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Emprendimiento e innovación para el desarrollo local
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Los actores del desarrollo económico de nuestro país –la Universidad, la Empresa y el Estado– están interactuando en forma articulada en proyectos conjuntos con el fin de promover diferentes tipos de innovación para los sectores económicos de cada región. Colombia ha iniciado el camino correcto de aprovechamiento de sinergias y de aplicación de experiencias exitosas de estas dinámicas evidenciadas en otros países. Se tiene el reto de consolidar los comités Universidad-Empresa-Estado de nuestro país con el apoyo del gobierno al fomento de políticas en ciencia, innovación y tecnología, la apertura del sector empresarial hacia la academia y el compromiso social de las universidades para apoyar proyectos de investigación articulada.
Los tres actores deben seguir comprometidos, con una visión clara para apoyar las iniciativas de gestión, emprendimiento e innovación de los investigadores y empresarios que se han involucrado en los proyectos de innovación para hacer desarrollos conjuntos. Es deber nuestro apoyar y fomentar estas acciones regionales que se están consolidando dado los beneficios para los sectores de la economía. Se está iniciando una etapa de reconocimiento internacional que se debe fortalecer, sorprendiendo por medio de proyectos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación útil para la empresa y por ende para la sociedad en general.
In this article we argue that individuals who want to emigrate possess a syndrome of personality characteristics that differentiates them from those who want to stay in their country of origin. Based on our own research, as well as other research findings, we show that those who want to resettle in another country tend to be more work-oriented and to have higher achievement and power motivation, but lower affiliation motivation and family centrality, than those who do not want to leave their country of origin. This migrant personality syndrome is seen as only one of the variety of factors that determine migratory behavior. We further discuss some of the possible implications of our findings for the receiving and the sending countries and possible psychological interventions that can ease the acculturation of immigrants.
Collaboration between universities and private sector is a key to increase innovative performance of an economy. Linkages between academia and industry may take different forms largely pending on the local context. In Kazakhstan direct partnerships between universities and business entities are rare and not very well developed. This paper studies the attitudes of telecommunications companies towards knowledge collaboration with universities and outlines the factors hindering university- industry collaboration. The discussion builds on data collected via self-administered questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with the representatives of 28 telecommunications companies. The findings reveal how these opinions depend on size and origin of businesses. This study makes a contribution by exploring this issue in the case of an emerging economy (Kazakhstan) and provides policy advice on the development of government strategies to foster such university-industry partnerships.
This paper presents the strategic and tactical approaches on university and industry collaboration in contemporary commercial climate. Studies have shown that only twenty percent of collaborations have resulted in successful tangibles that are industry- applicable. This ties back to the Outcome-Impact Gap whereby both universities and industries have different expectations and requirements to meet. This paper therefore provides a commercial approach which may be adopted by the university in propagating the collaboration resulting in a win-win situation. The approach is divided into two key areas; long-term strategic planning and tactical standpoint that will establish the groundwork for a successful collaboration as well as the handling of day- to-day operations.
As Malaysia is moving towards advancement of science and technology, forging strong collaboration between the university and the industry is inevitable. In fact, there are increasing pressure felt by the industries to at least allowed higher learning institutions to handle some aspects of training and development. This is because, the costs of operating have escalated and companies can no longer be self sufficient. Literatures showed that previous studies have begun to uncover the reasons for as well as the types of collaboration pursued. However, these studies offer limited explanations on some pertinent aspects of the university and industry collaborations. Drawing on a survey of workshop participants at the School of Physics Universiti Sains Malaysia, the current study tries to explain factors that determine successful collaborations, exploring the various aspects that significantly influenced those initiatives. In addition, the study also seeks to indentify reasons that will ensure sustainable collaborations between the both sides. Implications of the findings will be used to aim at facilitating greater university and industry collaborations in the future.
This paper aims to propose a successful model for university-industry collaboration focusing on the interaction between university, government, and industry. A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of university-industry-higher education collaboration council to enhance collaboration and benefit the graduates by promoting their skills to employers in industry. We present a review of various models that focus on collaboration management, the formation of knowledge integration community, and research collaboration activities between university and industry. In our proposed model, we emphasized the role of university, government, and industry to work mutually to achieve successful collaboration.
