo, and Takome Villages. A total of 1791 people was recorded evacuating to several locations, such as Afe Taduma village, the SMKN 2 camp, the SKB camp, and the Naval Base camp. After a rapid impact assessment and coordination with the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), the government issued a status of emergency and evacuation orders. In cases when eruptions are initiated with a short-term precursor, the large population size and geographic condition of Ternate Island create a particular challenge in the resultant evacuation. Nevertheless, with prior mitigation measures and evacuation drills in hazard zones, evacuation can be carried out effectively. Even when a large-scale Gamalama eruption requires an evacuation to neighboring islands, a properly implemented mitigation such as the establishment of sister islands can substantially facilitate volcanic crisis management activities on small islands.
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The 2015 eruption of Gamalama volcano (Ternate Island–
Indonesia): precursor, crisis management, and community
response
Agung Hidayat .Muh Aris Marfai .Danang Sri Hadmoko
Published online: 6 June 2020
ÓSpringer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Gamalama is an active stratovolcano on
Ternate, a small volcanic island in Maluku Utara,
Indonesia. Since 1510, a total of 77 eruptions have
been recorded, with various impacts on the population
and environment on the island and its surroundings. In
July 2015, Gamalama erupted after \24 h of precur-
sor signs. The seismic activity continued to increase
until September 2015, as marked by three sudden
eruptions that were not preceded by significant
volcanic and tremor earthquakes. This research was
intended to understand the chronology and impact of
the 2015 Gamalama eruption, which is categorically
unusual, and to learn how the government conducted
relevant crisis management and in what manners the
community affected by ejected materials reacted to it.
The former was achieved by analyzing the data
provided by the Gamalama volcano observatory. As
for the latter, interviews with key stakeholders in
volcanic disaster management and a questionnaire-
based survey involving 85 respondents in the most
affected areas were conducted. The results showed
that despite the relatively small Volcanic Explosivity
Index (VEI = 2), the 2015 eruption was rather unex-
pected to many parties because it began with a short-
term precursor sign (less than a day). The impact
included tephra deposits as thick as 2–6 mm was in the
Loto, Togafo, and Takome Villages. A total of 1791
people was recorded evacuating to several locations,
such as Afe Taduma village, the SMKN 2 camp, the
SKB camp, and the Naval Base camp. After a rapid
impact assessment and coordination with the Center
for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation
(CVGHM), the government issued a status of emer-
gency and evacuation orders. In cases when eruptions
are initiated with a short-term precursor, the large
population size and geographic condition of Ternate
Island create a particular challenge in the resultant
evacuation. Nevertheless, with prior mitigation mea-
sures and evacuation drills in hazard zones, evacuation
can be carried out effectively. Even when a large-scale
Gamalama eruption requires an evacuation to neigh-
boring islands, a properly implemented mitigation
such as the establishment of sister islands can
substantially facilitate volcanic crisis management
activities on small islands.
Keywords Crisis management Volcanic island
Gamalama volcano Ternate Island Indonesia
A. Hidayat
Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Bulaksumur,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
M. A. Marfai (&)D. S. Hadmoko
Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of
Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara,
Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
e-mail: arismarfai@ugm.ac.id
123
GeoJournal (2022) 87:1–20
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10237-w(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... The small island community in Ternate offers fascinating subjects to study: the adaptive capacity to deal with disasters to survive in dangerous locations (Rampengan et al., 2014;Reenberg et al., 2008). Gamalama activities were first recorded in 1510, and since then, at least there have been 77 eruptions with widely differing physical and social impacts (Hidayat et al., 2022). In addition, several unrecorded eruptions of Gamalama with enormous consequences have also been recently revealed by Faral et al. (2022). ...
... On Ternate Island, eruptions are often followed by volcanic ashfall with varying intensities depending on the duration and magnitude of the eruption (Faral et al., 2022). Heavy ashfall occurred after the 1980 Gamalama eruption, resulting in the evacuation of as many as 40,000 people to the neighboring islands, i.e., Tidore, Hiri, and Halmahera (Hidayat et al., 2020a(Hidayat et al., , 2020b(Hidayat et al., , 2022. Also, the 2015 Gamalama eruption produced ashfall that forced the evacuation of 1791 people (Hidayat et al., 2022). ...
