Sustainable storm water storage alternatives at airports - making Schiphol airport less attractive to birds

Abstract

Schiphol airport is continuously adapting and building flexible to keep track of the changing volume of cargo and number of passengers. The expansions and modifications of the airport infrastructure affect the water system on the airport premises. Achieving a safe water system in control, we have to prevent nuisance or even flooding by measuring up the water assignment as the required storage capacity.

Storage and discharge are exchangeable. Storm water runoff that we cannot discharge needs to be stored temporarily in the system; and we will have to discharge runoff we cannot store because of a lack of storage capacity. Dealing with storm water runoff means that we will have the handle this water either way. That is why the required storage capacity does not only depend on the runoff intensity, but also on the discharge capacity. As designers we would like to see how the relation between the required storage capacity and the discharge capacity looks like.

To coordinate the relationships between the many spatial development plans and the consequences for the amount of storage in the water system, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AAS) makes use of the ‘Water Accounting’ agreement with the local water board Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland (Rijnland for short). Thanks to the water accounting agreement, AAS will now no longer have to compensate for every square meter of paved surface built by immediately creating equivalent extra water storage.

In accordance with the policy of Rijnland the required storage capacity is preferably realized as functional open water as part of the surface water system. Depending on the design of the water system (waterways, ditches and water bodies), the standing surface water system has a potential bird-attracting effect and negative impact on flight safety by BASH (Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard).

The water accounting or BRC (BergingsRekening Courant) Schiphol makes the realization of storm water storage alternatives possible. Moreover, this fits the "doing more with (rain) water” ambition of the Schiphol Water Management Strategy 2015 (Royal Haskoning, December 2010). This includes the desire to achieve less functional open water as part of the future water system attracting fewer birds.

Full text

Sustainable storm water storage alternatives
at airports -
making Schiphol airport less attractive to birds.
example book
August 2014

2

3
1 Introduction
2 Scope and framework
2.1 Flight safety and bird control
2.2 Water system in control
2.3 Regulation for storm water storage alternatives
2.4 Type and behaviour birds
2.5 Spatial development plans Schiphol
3 Planning area
3.1 Urban water cycle
3.2 Classification airport grounds and use
4 Overview of sustainable storm water alternatives
5 Spatial opportunities and matching locations
6 Management, maintanance and cost
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Contents

4
1
Figure 1.1 Storm water retention and drainage system at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

5
1
1
The water accounting project or BRC (BergingsRekening Courant) started in January 2008.
2
Landscaping Schiphol Airport 2012-2015, West 8 on behalf of Schiphol Real Estate.
In accordance with the policy of Rijnland the
required storage capacity is preferably realized
as functional open water as part of the surface
water system. Depending on the design of the
water system
2
(waterways, ditches and water
bodies), the standing surface water system has
a potential bird-attracting effect and negative
impact on flight safety by BASH (Bird Aircraft
Strike Hazard).
The water accounting or BRC Schiphol makes the
realization of storm water storage alternatives
possible. Moreover, this fits the “doing more with
(rain) water” ambition of the Schiphol Water
Management Strategy 2015 (Royal Haskoning,
December 2010). This includes the desire to
achieve less functional open water as part of the
future water system attracting fewer birds.
Schiphol airport is continuously adapting and
building flexible to keep track of the changing
volume of cargo and number of passengers. The
expansions and modifications of the airport
infrastructure affect the water system on the
airport premises (Figure 1.1). Achieving a safe
water system in control, we have to prevent
nuisance or even flooding by measuring up the
water assignment as the required storage capa-
city. Storage and discharge are exchangeable.
Storm water runoff that we cannot discharge
needs to be stored temporarily in the system; and
we will have to discharge runoff we cannot store
because of a lack of storage capacity. Dealing
with storm water runoff means that we will have
the handle this water either way. That is why the
required storage capacity does not only depend
on the runoff intensity, but also on the discharge
capacity. As designers we would like to see how
the relation between the required storage capa-
city and the discharge capacity looks like.
To coordinate the relationships between the
many spatial development plans and the
consequences for the amount of storage in the
water system, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AAS)
makes use of the ‘Water Accounting’
1
agreement
with the local water board Hoogheemraadschap
van Rijnland (Rijnland for short). Thanks to the
water accounting agreement, AAS will now no
longer have to compensate for every square
meter of paved surface built by immediately
creating equivalent extra water storage.
Introduction

6
2
Figure 2.1 Restriction zone water bodies > 3 hectare; from 6 km (current Airport Classification Decision or LIB, 2002) to
13 km (update LIB, 2013)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
FLIGHTSAFETY
Habitat
management
Innovation 24h detection &
dispersal operation
AAS Bird Control
Reporting & Analysis
24/7
LG
Amsterdam
Haarlem
Hoofddorp
Haarlemmermeer-
polder
‘Ringdike’Dunes Tulips
Nieuw Amsterdams Peil
0,0 meter NAP
6m ≥ width ≤ 20m
(at summer level)
slope on
both sides 1:2
property
boundary 1m
inspection path, min. 3m
water depth 1m
(at winter level)
AIRSIDE
200
250
300
150
100
50
0
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
SCHIPHOL
Figure 2.2 Activities of the Bird Control department at Schiphol Airport