RESUMEN Partiendo de una revisión de bibliografía reciente sobre la Inmigración Internacional desde México, el presente articulo discute dos paradojas poco estudiadas del proceso: la baja proporción de mexicanos que migra hacia Estados Unidos, a pesar de la presen-cia de las condiciones macroeconómicas que estimulan este tipo de migración, y la per-sistencia histórica de las reglones emisoras de migrantes mexicanos hacia Estados Unidos. Basados en la discusión de conceptos, enfoques y hallazgos de los autores con-sultados y en el análisis de los datos de una encuesta realizada en tres secundarias del norte del estado de Nuevo León, se propone una hipótesis en la que se revalora el con-cepto de tradición cultural y se Intenta ofrecer pistas de análisis que estimulen el estu-dio de los aspectos culturales asociados con el flujo migratorio internacional. ABSTRACT Beginning with a review of recent literature on international emigration from Mexico, this article discusses two little studied paradoxes of the migratory process: a lessening of the macroeconomic conditions which drive this type of migration, and the historical persistence of sending regions from which Mexicans migrate to the United States. Based on a discussion of concepts, approaches, and findings of the authors whose works is reviewed, and on analysis of results from a survey conducted In three high schools In the northern portion of the state of Nuevo León, the author presents a hypothesis that reevaluates the concept of cultural tradition. He also suggests paths for analysis which promise to stimulate the study of the cultural aspects associated with the International migratory flow.
Resumen La medición es de vital importancia en la investigación en ciencias sociales. Determinados conceptos complejos requieren de instrumentos de medida sofisticados y cuyo desarrollo ha de seguir un proceso que asegure su fiabilidad y validez. El presente trabajo aborda este proceso en todas sus etapas: creación de la escala, análisis de su fiabilidad y contrastación de la validez de contenido, convergente, discriminante y nomológica, haciendo uso, para ello, de los sistemas de ecuaciones estructurales mediante el programa EQS versión 6.1. Abstract Measurement is of vital concern across a broad range of social research contexts. Some complex concepts require of sophisticated measurement tools which must be developed assuring its reliability and validity. This paper presents this process along all its stages: scale development, reliability analysis, and content, convergent, discriminant and nomologic validity. SEQ through EQS 6.1 are used to reach this objective.
A successful university and industry collaboration needs to involve a dedicated project champion to manage the collaboration and to keep the relationship on-going at all times. The success factors will depend largely on the strategic and tactical approaches made by the university as one of the party or collaborators. This paper provides a commercial approach which may be adopted by the university in propagating the collaboration resulting in a win-win situation for both collaborators. First, the collaboration in a strategic sense between the university and the industry can be shaped in ways such as research, research consultancy, staff attachment, student internship, student placement, examination of student scholastic achievement, and etc. The second stage is now known as tactical aspect of the collaboration. The tactical aspect must address at least 3 aspects; personnel, finance & facilities, and a thorough implementation plan for both parties. Milestones must be set to ensure that the support level is optimized so that the action plan and successes arising from the plan are constantly monitored and adjusted if necessary.
This paper presents empirical evidence from Thailand on faculty research productive increased via a triple-helix modeled university outreach project. It is evidenced that faculty research productivity of Thai faculty members could be raised as these faculty staff participate in such collaborative project based on a triple-helix model of government-university-industry relations. The increased productivity is evidenced by the development of research interests of junior and senior staff, the implementation of academic research as a direct contribution to social and economic development and the emerged and sustained linkage of outreach activities participated by the government, the university and the industrial partners. Despite these findings, the paper also discusses another aspect of the findings regarding the research productivity that there is the lack of academia knowledge commercialization, which is widely recognized as desirable quality of academic research produced recently. Given the research findings, this paper therefore discusses the way in which academia taking part in the triple helix relation is able to put in economic, in addition to its academic, value to the knowledge gained.
