Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Motion Detector with Display of Distance in the LCD

Abstract

Motion detection has become one of the great areas of research in the world. Many activities are carried out in the presence of motion. One of the research focus has been the use of Arduino Uno microcontroller, Ultrasonic sensor, passive infrared sensor and many others to sense and measure distances. The goal is to measure and monitor human activity remotely, and using less manpower as much as possible. This study aimed at designing a sensor that can easily measure how far the object is, monitor change of distances as the object approach and display the results in the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), give a light coded signal and a sound alarm. The hardware utilized included the Arduino Uno on a bread board interfaced with LCD, LEDs, Buzzer and Ultrasonic sensor. The program to run the circuit was developed using Arduino IDE and stored at the memory of the Arduino microcontroller. The study demonstrated that the designed sensor could be used to accurately determine the position of an approaching object and display the distance readings on the LCD. Simultaneously the sensor display visual LED signals set and color coded as for instance, distances less than 150 cm, 70 cm and 40cm corresponding to Green, Blue and Red LED lights respectively, while at the same time producing sound signals n a sound buzzer. Thus, this method of distance sensing and measurement is efficient and assures measurements of small distances precisely. This distance sensing and measurement system can get wide applications where proximity detection is required e.g. in industries and traffic departments.

Full text

Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Motion
Detector with Display of Distance in the LCD
Mutinda Mutava Gabriel
Department of Physical Sciences,
Chuka University
Kamweru Paul Kuria
Department of Physical Sciences,
Chuka University
Abstract- Motion detection has become one of the great
areas of research in the world. Many activities are carried out
in the presence of motion. One of the research focus has been
the use of Arduino Uno microcontroller, Ultrasonic sensor,
passive infrared sensor and many others to sense and measure
distances. The goal is to measure and monitor human activity
remotely, and using less manpower as much as possible. This
study aimed at designing a sensor that can easily measure how
far the object is, monitor change of distances as the object
approach and display the results in the Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD), give a light coded signal and a sound alarm. The
hardware utilized included the Arduino Uno on a bread board
interfaced with LCD, LEDs, Buzzer and Ultrasonic sensor.
The program to run the circuit was developed using Arduino
IDE and stored at the memory of the Arduino
microcontroller. The study demonstrated that the designed
sensor could be used to accurately determine the position of
an approaching object and display the distance readings on
the LCD. Simultaneously the sensor display visual LED
signals set and color coded as for instance, distances less than
150 cm, 70 cm and 40cm corresponding to Green, Blue and
Red LED lights respectively, while at the same time producing
sound signals n a sound buzzer. Thus, this method of distance
sensing and measurement is efficient and assures
measurements of small distances precisely. This distance
sensing and measurement system can get wide applications
where proximity detection is required e.g. in industries and
traffic departments.
Keywords: Arduino UNO, Motion, Ultrasonic sensor, LCD
I. INTRODUCTION
Population increase, lifestyle changes and economic
development has led to increase in human activity and
hence high demand of manpower and especially in cities all
over the world [1,2]. For example there is increasing need to
employ security officers at the gates to monitor the
movement of people which might be intruders [3,4], traffic
police in highways to monitor traffic, care givers in homes
for the old or sick [5], automatic doors [6], washing [7],
wireless Sensor-Based Driving Assistant for Automobiles
[8,9,10,11,12] and many others. Use of human to sense
motions and other human activities is prone to human error
and limitations. Some security officers have been found in a
serious case of corruption [13], theft from the company and
institutions since some guards end up taking some of the
company’s material home and of which it has led to the fall
of various companies like Kenya textile and Mumias sugar
company [14].
This among other reasons have necessitated automated
sensing that could be recorded for future reference and also
remote. Samuel Bango [15] was the first person to invent a
motion detector whereby he came up with a burglar alarm in
the early 1950s. Doppler Effect is the main principle upon
which Bango [15] motion detector is based on. Majority of
motion detectors today still employ the same principle for
example, use of the Doppler Effect to sense gestures [16].