7
2.1 Flight safety and bird control
The bird-strike problem is a global one. The
numbers of aircraft and flight movements are
increasing worldwide, as well as the populations
of a number of high-hazard bird species. Urban
encroachment on airports forces birds to use the
relatively safe airport environment and its asso-
ciated arrival and departure paths as the only
remaining open space. Wildlife-management
procedures at airports are unlikely to succeed
in keeping the airport completely free of birds
and mammals. Detecting airborne birds in time
to avoid a collision is often not feasible. A Syste-
matic approach is a crucial tool for managing
hazardous interactions between wildlife and
aircraft in the vicinity of airports.
Schiphol airport is located in a polder landscape,
with a lot of water, grassy meadows and rich
farmland. The Amsterdamse Bos forest area, the
coast and the dunes are located nearby, just as
the Westeinder, Vinkeveen and Nieuwe Meer
lakes (Figure 2.1). These factors all contribute to
Schiphol being a popular roost for birds. However,
birds create a genuine risk for aircraft. To ensure
an optimum degree of aviation safety, Schiphol
takes measures to keep the birds as far away
from the aircraft as possible.
Birds can compromise safety at the airport.
They pose a risk to air traffic if they collide with
aircraft landing or taking off. As it is essential
that the ‘aluminium birds’ and the real birds are
kept strictly separated, bird controllers take a
wide range of measures to chase birds away and
discourage them from roosting on the airport
grounds. Of course, not every collision causes
immediate damage to aircraft.
AAS employs 17 ‘bird controllers’ solely for this
purpose, who work in the runway area in teams
of twos and threes to keep the birds away at all
hours of the night and day (Figure 2.2). One of
the most important measures the airport takes
to limit the number of bird strikes is to make the
runway area as unattractive to birds as possible.
This is called ‘habitat management’.
Part of the habitat management is related to
surface water retaining systems:
• Location: The actual location of the water
body can have a direct effect on migratory
routes and other flight patterns of birds.
• Design: surface area, embankment angle,
depth and flow change the type of water-
fowl which is attracted to the water body.
• Maintenance: The availability food, shelter
and nesting material influence the attracti-
veness greatly.
• Mitigating technologies: Netting, wires,
scare tactics and hunting are possible but
in general have a lower effect or are cost
prohibitive.
To be unattractive to birds the airport has planted
the surrounding area with special varieties of
grass, bushes and trees. Also the runway area
is kept dry with a special drainage system that
prevents puddles from forming after rainfall,
as puddles also attract birds. Bird Control also
makes waterways around the runway area less
attractive to water birds by fixing ropes and/or
netting across ditches or floating hopper balls in
them.
Scope and framework2

8
2
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
FLIGHTSAFETY
Habitat
management
Innovation 24h detection &
dispersal operation
AAS Bird Control
Reporting & Analysis
24/7
LG
Amsterdam
Haarlem
Hoofddorp
Haarlemmermeer-
polder
‘Ringdike’Dunes Tulips
Nieuw Amsterdams Peil
0,0 meter NAP
6m ≥ width ≤ 20m
(at summer level)
slope on
both sides 1:2
property
boundary 1m
inspection path, min. 3m
water depth 1m
(at winter level) AIRSIDE
200
250
300
150
100
50
0
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
SCHIPHOL
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
FLIGHTSAFETY
Habitat
management
Innovation 24h detection &
dispersal operation
AAS Bird Control
Reporting & Analysis
24/7
LG
Amsterdam
Haarlem
Hoofddorp
Haarlemmermeer-
polder
‘Ringdike’Dunes Tulips
Nieuw Amsterdams Peil
0,0 meter NAP
6m ≥ width ≤ 20m
(at summer level)
slope on
both sides 1:2
property
boundary 1m
inspection path, min. 3m
water depth 1m
(at winter level) AIRSIDE
200
250
300
150
100
50
0
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
SCHIPHOL
Figure 2.3 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is situated in the Haarlemmermeerpolder

9
2.2 Water system in control
Schiphol Airport is located in the Haarlemmermeer-
polder approximately 4.5 meters below sea
level (Figure 2.3). A safe, healthy and sustainable
water management is vital. The local water
board Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland
(Rijnland in short) is responsible for controlling
and maintaining the (surface) water system in
Haarlemmermeerpolder, including Schiphol airport.
In December 2010, AAS presented the Water
Management Plan Schiphol 2015 to the Executive
Board of Rijnland. This comprehensive plan set
out the ambition and implementation of water
management activities to 2015 and beyond to
ensure the most sustainable use of water across
the whole scope of airport activities. The plan was
built upon the following overarching objectives:
• Water quality (clean water);
• Water quantity (dry feet);
• Spatial planning and control;
• Maximising potential for sustainability and
innovation in water use; and
• How to limit the impacts of incidents and
accidents upon water (i.e. fuel spills).
Building upon the Water Management Strategy
Plan 2015, AAS is exploring more ambitious and
sustainable objectives as part of a programme
called “Water Vision Schiphol 2030”. This
programme will enable long term water
sustainability at the airport over the next 17-years,
making strategic water resource management
an integral element on both the current airport
operations and those over the coming decades.
Requiring an excellent understanding, not only of
airport-specific water management practices, the
project involves extensive cooperation with the
municipalities of Amsterdam and
Haarlemmermeer, local water authorities and
regional government. Work streams currently
underway or in planning include:
• Growing vegetation that utilizes water and
helps avoid flooding but which at the same time
is not attractive to birds (therefore ensuring no
consequent increase in bird strike risk);
• Harvesting rainwater;
• Maximizing the installations of green roofs
and sustainable drainage systems;
• Developing water storage facilities which are
favorable from an ecosystems and biodiversity
perspective but again without leading to
increased risk of bird strikes.
The current surface water system serves as
discharge as well as storage of storm water
during periods of extreme rainfall (Figure 2.4).
The discharge capacity is limited to the installed
pumping stations in the Haarlemmermeerpolder
corresponding with a specific discharge of 1.67 l/s/
ha. The storage capacity depends of the relation
between paved surface and the available volume
in the water system; area of surface water x T100
water level rise.
The spatial water assignment (or required water
storage) in the water management area of
Rijnland is determined in the “Water hazard 1st
phase” study. In the further development (2nd
phase) the water assignment at sub-catchment
level is determined. The Master plan future water
hazard 2007 shows that Schiphol airport isn’t
lacking water storage or hasn’t any historical
water assignment. In Figure 2.4 the water system
of Schiphol airport is shown. Table 2.1 shows the
normative water level rise per sub-catchment
2