As the economies and indigenous technological capabilities of the new industrialized countries improve, national universities and public research organizations are expected to become increasingly important for supporting indigenous firms to move into more dynamic and high-opportunity industries. However, the characteristics of collaboration with universities may be very specific depending on whether the industry partner is engaged in mature or emergent activities. In this study, we explore and discuss the role of university–industry collaboration for the development of innovation in mature and emergent industries in new industrialized countries. Evidence from 24 research groups in science and engineering departments in universities and public research organizations in Brazil provides preliminary empirical corroboration for the proposal that the contexts and role of university–industry collaboration in mature and emergent industries are diverse. Knowledge networks are underdeveloped in emerging industries, and public support for research projects is dispersed. This means that university research and development projects with firms in emergent industries are less likely than projects with firms in mature industries to be the result of academic initiatives and public calls for research projects, or to be wholly financed by major public research sponsors. In emergent industries, the role of students and firm employees is crucial for mediating between public research organizations and companies. The policy implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.
El objetivo de este documento es identificar las prácticas más adecuadas para el diseño e implementación de proyectos de desarrollo de autogestión comunitaria en Centroamérica, con especial énfasis en el caso de Nicaragua. El presente estudio se emprendió con el deseo de mejorar las pautas de actuación y la eficacia del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo en este tipo de intervenciones. Se decidió concentrar el análisis en Centroamérica y, en particular, Nicaragua, dado el alto porcentaje de población de bajos recursos que habita en sus zonas rurales y la existencia de un elevado número de proyectos de este tipo.
In this work the importance of clusters for the particular case of SMEs is analyzed, in its road toward knowledge-based and globalize economies. In short the influence that globalization has about the local economies is studied, as well as the importance of the geographical concentration of the companies in order to increase their competitiveness. Among the obtained conclusions it highlights the fact that in these concentrations true communities of knowledge can settle down, where new knowledge is generated and exchanged, at the same time that innovation is empowered, and their competitive advantage is increased. Finally, the particular case of the Valencia Textile Cluster (Spain) is studied, in order to validate the theoretical part of the article.
The article reviews briefly the origin of the term Cultural Patrimony, in order to focus its attention on the application of this concept to certain historical moments in Bolivia. It mentions some different meanings, its changes, as well as the ways to represent it and some current ways to see the patrimony, from the point of view of cultural consumption. In this process some conflicts are suggested among the State, the cultural managers and the academic world, because of the new forms developed by the local populations to relate themselves with the places, the objects and/or the cultural phenomenon. Finally it is proposed the necessity to generate integral processes among the academic world, the cultural managers and the local populations.
Using a mathematical model, we show that a Triple Helix (TH) system contains
self-interaction, and therefore self-organization of innovations can be
expected in waves, whereas a Double Helix (DH) remains determined by its linear
constituents. (The mathematical model is fully elaborated in the Appendices.)
The ensuing innovation systems can be expected to have a fractal structure:
innovation systems at different scales can be considered as spanned in a
Cartesian space with the dimensions of (S)cience, (B)usiness, and (G)overnment.
A national system, for example, contains sectorial and regional systems, and is
a constituent part in technological and supra-national systems of innovation.
The mathematical modeling enables us to clarify the mechanisms, and provides
new possibilities for the prediction. Emerging technologies can be expected to
be more diversified and their life cycles will become shorter than before. In
terms of policy implications, the model suggests a shift from the production of
material objects to the production of innovative technologies.