Other sensors include IR sensors [17,18], ultrasonic sensors
[19,20,21] and microwave sensors [22] which by the change
in the frequencies they emit they are able to sense motion.
Several researchers have come up with motion detectors
techniques to cub insecurity amongst other applications
[23,24]. Some researchers have used Passive Infrared (PIR)
Sensors [25]. The study by Ervin et al. (2010) [25], used
Arduino Uno microcontroller to detect the motion of the
object or the intruder. The study was able to alert an
observer the presence of an intruder by producing a sound
signal using LEDs and Piezo Buzzer. However, they could
not display the distance between the intruder/ object and the
sensor to the LCD.
A study by Soni et al. (2017) [26], made a motion
detector using the ultrasonic sensor and Arduino Uno
microcontroller to detect motion and finally their study was
finally able to display the distance on the LCD. Their study
had some limitation since the sensor in that study had only a
visual signal, no sound or recorded signal. This implied that
their study could only apply when there is eye focus to the
LCD screen.
Another example of the research study used in motion
sensor was carried out by Edwards et. al. (2014) [27]. The
study was aimed to study a simple harmonic motion
detector using ultrasonic distance sensor and the Arduino
microcontroller. The study aimed at sensing the motion of
objects such as pendulum bob. This was to provide an
alternative or automatic study of the simple harmonic
motions. The study was successful since the parameters
such as determination of force of gravity, g, could be easily
measured automatically. However, the study had no other
interfaces such as Piezo Buzzer, LCD and LEDs
The findings of the mentioned studies in ref. 25,26 and
27 motivated this current study. The aim was to make an
attempt on motion detection using Arduino Uno, LEDs,
Piezo Buzzer, Ultrasonic sensor and finally give out sound
and recorded signals. The study was also to display the
records of distances on the LCD.
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This study aims at designing a Motion detector with
distance display at the liquid crystal display and produce
sound alarm. The use of Arduino Uno, LCD, LEDs and
Piezo Buzzer is cheap since the designing of the circuit is
not sophisticated. Arduino is a low-cost and effective [28]
microcontroller. It uses readily available and cheap
appliances which can easily be found in the electronics
dealers. The language needed to program the
microcontroller is friendly since it uses a combination of C
and C++. Its storage is almost space less since together
with its components requires minimal space and can reduce
the congestion of workers like those of security men [29].
The Ultrasonic sensor works by producing ultrasound
waves that are reflected back after hitting an obstacle. The
time taken by the waves to and from the obstacle shall be
recorded in the microcontroller [30]. The Piezo Buzzer
produces a sound signal while the LCD produces the visual
results of the parameter expected (distance).
II. HARDWARE USED
1) Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller
board based on the Microchip ATmega328P
microcontroller and developed by Arduino [31,32,33]. The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has
14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PW output), 6 analog I/O
pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB
cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external
9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo.
A good example of the Arduino Uno microcontroller is
shown in the figure 1.
The word " Uno " means "one" in Italian and was
chosen to mark the initial release of Arduino Software
[34,35]. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based
Arduino boards; it and version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were
the reference versions of Arduino, which have now evolved
to newer releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes
preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows uploading
new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. While the Uno communicates using the
original STK500 protocol, it differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to- serial driver
chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Arduino Uno microcontroller is full set containing the
memory and the I/O serial ports which are used in
interfacing it with other devices like LCD, LEDs, Buzzer
and many others [36]. Once the program is made in the
computer, it is transferred to the Arduino chip using the
USB cable. The circuit to be interfaced with the
microcontroller is connected to it [37]. Arduino Uno in the
circuit controls all the functioning of the attached device
and make them operate as per the program Arduino
microcontroller has been used by several researchers
[25,26] to interface the devices in motion detector with
LEDs, Buzzers and LCD.
2) Ultrasonic Sensors
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor (like the one shown in
figure 2) uses SONAR to determine the distance of an
object just like the bats do. It offers excellent non-contact
range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an
easy-to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet.
The operation is not affected by sunlight or black material,
although acoustically, soft materials like cloth can be
difficult to detect. It comes complete with ultrasonic
transmitter and receiver module.