10
GH 52.140.02
GH 52.140.00
GH 52.140.25
Oppervlaktewater
Gemaal met afvoerrichting
Hoofdgemaal met afvoerrichting
Stuw met afvoerrichting
Afvoerrichting
zp: NAP -6,02 m/ wp: NAP -6,32 m
zp: NAP -5,87 m/ wp: NAP -6,02 m
NAP -6,02 m
Duiker
gemaal Lijnden
gemaal Bolstra
Ringvaart
GH 52.140.04
Figure 2.4 Water system and water level management at Schiphol airport
2

11
Alternative storage techniques are to be used
effective, durable, and without a lot of mainte-
nance functions for the entire sub-catchment
corresponding the alternative water storage
facility. In order to assess this, a set of general
conditions is drawn. These terms and conditions
do not distinguish between the situation of the
different systems: both underground systems
and roof systems are tested with the same
framework. At the request of the initiator, Rijn-
land looks through the keys on the conditions, or
alternative water storage is proposed to fit into
the sub-catchment in question.
The policy guideline of Rijnland reflects the
results of research is performed into the use of
alternative water storage ‘Sponge Job Zuidas
water at high density’ commissioned by various
agencies including Waternet.
during extreme precipitation in suburban area
(T100, according to climate scenarios in 2050
+ 10%) as used in the Master plan future water
hazard 2007. Schiphol airport is located mainly in
the polder main system and sub-catchments 2.1
and 4.2. The calculated T100 water levels do not
result in inundation and have no direct impact on
safety in flood risk of airport premises
2.3 Regulation for storm water storage alterna-
tives
For the application and acceptance of alternative
water storage facilities Rijnland has adopted
their policy guideline 1 (Version 3, August 2011).
This alternative water storage policy guideline
interfaces with other policies:
• Compensation paved surface (policy guide-
line 4);
• Minimum surface open water (policy
guideline 8).
Rijnland demands that the increase in paved
(impervious) surfaces is compensated by
construction of open water (see policy on
“compensation paved surface”). In practice, it is
not always possible to fit extra surface water due
to high urban density or social pressure. Alterna-
tive water storage by multiple use of space could
then offer a solution.
Sub-catchment Level rise [m] T=1/100 year
GH 52.140.00 (polder main + outfall system) 0,50
GH 52.140.02 (2.1) 0,80
GH 52.140.04 (4.1) 1,00
GH 52.140.25 (4.2) 0,60 (to be increased to 0,80)
Table 2.1 Water level rise per sub-catchment at Schiphol airport
2

12
Natuurgebied
Schiphol
Flora en fauna in kaart gebracht
Figure 2.5 Publication cover of Nature reserve Schiphol
2

13
2.4 Type and behaviour birds
No two airports are exactly alike. Accordingly, bird
hazards vary from airport to airport, even when
the same species are involved. The occurrence of
birds at airports varies according to habitat avail-
ability, weather, season of year, and time of day.
Airports provide a wide variety of natural and
human-made habitats that offer food, water, and
cover. Many airports are located along migra-
tory routes used by birds. One of the first steps
in reducing bird hazards is to recognize these
attractants. Usually, several attractants acting in
combination are responsible for the presence of
birds and their behavior at an airport.
Food
Birds require relatively large amounts of food.
Most airports support an abundance and
variety of foods such as seeds, berries, grass,
insects, grubs, earthworms, small birds, and
small mammals. Seeds and berries are sought
by several migratory and resident birds such as
sparrows, finches, starlings, blackbirds, mourning
doves, common pigeons, and waterfowl. Geese
are attracted to open expanses of grasses.
Gulls, starlings, robins, and crows often feed
on earthworms on the surface of the ground
following a rain. Gulls are opportunistic feeders
and frequently feed on grasshoppers and ground-
nesting birds. Raptors are attracted to airports
because of rodents, birds, and other small
animals that harbored by tall, poorly maintained
grass stands and borders.
Occasionally, food becomes available through
careless waste disposal practices by restaurants
and airline flight kitchens. Airport personnel
Some of the distinctive conditions are:
• The realized volume m3 water storage is to
be multiplied by a factor of 0.9, before they
can be deducted of the total assignment in
m3.
• At least 80% of the total water storage
in the sub-catchment should exist of
traditional water storage in surface water; a
maximum of 20% can be realized as alterna-
tive water storage.
• The alternative water storage should
contain a minimal capacity of 50 m³.
• The discharge of the water storage alterna-
tive must be smaller or equal to the specific
discharge of 1.67 l/s/ha.
• The threshold level of an emergency over-
flow should at least be located at a height
equal to the maximum water level (related
to an occurrence frequency T=1/100 year) +
0.10 meters.
• Where possible, ‘simple’ alternative water
storage techniques are to be applied, which
only are operated by gravity.
2

14
Knobbelzwaan
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Blauwe reiger
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Canadese gans
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Aalscholver
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Buizerd
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Spreeuw
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Kievit
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Houtduif
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Nijlgans
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Torenvalk
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Zilvermeeuw
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Kokmeeuw
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Wilde eend
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Kleine mantelmeeuw
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Krakeend
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
Risicoperiode
Vogelkalender
Bird Control
Vogelkalender
Bird Control
Grauwe gans
jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec
2
Figure 2.6 Bird control calendar