Resumen El éxito de toda organización se basa en la actividad de la fuerza de tra-bajo. Esto plantea continuos cambios en la gestión del capital humano, to-mando relevancia un nuevo estilo, donde el conocimiento es considerado como el factor fundamental para generar respuestas oportunas a los cambios e incertidumbre del mercado. Desde esta perspectiva, el trabajo pretende desde el punto teórico indagar sobre la gestión del conocimiento en las peque-ñas empresas. Para tal fin, los aspectos desarrollados se refieren a la impor-tancia del conocimiento en las empresas, la gestión del capital humano y del conocimiento en las pequeñas empresas. La metodología utilizada consistió en una revisión teoría, lo cual permitió fijar una posición crítica sobre la te-mática. Los resultados reflejan que la gestión del capital humano suele ser informal, derivado ante el escaso conocimiento de los dueños de su significa-do y de la poca valoración de su fuerza de trabajo, quien es tratado como suje-to operativo, y no como sujeto estratégico, por lo tanto, es subestimado al no reconocer que poseen el conocimiento requerido para fortalecer su creativi-dad e innovar de acuerdo a las exigencias de la competitividad. Se concluye, que dicha práctica se aleja de los principios fundamentales de la gestión del conocimiento, destacándose entre ellos la adaptabilidad, autocontrol, confia-bilidad, iniciativa y desarrollo del recurso humano, entre otros, con los cuales se fortalecen las empresas ante la incertidumbre del mercado.
The analysis of the importance of different types of regional innovation systems must take place within a context of the actual knowledge base of various industries in the economy, as the innovation processes of firms are strongly shaped by their specific knowledge base. In this paper, we shall distinguish between two types of knowledge base: analytical and synthetic. These types indicate different mixes of tacit and codified knowledge, codification possibilities and limits, qualifications and skills, required organisations and institutions involved, as well as specific competitive challenges from a globalising economy, which have different implications for different sectors of industry, and, thus, for the kind of innovation support needed. The traditional constellation of industrial clusters surrounded by innovation supporting organisations, constituting a regional innovation system, is nearly always to be found in contexts of industries with a synthetic knowledge base (e.g. engineering-based industries), while the existence of regional innovation systems as an integral part of a cluster will normally be the case of industries-based on an analytical knowledge base (e.g. science-based industries, such as IT and bio-tech). In the discussion of different types of regional innovation systems five empirical illustrations from a Nordic comparative project on SMEs and regional innovation systems will be used: the furniture industry in Salling, Denmark; the wireless communication industry in North Jutland, Denmark; the functional food industry in Scania, Sweden; the food industry in Rogaland, Norway and the electronics industry in Horten, Norway. We argue that in terms of innovation policy the regional level often provides a grounded approach embedded in networks of actors acknowledging the importance of the knowledge base of an industry.
The Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations is compared with alternative models for explaining the current research system in its social contexts. Communications and negotiations between institutional partners generate an overlay that increasingly reorganizes the underlying arrangements. The institutional layer can be considered as the retention mechanism of a developing system. For example, the national organization of the system of innovation has historically been important in determining competition. Reorganizations across industrial sectors and nation states, however, are induced by new technologies (biotechnology, ICT). The consequent transformations can be analyzed in terms of (neo-)evolutionary mechanisms. University research may function increasingly as a locus in the “laboratory” of such knowledge-intensive network transitions.
This study analyzed the research productivity of Saudi academics using the triple-helix model. In the analysis, we combined domestic and international collaboration by three sectors—university, industry, and government—according to the model of the triple-helix. This approach produces better results than by simply including international collaboration as fourth sector. According to the analysis, research collaboration in Saudi Arabia which is measured by the triple-helix, was “-” uncertainty (negative T-value) while scientific productivity has been dramatically increasing since the late 2000s. The triple-helix collaboration does not quite differ between domestic collaboration and “domestic and international” collaborations. In our further analysis, we found that technological development was not based on scientific research in Saudi Arabia; rather, the technological development relies on prior technology (patent references). From that point, Saudi Arabia’s current long-term strategic plan to develop a scientific base for a knowledge-based industry is well aligned to the current contexts of Saudi Arabia.
The emergence of the cooperative university-industry R&D paradigm several decades ago, and the vigorous efforts of the federal government to encourage these R&D partnerships represented a substantial change in traditional U.S. R&D efforts. One of the primary goals of R&D policy over the past decades was to support domestic cooperation in the hope of increasing the international competitiveness of U.S. industry. The laws passed and other efforts undertaken on the national level vastly altered the environment of U.S. R&D.