Fig. 1. Ultrasonic sensor for ultrasonic wave production in motion
detection.
The ultrasonic sensor uses the reflection of sound in
obtaining the time between the wave sent and the wave
received. It usually sent a wave at the transmission terminal
and receive the reflected waves. The time taken is used
together with the normal speed of sound in air (340ms-1) to
determine the distance between the sensor and the obstacle.
The Ultrasonic sensor has been used by several researchers
[25,26] to sense the movements of the objects as they
approach it.
3) Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD)
Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD), shown in figure 3, is a
flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical
device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid
crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not
Fig. 1. Figure 1:Arduino Uno microcontroller.
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emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to
produce images in color or monochrome. LCDs are
available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-
purpose computer display) or fixed images with low
information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such
as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a
digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except
that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small
pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can
either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending
on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character
positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a
background that is the color of the backlight, and a character
negative LCD will have a black background with the letters
being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are
added to white on blue LCDs to give them their
characteristic appearance.
Fig. 2. Liquid Crystal Display for displaying distances.
The Liquid Crystal Display is used to display the
distances according to the program in the Arduino
microcontroller. It displays the distances in meters or in
centimeters as per the set of the study. The LCD has been
used in displaying the distances from their research study
[26].
4) Piezo buzzers
Piezo buzzers, an example in figure 4, is a simple device
that can generate basic beeps and tones. They work by using
a piezo crystal, a special material that changes shape when
voltage is applied to it. If the crystal pushes against a
diaphragm, like a tiny speaker cone, it can generate a
pressure wave which the human ear picks up as sound.
Simple change the frequency of the voltage sent to the piezo
and it will start generating sounds by changing shape very
quickly [38].
Fig. 3. Piezo Buzzer.
Piezo Buzzer is also readily available in the market in
the most of the electronics dealers. It is a low and cost-
effective device which has capability of converting
mechanical energy into sound energy [39]. When the
ultrasonic sensor detects motion of the object, it activates
the piezo buzzer which produces the alarmed sound depend
on the frequency of the approaching object. It has been
used in various motions detectors in producing the sound
signals [25].
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials
The following hardware was used to design and
assemble a motion detector; 1 Arduino Uno, 1 Ultrasonic
sensor module (HC-SR04), 1 LCD (16*2), 1 9V battery or
source of power, Battery clip, 3 LEDs, 1 piezo Buzzer, 1,
10kΩ resister potentiometer, 1 Breadboard, Several jumper
wires, USB cable for programming, A computer for
programming only, 7, 330-ohm resistors.
B. Methods
The materials were connected as follows. The Arduino
Uno was fixed to the breadboard and the jumper wires were
connected as illustrated in the following sections. One
jumper wire from the 5-volt pin on the Arduino was
connected to the to the bottom channel of the breadboard.
Another jumper wire from a ground pin on the Arduino was
connected to the upper channel of the breadboard. Piezo
Buzzer has two terminals. Positive and negative. The
positive terminal was connected to the pin 13 at the Arduino
while the negative part was interfaced with 330 Ohms
resister and connected to the lower channel of the
breadboard. The ultrasonic sensor has four pins that’s Vcc,
Trig, Echo and ground. Echo was connected to pin number
11 while Trig being connected to pin number12 in the
Arduino Uno. Vcc was connected to the upper channel while
the Ground (Gnd) to the lower channel of the breadboard.
The study utilized three LEDs one red, 1blue and greens.