15
Cover
Birds need cover for resting, loafing, roosting,
and nesting. Trees, brushy areas, weed patches,
shrubs, and airport structures often provide suit-
able habitat to meet these requirements. Almost
any area that is free from human disturbance
may provide a suitable roosting site for one or
more species of birds. Starlings, pigeons, house
sparrows, and swallows often roost or nest in
large numbers in airport buildings or nearby
trees, shrubs, or hedges. Large concentrations of
blackbirds and starlings are attracted to woody
thickets for winter roosting cover. Gulls often
find safety on or near runways of coastal airports
when storms prevent their roosting at sea, on
islands, or on coastal bays.
Migration and bird calendar
Many airports are located along traditional
annual bird migration routes. Birds may suddenly
appear in large flocks on or over an airport on
their annual migration, even when the airport
itself offers no particular attraction. Dates of
migration vary by species and area. Flock size of
a given species may vary widely from year to year
depending on time of year, weather conditions,
and many other factors.
The Schiphol bird calendar (Figure 2.6) provides
a convenient overview that all involved parties
can use to see which birds are most active during
which months. Pilots can use the calendar to
quickly identify and accurately report the pres-
ence of specific species.
have been known to feed birds during their lunch
breaks. Many airports have inadequate garbage
disposal systems that permit access to various
food items. These are a favourite of several
species of birds, especially gulls. Nearby landfills
or sewage outlets may also provide food for birds
and other wildlife.
Landfills are often located on or near airports
because both are often built on publicly owned
lands. In these circumstances, landfills contribute
to bird strike hazards by providing food sources
and loafing areas that attract and support
thousands of gulls, starlings, pigeons, and other
species. Generally, landfills are a major attraction
for gulls, the most common bird involved in bird
strikes. Waste paper, paper bags, and other litter
blowing across the ground attract gulls, presum-
ably because litter is mistaken for other gulls or
for food. A gull that is attracted to litter decoys
other gulls and encourages flocking.
Water
Birds of all types are drawn to open water for
drinking, bathing, feeding, loafing, roosting, and
protection. Rainy periods provide temporary water
pools at many airports. Many airports have perma-
nent bodies of water near or between runways
for landscaping, flood control, or wastewater
purposes. These permanent sources of water
provide a variety of bird foods, including small fish,
tadpoles, frogs, insect larvae, other invertebrates,
and edible aquatic plants. Temporary and perma-
nent waters, including ponds, borrow pits, sumps,
swamps, and lakes, attract gulls, waterfowl, shore-
birds, and marsh birds. Fresh water is especially
attractive in coastal areas.
2

16
Waardenburg) of goose population in 20 km area
is 43,000. This increase of population is caused
by:
• Spending the winter and the summer.
• No natural enemies.
• Many wetlands for drinking, resting and
sleeping areas nearby
• Attractive nearby foraging areas, including
the Haarlemmermeer.
The Flora and Fauna Act
In the interest of aviation safety, the province of
North Holland has declared Amsterdam Airport
Schiphol exempt from the Flora and Fauna Act,
an act that was called into being to protect wild
plants and animals. This exemption means that
birds may, in particular situations, be chased
away and even killed, if necessary. Schiphol uses
this authorisation as little as possible, and sees it
as a last resort when other bird-chasing methods
have proven futile.
Local Movements and bird counts
Shorebirds, waterfowl, gulls, and other birds
often make daily flights across airports from
their feeding, roosting, nesting, and loafing
areas. Airports near cities may experience early
morning and late afternoon roosting or feeding
flights of thousands of starlings.
The bird controllers perform a bird count in
the runway area every two weeks, on a set day
and time and according to a set route, in order
to record the most common species and their
numbers. Doing so enables the airport to identify
trends and take action accordingly. The bird
counts also help the airport precisely measure
the effectiveness of a particular bird-chasing
method on a specific species.
The (gray) goose population in the vicinity of
Schiphol has increased ten times from 2000
to 2010 (Figure 2.7). Current estimate (Bureau
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
FLIGHTSAFETY
Habitat
management
Innovation 24h detection &
dispersal operation
AAS Bird Control
Reporting & Analysis
24/7
LG
Amsterdam
Haarlem
Hoofddorp
Haarlemmermeer-
polder
‘Ringdike’Dunes Tulips
Nieuw Amsterdams Peil
0,0 meter NAP
6m ≥ width ≤ 20m
(at summer level)
slope on
both sides 1:2
property
boundary 1m
inspection path, min. 3m
water depth 1m
(at winter level) AIRSIDE
200
250
300
150
100
50
0
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
SCHIPHOL
Figure 2.7 Monthly observations and counts of geese 2006-2013
2