The legalization program of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act was influenced by the behaviors of three local actors in the implementation process: immigrant communities, community-based organizations, and INS officials. The results of two longitudinal field studies in a southwestern city suggest that local interpretations of legalization affected program outcomes by expanding the scope of the program beyond the participation rate projected by national policymakers. We also find that legalization leads to social changes within the immigrant community-the most important being the strengthening of social ties between the home community and the U.S. community.
With the publication of his best-selling books "Competitive Strategy (1980) and "Competitive Advantage (1985), Michael E. Porter of the Harvard Business School established himself as the world's leading authority on competitive advantage. Now, at a time when economic performance rather than military might will be the index of national strength, Porter builds on the seminal ideas of his earlier works to explore what makes a nation's firms and industries competitive in global markets and propels a whole nation's economy. In so doing, he presents a brilliant new paradigm which, in addition to its practical applications, may well supplant the 200-year-old concept of "comparative advantage" in economic analysis of international competitiveness. To write this important new work, Porter and his associates conducted in-country research in ten leading nations, closely studying the patterns of industry success as well as the company strategies and national policies that achieved it. The nations are Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The three leading industrial powers are included, as well as other nations intentionally varied in size, government policy toward industry, social philosophy, and geography. Porter's research identifies the fundamental determinants of national competitive advantage in an industry, and how they work together as a system. He explains the important phenomenon of "clustering," in which related groups of successful firms and industries emerge in one nation to gain leading positions in the world market. Among the over 100 industries examined are the German chemical and printing industries, Swisstextile equipment and pharmaceuticals, Swedish mining equipment and truck manufacturing, Italian fabric and home appliances, and American computer software and movies. Building on his theory of national advantage in industries and clusters, Porter identifies the stages of competitive development through which entire national economies advance and decline. Porter's finding are rich in implications for both firms and governments. He describes how a company can tap and extend its nation's advantages in international competition. He provides a blueprint for government policy to enhance national competitive advantage and also outlines the agendas in the years ahead for the nations studied. This is a work which will become the standard for all further discussions of global competition and the sources of the new wealth of nations.
In this paper, we show that an information source composed with n random variables may be split into 2n or 2n − 1 “states”; therefore, one could compute the maximum entropy of the source. We derive the efficiency and the unused capacity of an information source. We demonstrate that in more than two dimensions, the transmission's variability depends on the system configuration; thus, we determine the upper and the lower bounds to the mutual information and propose the transmission power as an indicator of the Triple Helix of university–industry–government relationships. The transmission power is defined as the fraction of the total ‘configurational information’ produced in a system; it appears like the efficiency of the transmission and may be interpreted as the strength of the variables dependency, the strength of the synergy between the system's variable or the strength of information flow within the system.
Much has been studied about university–industry collaboration, with the past studies almost exclusively focused on the explicit outputs out of university, such as patents, publications, licensing, and spin-offs. This article examines the little researched aspect of less explicit and more informal collaboration through two cases of nanotechnology development in Japan. The cases reveal that university and industry collaborate at a deep level, integrates various disciplines of knowledge, and university functions as a hub to develop networks of researchers, and to train corporate researchers to acquire the epistemological thinking process, much more than to transfer technologies. These findings sharply contrast with the conventional theoretical understanding of university–industry collaboration based on the linear model of development. It also provides policy implications to promote more substantial collaboration between university and industry beyond explicit intellectual property outputs.
Based on Chinese patent data from 1985 to 2004, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of formal university–industry collaborations in China, with a specific focus on the compound effect of geographic distance and other predictors. The results show that geographic distance is indeed an obstructive factor in achieving university–industry collaborations, as many previous studies have shown. However, proximities in other dimensions could intervene to attenuate that negative effect. The most salient finding is that central Ministries and local governments are two sources of institutional force that could impose or encourage university–industry collaborations without considering the geographic distance between them. The vertical and horizontal institutional proximities engendered by subordination to the same administrative unit significantly enhance the probability of collaboration, and those effects are more significant when the distance increases. Social proximity and university prestige, as verified by previous studies, could also help bring non-local academic and industrial partners together. However, when confronting with institutional interference that is of overarching importance in the Chinese context, these effects could decrease.