... Heavy ashfall occurred after the 1980 Gamalama eruption, resulting in the evacuation of as many as 40,000 people to the neighboring islands, i.e., Tidore, Hiri, and Halmahera (Hidayat et al., 2020a(Hidayat et al., , 2020b(Hidayat et al., , 2022. Also, the 2015 Gamalama eruption produced ashfall that forced the evacuation of 1791 people (Hidayat et al., 2022). In addition to ashfall, the small island community of Ternate also experienced lahar induced by torrential rains within a few hours after the 2011 eruption (BPBD Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah, 2012). ...
Volcanic hazard knowledge and preparedness of small island community on the flank of Gamalama volcano Ternate Island–Indonesia
Article
Full-text available
A study of volcanic hazard knowledge and preparedness of communities living on the flanks of Gamalama Volcano, on the small island Ternate, was conducted in January–February 2019. A total of 1265 respondents participated in a questionnaire-based survey using 42 questions to inquire about community knowledge of natural disasters and volcanic hazards, community preparedness, and the correlation between community knowledge and preparedness. The results showed that the majority of respondents selected from the small island community had good knowledge of natural disasters and volcanic hazards and were also well-prepared. There are positive correlations between knowledge of natural disasters and volcanic hazards; the latter is also positively linked to preparedness. Long experience in dealing with the eruptions of Gamalama in the past has raised local people’s awareness of volcanic hazards, which in turn increases their preparedness. Such understanding and preparedness are inseparable from the abundant dissemination channels of details on eruption threats and risks on Ternate Island, including televisions, the internet, radios, government officials, and non-governmental organizations.
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... Gamalama, located in the Maluku Islands, is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia having erupted 6 times since 2010 (GVP, 2013b). The decrease in duration of seismic precursors before recent eruptions (Hidayat et al., 2020;Kunrat et al., 2020) poses an increasing risk to the growing population on the island as warning alerts may not give sufficient time for evacuation (Hidayat et al., 2020). MODVOLC detected a thermal anomaly in 2003 (Wright and Pilger, 2008a). ...
... Gamalama, located in the Maluku Islands, is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia having erupted 6 times since 2010 (GVP, 2013b). The decrease in duration of seismic precursors before recent eruptions (Hidayat et al., 2020;Kunrat et al., 2020) poses an increasing risk to the growing population on the island as warning alerts may not give sufficient time for evacuation (Hidayat et al., 2020). MODVOLC detected a thermal anomaly in 2003 (Wright and Pilger, 2008a). ...
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Article
Routine analysis and detection of volcanic thermal features (VTFs) are available globally for low spatial resolution (>1 km/pixel) thermal infrared (TIR) sensors. However, medium resolution (90 m/pixel) ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) TIR data, which is sensitive to smaller and cooler VTFs, have yet to be systematically examined at all active Indonesian volcanoes. We manually examined cloud-free nighttime images at 136 potentially active volcanoes from 2000 to 2020 CE and found at least 71 volcanoes with VTFs, despite the low proportion (26.5%) of cloud-free images. Of these, 34 volcanoes have VTF detections from space published for the first time (to our knowledge) and at least 44 volcanoes have non-eruptive VTFs (fumaroles, heated volcanic lakes and open vent systems). The inclusion of hotspots detected by ASTER in this study increases the percentage of Indonesian volcanoes with recorded satellite-detectable thermal features from 27% to 52%, larger than in Latin America (27%) and the US (33%) which were surveyed in the same way and is possibly due to a higher frequency of eruptions in Indonesia. The distribution of VTFs across sub-regions in Indonesia is not uniform but may be correlated with the number of volcanoes with eruptions. This multi-decadal country-wide survey highlights the potential of TIR monitoring and detection of low-temperature volcanic features that may be eruption precursors, but also the limits of the available datasets since many volcanoes only have a few cloud-free nighttime images per year.
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... The sister village concept was implemented in the aftermath of the 2010 Merapi eruption as a mitigation measure against the next eruption [102]. Sister island in Indonesia has been developed technically in Ternate island threatened by Gamalama volcano by involving neighboring islands: Tidore, Hiri, and Halmahera, both for temporary and permanents displaced population [101,103]. The mapping phase is helpful for selecting the proper sister village and sister island. ...
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