17
2.5 Spatial development plans Schiphol
Schiphol zoning plan 2010-2020
The Schiphol zoning plan has adopted in early
2011. The water interests are included in the
water paragraph. In this paragraph, the water
management aspects are described by transla-
tion of the prevailing water policies set to the
desired water management. In the map to
the zoning plan some jurisdiction to change is
included.
Schiphol spatial development plan 2015 +
Bridging plan 2017/2018
The development of Schiphol is described in
“Schiphol spatial development plan 2015” (2007)
and the “Bridging plan 2017/2018” (2012). This
2015 plan was assumed growth of platforms,
jobs and the number of aircraft movements.
Meanwhile, the growth revised down and limited
to 510,000 movements per year. The attention to
water in the spatial development plan is limited
to the realization of space for water and drainage
at Schiphol.
In the Schiphol Southeast area many develop-
ments are underway, like the implementation of
the Platform Sierra 2A, the cargo area southeast,
the reservoir pumping station Schiphol-Rijk, the
reclamation of run-off water, the realignment of
the N201 to Schiphol-Rijk and broadening the
Fokkerweg. In order to realize these plans, it is
necessary to adjust, including the construction of
a new main waterway at Schiphol Southeast.
Recently the executive board of Amsterdam
Airport Schiphol decided to catch up with its
infrastructure, planning the realization of Tango
taxiway, Northwest apron and the Alpha pier in
the next few years.
Damage prevention, habitat modification and
control methods
Bird strike hazards reoccur regularly at many
airports and require constant attention. Before
attempting to reduce bird hazards at an airport,
it is important to assess the problem, identify
contributing factors, and analyse the threat to
aircraft and human safety. A wildlife hazard
management plan should be implemented (and
may be required) to make the airport unattrac-
tive to birds. Scaring or dispersing birds away
from airports is usually difficult because birds
are tenaciously attracted to available food, water,
and cover. As long as these attractants exist, birds
will be a problem.
In most situations, a wildlife biologist trained
in bird hazard assessment should be selected
to conduct a thorough ecological study of
the airport and its vicinity. The study should
determine what species of birds are involved,
what attracts them, abundance and peak use
periods and special hazard zones. It should also
include control recommendations to reduce the
frequency of bird occurrence at the airport.
Several habitat management practices can make
an airport less attractive to birds. These include
eliminating standing water, removing or thin-
ning trees, removing brush and managing grass
height. Buildings can be modified to reduce or
eliminate roosting or nesting sites.
2

18
Figure 2.8 Airside boundary partly consists of peripheral guarding waterways
2

19
• Waterways for peripheral guarding
• Other waterways for drainage and storage.
For these waterways Rijnland holds a
minimum width at the waterline of 7.1 m
for primary waterways and 4.1 m for other
waterways with a slope of 1:3.
• Because of risks to attract birds, it is difficult
to create environmentally friendly embank-
ments along waterways.
Airport classification decision
The Airport Classification Decision or LIB (2002,
adjusted in 2004) also determines the layout of
the waterways and embankments at the airport.
Surface water and marshy banks have an attrac-
tive effect on birds. Flying birds are a serious
risk where they end up down in the engines of
planes. Also climate adaptation measures should
not lead to more collisions between birds and
aircraft (SMASH; Structural vision Mainport
Amsterdam Schiphol Haarlemmermeer 2040)
The LIB contains rules on the allocation and use
of land in and around Schiphol Airport:
• Bird attracting land use (large water bodies,
waste disposal areas and nature reserves) is
not allowed in the vicinity of Schiphol,
• Within the limits of the LIB contiguous
water bodies with an area of more than 3
hectares are not allowed. It is proposed to
shift the LIB restriction zone (Figure 2.1)
from 6 km (current LIB, 2002) to 13 km
(update LIB, 2013).
• Surface water is constructed at least 150
m (from the axis) of take-off and landing
runways.
• With the setting up of waterways and
embankments, AAS distinguishes:
Figure 2.9 Principle cross section waterway for peripheral guarding Schiphol airport (Landscaping Schiphol, 2008)
2
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
FLIGHTSAFETY
Habitat
management
Innovation 24h detection &
dispersal operation
AAS Bird Control
Reporting & Analysis
24/7
LG
Amsterdam
Haarlem
Hoofddorp
Haarlemmermeer-
polder
‘Ringdike’Dunes Tulips
Nieuw Amsterdams Peil
0,0 meter NAP
6m ≥ width ≤ 20m
(at summer level)
slope on
both sides 1:2
property
boundary 1m
inspection path, min. 3m
water depth 1m
(at winter level) AIRSIDE
200
250
300
150
100
50
0
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
SCHIPHOL

20
Grass
Water
Other
3
Legend
Roofs
Paved landside
Paved airside
Figure 3.1 Schiphol surface map

21
These four zones exhibit different characteristic
and functions:
1. In the northern zone the land use functions
are long term parking spaces and business.
2. In the center the terminals are located
together with hotels, offices and car
parking. Furthermore, hangars and fright
buildings are located in this zone.
3. Hangars, the cargo terminal and parking are
the major land use functions in the south.
In the southern zone, unused aircraft fuel
tanks with a total volume of 7,300 m3 are
located which can be used for rainwater
storage.
4. Finally the eastern zone is used for hangars,
business and parking places.
Planning area
3
3.1 Urban water cycle
Rainwater is the dominating factor for urban
water systems. Applying sustainable storm water
storage alternatives means an intervention in the
urban water cycle (Figure 3.2).
3.2 Classification airport grounds and use
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in The Netherlands
is the fourth largest airport in Europe. It has an
area of 21.5 km2 and serves 50 million passen-
gers per year. Schiphol consists of four zones
defined according to the drainage area of an
existing rainwater drainage system (Figure 3.1).
Figure 3.2 Urban water cycle
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water

22
4
Figure 4.1 Sustainable solutions in urban water management - City of Rotterdam
Table 4.1 Overview stormwater BMP`s at Schiphol Airport
Design type of solution
Technical solution
Surface water
Buffering - storage Functional open water
Dynamic buffer in surface water (locally allowing greater level rise).
Below ground level - subsurface and subsoil
Retention - delay Increasing permeability subsurface (soil improvement).
Soil filter, including (in) filtration field, basin, trench.
Underground infiltration facility, including infiltration wells, box, crate and permeable drainage pipes.
On ground level - public space
Buffering - storage Permeable paving and storage in road foundations, such as Aquaflow.
Underground storage, like Water shell.
Permeable pipes with storage and discharge to surface water.
Surface (in)filtration facility with storage and discharge to surface water.
Retention - delay Through existing shoulder with drain.
Wadi with drain (sand trench or infiltration box).
Water square with (delayed/ drained) discharge into open water.
Above ground level - on roofs and in buildings
Retention - delay Green or vegetation roof.
Rain water tank (eg 215 liters per dwelling to 150 m2 roof area/ house)
Grey water system