This study is a quantitative analysis of Japanese patent information to examine the changes in the nature and the outcome of university-industry collaborations (UICs) following the enactment of UIC policies in the late 1990s. By considering UIC patents not only in joint university-industry patent applications but also in joint inventions organized by university personnel and corporate researchers, we discuss the status of UICs before the incorporation of national universities. Our analysis indicates that these policies increased the number of UIC patents in the late 1990s. However, strong IP policies pursued by universities may reduce the incentive for firms to commercialize inventions resulting from UIC collaborations.
Empirical studies on R&D collaborations between universities and firms have mainly centered their attention on universities and firms' characteristics that favor the establishment of collaborative agreements. In this paper, I extend the current research framework investigating the role that specific technological and relational attributes may play on the relevance of such collaborations. Specifically, I focus on the effects exerted by three relevant factors, namely technological relatedness, prior collaboration ties, and geographical distance, on university–industry joint innovation value. I develop testable hypotheses about their impact on the innovative performance of R&D university–industry collaborations, and test them on a sample of 796 university–industry joint patents, developed by 33 universities located in 12 different European countries. Our results suggest that partners' technological relatedness has an inverted U-shaped relationship with innovation value. In addition, prior ties and geographical distance between universities and firms are both positively related to the achievement of higher innovative outcomes.
Formal collaboration between universities and industries is a recent phenomenon. Currently the role of an industry–university collaboration (IUC) is to close the gap between industry and academia. This study aims to analyze the willingness to engage in technology transfer (TT) in IUCs from the three vantage points of the technology transferor (university), the technology transferee (industry), and the TT intermediary institute. This study mainly observes the pairwise relationships between influencing variables and sub-variables and willingness to participate in TT in an IUC. From the vantage point of universities, this study shows that the “transferor's incentive” and “capability of transferor” variables positively influence willingness to participate in TT in an IUC. From the vantage point of industry, the results indicate that “capability of transferee” and “incentive for establishing technological resources” have major influences on willingness to participate in TT in an IUC. From the vantage point of TT intermediary institutes, the results show that “intermediary's fundamental resources” and “intermediary's transferring process” have a positive impact on willingness to participate in TT in an IUC.
Academic entrepreneurship has been intensively applied to the area of technology innovation and diffusion in the US. Along
with the promotion of innovative approaches, universities take advantage of knowledge spillovers from their laboratories to
the market for both economic development and financial gains. This study assessed individual university productivity in technology
transfer using feasible measures of multiple input–output combinations and data envelopment analysis to examine panel data
gathered over the period 1999–2007. A major finding is that there was substantial growth in the average productivity of university
technology transfer during this period. The average annual productivity gain in the 90 universities was over 30%, indicating
that universities’ technology transfer activities were relatively efficient in terms of their input to output ratio. The positive
shifts in average productivity changes were primarily due to the increasing frequencies of commercial outputs. This finding
suggests that universities and public policy should pay attention to stimulate commercial activities rather than to increase
investments for upgrading a next level of realistic, long-term strategies.
Research on university–industry (UI) collaboration has addressed how cultural differences between firms and universities tend to impede knowledge exchange and impose challenges on project control if not properly addressed. Relatively little research has examined in-depth how changing institutional logics of R&D practice shape concrete UI collaborations at the micro-level of interacting researchers. The purpose of this study is to examine how conflicting and converging institutional logics of R&D work enable and constrain the process of R&D collaboration between small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and public university departments. This qualitative study covers the total population of public university departments and firms involved in collaborative research projects sponsored by a programme under the National Strategic Research Council (NSRC) in Denmark. The findings show that many of the collaborating researchers experienced an institutional convergence constituting a shared cultural space for knowledge exchange and communication in their joint projects. In some cases this lack of normative conflict was due to a blurring of institutional logics governing R&D in the two sectors. Furthermore, some researchers were able to use their social skills to bridge perceived institutional gaps. Implications for future research and UI collaboration are addressed.
There is increasing awareness that university–industry collaboration provides an important knowledge transfer channel and, thus, is a powerful driver of innovation. Universities are increasingly being asked to play incisive roles in the process of regional economic development. This paper assesses the extent to which university–industry collaboration, expressed in terms of private funding for university consulting research activities, is affected by the geographic proximity of an academic institution to an Industrial District (ID). Although the economic literature insists on the positive effects of proximity for these collaborations, empirical work on Italian ID so far shows no particular effects. This paper provides new insights into the effects of academic proximity to ID on university–industry collaboration, by presenting robust evidence that proximity to districts promotes the establishment of collaboration agreements. This sheds new light on the need for targeted policies to support local productive systems. The empirical evidence is based on an analysis of qualitative information and an econometric analysis of financial data for the whole population of Italian university departments engaged in research in the Engineering and Physical Sciences.
The paper aims at highlighting the importance & the role of the University-Industry linkage in fostering the development of
engineering education in developing countries. International cooperation is employed as the tool for strengthening this link
and the pilot project on the faculty of engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (UoM) through the efforts of the International
Cooperation Center for Engineering Education Development (ICCEED) of Toyohashi University of Technology (TUT), Japan is described.
The project implementation strategy & current status are presented and the expected output is highlighted.
This paper examines the role of new technology-based firms in university/industry collaborative (UIC) activities in Japan. UIC activities have been widely diffused into small startup firms over the past 5 years, according to quantitative analysis of RIETIs UIC Survey. In this paper, it is found that these smaller firms achieve higher productivity through UICs than large firms. In light of the findings of this paper, it appears that UICs are gaining momentum and are likely to play a strong role in reducing the dependence of Japan's system of innovation on in-house R&D conducted within large corporations.
The era of open and sustainable innovation has opened and requested new kinds of human resources (HRs) development at Korean universities. Typical academic and vocational education at universities does not effectively work in the age of technological convergence and open innovation. Knowledge and skills for Green growth and rapid technological innovation demand very skilful, broad, and complex competencies of HRs. Competencies for green growth and disruptive innovation are outlined and various methods to increase competencies at Korean universities are suggested in this study. This study explores the kinds of competencies for future society and suggests how university can contribute to cultivate talents for HRs with multi-functional and high competencies. The author takes a sketch of competence and skill structure in Korea, summarized in value chain of competencies among HRs with high competencies, HRs with medium competencies, and HRs with low competencies. Particularly the author addresses innovation oriented fields such as engineering and chemistry/pharmaceuticals, therefore, the picture can be different from typical manufacturing sectors such as automobile and shipbuilding. However, the manufacturing fields are also progressing into innovation centred sectors. And then the author explores the flow of each HRs according to levels and fields and how they affect Korean innovation system.
China’s economy and technology have experienced spectacular growth since the Opening-up Policy adopted in 1978. In order to explore the innovation process and development of China, this study examines the inventive activities and the collaboration pattern of university, industry and government (UIG) in China. This study analyzes the Chinese patent data retrieved from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Three models of UIG relations which represent different triple helix configurations are introduced. According to the property of patent assignee, patent ownership can be divided into three types: individuals, enterprises, and universities and research institutes. Furthermore, enterprises can be classified into state-owned enterprise (SOE), private-owned enterprise (POE) and foreign enterprise (FE). The corresponding relationship of patent ownership with UIG is set up. Through analyzing the issued year, it is found that the inventive activities of China have experienced three developmental phases and have been promoted quickly in recent years. The achievement of innovation activities in China primarily falls on the enterprise, especially FEs and POEs. The innovation strengths of the three development phases have shifted from government to university and research institute and then industry. According to co-patent analysis, it is found that the collaboration between university and industry is the strongest and has been intensified in recent years, but other forms of collaboration among UIG have been weak. In addition, an innovation relation model of China was set up. The evolution process of innovation systems was explored, from etatistic model, followed by improved “laissez-faire” model, and then shifting toward triple helix model.