23
Sustainable storm water storage alternatives to
solve the water assignment at Schiphol airport
is to elaborate in design and planning of new
spatial developments. Fitting the situation of an
urban dense airport with a polder water system,
some practical measures and optional alterna-
tives are available, both on system and site scale:
A. Buffering and storage in surface water.
B. Detention and retention below ground level
– subsurface and subsoil.
C. Retention, buffering and storage on ground
level – public space.
D. Retention above ground level – on roofs and
in buildings.
Green roofs, permeable pavements and under-
ground storage facilities are a few examples
(Figure 4.1) to retain water and delay the runoff
process (Figure 4.2). These Sustainable Drainage
systems (SuDS) – also called Green Infrastructure
(GI) or Best Management Practices (BMPs) for
Low Impact Development (LID) - create numerous
alternative options for solving our storage design
problem.
We will have to address these optional alterna-
tives (Table 4.1) during the design process by
at least considering separately a fast surface
and piped runoff component and a slow runoff
component through the soil/subsurface drainage
system. It should be considered to incorporate
these best practice guidelines or BMP’s in
a ‘Schiphol drainage manual’. The Schiphol
expansion plans are an opportunity to construct
new infrastructure and design public spaces
in an adaptive manner. Also rainwater can be
used for non potable demand, like irrigation of
green, toilet flushing, firefighting and cooling of
buildings.
Overview of sustainable
storm water storage alternatives4
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
Figure 4.2 Living with water principles based on the Dutch three stage strategy for water quantity

24
4.1 Buffering and storage in surface water
Schiphol airport is equipped with an extensive
system of open and closed canals. Besides drai-
nage the surface water system is also a feature
to temporarily store (storm) water. Functional
surface water and open detention ponds are
most effective for detention, buffering and
storage of storm water. Open canals and surface
water are located from the security periphery
outside the airside grounds. Key is to manage
the water system in such a way that it can store
a maximum volume in a minimum surface area.
Examples are dynamic water level management,
multi-use of space (e.g. lowered embankments
near Sierra 1d apron) and design of embank-
ments (as shown in Figure 2.9).
Also additional measures can be implemented
for achieving birds cannot gather and access the
surface water system. Examples are balls floating
atop the water (Figure 4.3) and bird netting
(Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.3 Balls floating atop the water prevent birds
from gathering
Figure 4.4 Storm water dentention pond with anti-bird
netting
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water

25
4.2 Dentention and retention below
ground level – subsurface and subsoil
Increasingly there is not enough room in the
densely built-up Schiphol airport to dig additional
canals to increase the surface water storage.
Dentention and retention of storm water below
ground level has to be considered. Below paved
surfaces and/or underneath buildings, it’s possible
to realize underground water storages or cisterns.
Since Schiphol airport is located in a seepage prone
polder water system (Haarlemmermeerpolder)
underground infiltration facilities are not very
realistic.
The underground water storage facility is one of
the measures that can be implemented for the
purpose of reducing flooding risks and increasing
the water quality by collecting run-off. An example
is the underground water storage facility in the
Museumpark Rotterdam (Figure 4.5) with a
capacity of 10 million litres (roughly 2.6 million
gallons). It’s situated underneath the entrance to
the underground car park. The storage capacity
is equivalent to four Olympic swimming pools,
making it the largest underground water storage
facility in the Netherlands. Creating a car park that
doubles as a water storage facility helps to optimize
the use of the city’s scarce space. However, these
double purposes of parking cars and retaining
excess water will always remain separate.
Another water storage below ground level, also
in the centre of Rotterdam, is on the top of the
new parking garage Kruisplein (Figure 4.6) next to
the Rotterdam Central train terminal. This water
storage facility allows excess water from a canal
(Westersingel) to overflow in a specially designed
construction.
Figure 4.6 Water storage next to Westersingel on roof
of parking garage Kruisplein, Rotterdam
Figure 4.5 Underground water storage parking
Museumpark Rotterdam
Parking garage Kruisplein
Westersingel
water storage
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water

26
4.3 Retention, buffering and storage on ground
level – public space
When the existing (underground) storm water
drainage system isn’t able to handle the discharge
of rainwater anymore, water will accumulate in
open spaces and in streets. To prevent flooding a
complementary surface retention, buffering and
storage system can be considered. This surface
water system in public space consists of by porous
paving, lines, (grated) gutters, shallow trenches,
retention areas and flood plains like water squares.
The additional drainage and storage system
on ground level is laid out as far as possible at
or near the ground level. At intersections with
infrastructure, the gutters are grated; equipped
with grills. Besides porous paving also flood plains,
such as water squares, can be added (Figure 4.7).
This makes the system even more resilient against
extreme rainfall.
The surface retention, buffering and storage
system may require periodic cleaning but this
cost should be minimized if upstream sources of
sediment, particularly from construction activities,
are well controlled. In comparison, storm sewer
catch basins need to be cleaned periodically and
manholes, storm sewer pipes, and curbs will need
occasional repair.
Figure 4.7 Water square for temporary storage
of storm water (Benthemplein, Rotterdam)
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water

27
4.4 Retention above ground level – on roofs
and in buildings
Roof surfaces account for a large portion of this
impervious cover. Establishing vegetation on
rooftops, known as green roofs, is one method
of recovering lost green space that can aid in
mitigating stormwater runoff.
During wet periods rainwater can be harvested,
as a substitute for drinking water in graden
irrigation, car washing, toilet flushing, fire
fighting, etc. Rainwater storage tanks are
designed to conserve water by harvesting rain
and stormwater to partially meet non-potable
water demands. In addition, rainwater tanks can
reduce stormwater runoff volumes. Rain and
stormwater from rooftops of buildings can be
collected and accessed specifically for purposes
such as toilet flushing, garden watering, car
washing, fire fighting, etc. Rainwater storage
tanks can be realized next to the roofed building
or as underground storage facilities (Figure 4.9).
This is possible for single building or a collection
of building using the same storage tank.
Figure 4.9 Rainwater harvesting at large buildings with
underground storage tank (source: Tokyo dome, 1988)
Figure 4.8 Green roofing on the Schiphol Group main
building for good insulation, CO2 reduction and capture
of fine dust
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water

28
On ground level
Above ground level
Legend
Surface water
Below ground level
5
Figure 5.1 Schiphol land uses map with suggestions for 4 types of sustainable storm water storage alternatives
expansion
North West
redevelopment
P3 expansion
Elzenhof
expansion
South East
search area
subsurface water retention
redevelopment
Schiphol Centre
S
S
O
O
O
O
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water
‘Ringdike’Dunes
Source Rural Area
Municipality
House owner
Water board
Province government
Drinking water company
Properties & Streets
Retention Detention
private/public public public
discharge
system
storage
public
conveyence
DELAY STORE DRAIN
System Outside Levees
Urban area
Tulips
Nieuw
Amsterdams
Peil
-4,50 meter NAP
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
Haarlemmermeer
polder
SCHIPHOL
Haarlemmer
Ringvaart
‘Ringdike’
Drinking
Water
Sewer
system
Atmosphere
Ground water
Surface water rural area
Households
Paved area
Unpaved
area
Treatment
Industry
infiltration
facility groundwater
unsaturated
zone
groundwater
saturated
zone
Urban surface
water

29
To match the stormwater best practice guidelines
or BMP’s spatially, it should be considered to
perform a location study, as illustrated in a
conceptually way in Figure 5.1. In table 5.1 on the
next page an overview is given of the discussed
stormwater BMP’s, with the following appointed
characteristics:
Design
Cluster of appropriate storm water storage solu-
tions in the design and development of Schiphol
airport.
Technical solution
Description of each (alternative) storage solution.
Performance
Degree of completion of the 15% rule or “solving
water assignment”. Construction of functional
open water reference with 100% effectiveness /
water assignment completion.
Costs - effectivity
Investment in euros per hectare run off area
based on 100% solving water assignment. Indi-
cative realization costs based on unit prices (mid
2013) plus additional costs, VAT and exploitation.
Indicative realization costs
Construction cost of the water storage solution
per surface use of space (m2).
Specific water storage
Amount of water storage in share (%) and volume
(m3) per hectare run off area. Share sealed
surface in urban areas (Randstad) averaged 45%.
NB; The specific water storage is based on
collecting a peak T100 storm event. The effec-
tiveness in annual receiving rainfall is around
50-80%.
Use of space
Surface storage solution (m2) per hectare run off
area. Multiple use of space = no use of space.
Risks
Main risk has to be the support of the alternative
storage solution at the Waterboard of Rijnland.
In addition, arrangements have to be made
with regard to the definition of “water use” and
operation&maintenance.
According policy Rijnland
More water storage is in accordance with
Rijnlands Keur and the ‘Notes attenuations and
paved surface”. Rijnland prefers the construction
of functional open water. Regarding alternative
storage solutions, Rijnland isn’t against. In due
time the plan is tested and more details are
known.
• For an increase greater than 500 m2 but less
than 10,000 m2 (1 hectare) paved the 15%
rule applies. This rule is based on a water
level rise of 0.50 m every 100 years.
• When there is an increase of more than
10,000 m2 (1 hectare) sealed area, customi-
zation is required. The starting point is that
the drainage may not increase as well as no
additional increase in water level rise.
Spatial opportunities and
matching locations5

30
Design - type
of solution
Technical solution Performance
(solving
assignment)
Costs - effectivity
[€/ha run off area]
(based on 100% solving assignment)
Indicative realization
costs
[€/m2 use of space]
Specific storage of storm water Use of space
[m2/ha run off area]
Risks According policy
waterboard of
Rijnland
[%/ha run off area] [m3/ha run off area]
Surface water much preferred
Buffering -
storage
Functional open water 100% € 1.000 / ha 25 15% 725 1,450 operation&maintenance
Dynamic buffer in surface water (locally
allowing greater level rise).
> 100% € 500 - € 1.000 / ha 30 > 15% > 725 1,450 local surface level
Below ground level - subsurface and subsoil
Retention -
delay
Increasing permeability subsurface (soil
improvement).
< 33% € 1.500 / ha 10 < 5% < 250 < 500 - (with individual)
Soil filter, including (in) filtration field,
basin, trench.
< 67% € 1.000 / ha 10 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 operation&maintenance
Underground infiltration facility,
including infiltration wells, box, crate
and permeable drainage pipes.
33% - 100% € 500 - € 1.500 / ha 10 5% - 15% 250 - 725 500 - 1.450 operation&maintenance
On ground level - public space
Buffering -
storage
Permeable paving and storage in road
foundations, such as Aquaflow.
< 33% € 1.000 / ha 10 < 5% < 250 < 500 public space management
Underground storage, like Water shell. < 33% € 1.000 / ha 10 < 5% < 250 < 500 operation&maintenance
Permeable pipes with storage and
discharge to surface water.
< 67% € 1.000 - € 1.500 / ha 25 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 operation&maintenance
Surface (in)filtration facility with
storage and discharge to surface water.
< 67% € 1.000 - € 1.500 / ha 25 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 hygiene, operation
&maintenance
Retention -
delay
Through existing shoulder with drain. < 67% € 500 / ha 10 < 10% < 500 multiple use of space (shoulder) public space management
Wadi with drain (sand trench or
infiltration box).
< 67% € 25.000 - € 60.000 / ha 15 - 40 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 hygiene, operation
&maintenance
Water square with (delayed/ drained)
discharge into open water.
100% € 100.000 - € 150.000 / ha 150 - 200 15% 725 multiple use of space (public space) hygiene, operation
&maintenance
Above ground level - on roofs and in buildings
Retention -
delay
Green or vegetation roof. 7% € 5.000 - € 20.000 / ha 5 - 40 1% 50 multiple use of space (roof ) - (with individual)
Rain water tank (eg 215 liters per dwel-
ling to 150 m2 roof area/ house)
< 7% € 60.000 / ha 40 < 1% 15 < 100 - (with individual)
Grey water system 7% € 2.500 - € 5.000 / ha 51% 50 multiple use of space (roof ) incorrect connections less preferred
Table 5.1 Overview stormwater BMP`s with appointed characteristics

31
Design - type
of solution
Technical solution Performance
(solving
assignment)
Costs - effectivity
[€/ha run off area]
(based on 100% solving assignment)
Indicative realization
costs
[€/m2 use of space]
Specific storage of storm water Use of space
[m2/ha run off area]
Risks According policy
waterboard of
Rijnland
[%/ha run off area] [m3/ha run off area]
Surface water much preferred
Buffering -
storage
Functional open water 100% € 1.000 / ha 25 15% 725 1,450 operation&maintenance
Dynamic buffer in surface water (locally
allowing greater level rise).
> 100% € 500 - € 1.000 / ha 30 > 15% > 725 1,450 local surface level
Below ground level - subsurface and subsoil
Retention -
delay
Increasing permeability subsurface (soil
improvement).
< 33% € 1.500 / ha 10 < 5% < 250 < 500 - (with individual)
Soil filter, including (in) filtration field,
basin, trench.
< 67% € 1.000 / ha 10 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 operation&maintenance
Underground infiltration facility,
including infiltration wells, box, crate
and permeable drainage pipes.
33% - 100% € 500 - € 1.500 / ha 10 5% - 15% 250 - 725 500 - 1.450 operation&maintenance
On ground level - public space
Buffering -
storage
Permeable paving and storage in road
foundations, such as Aquaflow.
< 33% € 1.000 / ha 10 < 5% < 250 < 500 public space management
Underground storage, like Water shell. < 33% € 1.000 / ha 10 < 5% < 250 < 500 operation&maintenance
Permeable pipes with storage and
discharge to surface water.
< 67% € 1.000 - € 1.500 / ha 25 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 operation&maintenance
Surface (in)filtration facility with
storage and discharge to surface water.
< 67% € 1.000 - € 1.500 / ha 25 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 hygiene, operation
&maintenance
Retention -
delay
Through existing shoulder with drain. < 67% € 500 / ha 10 < 10% < 500 multiple use of space (shoulder) public space management
Wadi with drain (sand trench or
infiltration box).
< 67% € 25.000 - € 60.000 / ha 15 - 40 < 10% < 500 < 1.000 hygiene, operation
&maintenance
Water square with (delayed/ drained)
discharge into open water.
100% € 100.000 - € 150.000 / ha 150 - 200 15% 725 multiple use of space (public space) hygiene, operation
&maintenance
Above ground level - on roofs and in buildings
Retention -
delay
Green or vegetation roof. 7% € 5.000 - € 20.000 / ha 5 - 40 1% 50 multiple use of space (roof ) - (with individual)
Rain water tank (eg 215 liters per dwel-
ling to 150 m2 roof area/ house)
< 7% € 60.000 / ha 40 < 1% 15 < 100 - (with individual)
Grey water system 7% € 2.500 - € 5.000 / ha 51% 50 multiple use of space (roof ) incorrect connections less preferred

32
6

33
The Rijnland District Water Control Board
(Rijnland for short) is responsible for the manage-
ment and maintenance of the drainage water,
the primary water system, much of the hydraulic
constructions in the primary water system
and the pumping stations. The surface water
system at the airport within the boundaries of
the zoning plan is owned by Amsterdam Airport
Schiphol (AAS).
Some parts of the water system outside the
boundaries of the Schiphol zoning plan land
(such as the Oude Meertocht near Bolstra Pump
Station) are important for drainage and fall
under the control of Rijnland. From the caring
role as manager of the primary water system, the
management of the primary water is transferred
to Rijnland. Also it is discussed with AAS on the
desired content of the acquisition maintenance
primarily water.
Formally the owners of plots along other water-
ways are responsible for the maintenance of half
the width of their plot adjacent waterway. They
are also responsible for maintaining the edges
of all waters identified on their plot above the
minimum (target) levels.
The general board of Rijnland established a the
Guide to natural embankments in April 2010.
It also provides guidelines for environmentally
friendly maintenance of waters, embankments
and dykes. Environmentally of even nature
friendly maintenance is the cleaning and
dredging of waterways in a way that ecological
quality of wet and dry natural values are main-
tained and where possible enhanced.
Regarding the guidelines for dredging the
minimum discharge profile is normative.
Depending on the level of ecological ambition,
the waterways should not be dredged more often
than necessary.
Management, maintenance and costs6