LED1 was connected to the pin number 8 and LED2 to pin
number 7, LED3 to pin number 6. The negative terminal
was interface with the 330 Ohms resisters to the lower
channel of the breadboard as shown in figure 5. The jumper
wires connected to the LEDs was connected to the lead on
the right, while the left lead of the LED connected to the
ground channel via a 330-ohm resistor. LCD has 14
terminals which were connected to the Arduino as: Pin 12 to
Pin 2, Pin 11 to pin3, Pin 5 to pin 4, Pin 4 to pin 5, Pin 3 to
pin 9, Pin 2 to pin 10 as shown in figure 5. The 5V pin from
the Arduino was connected to the positive line on the
breadboard. Also, the ground pin from the Arduino was
connected to the negative part of the breadboard. For the re-
set of the intensity of the LCD screen, a 10kΩ potentiometer
was interfaced to the breadboard. Potentiometer was
connected to the breadboard, the positive terminal to the
positive pin and the negative terminal to the ground pin to
the ground pin as shown in the figure 5. The code was
generated using the computer with the appropriate Arduino
IDE program and sent to the Arduino microcontroller for
running the circuit. The data for the study were collected
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and compared to the actual distance. The object from whose
motion was to be detected was moved towards the sensor
and the display of the distances to the LCD screen was
observed. The displayed distances were compared from the
actual distances from the meter rule.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study sought to first design of a motion detector to
detect approaching objects and raise a light (from an LED)
and a sound alarm (from a sound buzzer). To achieve this,
the components that include the Arduino Uno, resistors,
LEDs, buzzer, LCD and ultrasonic sensor were fixed to the
breadboard and connected as described in chapter three.
Figure 5, shows the connections in progress. A jumper wire
was connected from the 5 volts port from the Vcc port in the
microcontroller chip to the positive channel of the
breadboard. Another cable was grounded to the negative
terminal of the breadboard from the GND port of the chip.
Fig. 4. Figure 2; Circuit for arrangement of resistors, LEDs, buzzer, LCD
and ultrasonic sensor.
A piezo buzzer having two terminals, positive terminal
was connected to the pin 13 at the Arduino while the
negative part was interfaced with 330 Ohms resister and
connected to the lower channel of the breadboard. When the
power source was connected as in figure 6 piezo buzzer
produced a single tone signal to indicate that power was
flowing through it. The limit set for the Piezo Buzzer was to
produce the sound alarm at the distance greater than 0cm
and less than 150cm.
The ultrasonic sensor having four pins, Echo was
connected to pin number 11 while Trig being connected to
pin number12 in the Arduino Uno. Vcc was connected to
the upper channel while the Ground (Gnd) to the lower
channel of the breadboard. Before enclosing the assembly
in a casing, the complete connection as shown in Figure 6
was connected to a power supply, to confirm if it’s working
as expected. When power was applied as in figure 6, the
piezo buzzer produced continuous sound alarm.
Fig. 5. A powered circuit for motion detector with LEDs, Buzzer,
Ultrasonic sensor, Arduino microcontroller
LED1-RED was connected to the pin number 8 and
LED2-BLUE to pin number7, LED3-GREEN to pin
number 6. The negative terminal for all the LEDs each was
interface with the 330 Ohms resisters to the lower channel
of the breadboard. When the power was applied, the three
LEDs produced the light as in Figure 6 and as per the
program. Green LED produced light when the object was at
150.5cm, Blue LED when the object was 70.2 cm and Red
LED when the object was at 40cm.
LCD has 14 terminals which were connected to the
Arduino as: Pin 12 to Pin 2, Pin 11 to pin3, Pin 5 to pin 4,
Pin 4 to pin 5, Pin 3 to pin 9, Pin 2 to pin 10 as shown in
figure 5. The 5V pin from the Arduino was connected to the
positive line on the breadboard. Also, the ground pin from
the Arduino was connected to the negative part of the
breadboard. For the re-set of the intensity of the LCD
screen, a 10kΩ potentiometer was interfaced to the
breadboard. Potentiometer was connected to the breadboard,
the positive terminal to the positive pin and the negative
terminal to the ground pin to the ground pin as in figure 7.
When the power was connected to the circuit, LCD
produced a green light and it displayed distances as in figure
7 and 8. The program to run the circuit shown in figure 5
above was compiled in Arduino IDE and upload to the
Arduino microcontroller chip.
The study also tested the display of the LCD, its
brightness that could be adjusted, and the accuracy of the
displaced distance versus the actual object distance. The
Figure 7 shows an object distance of 187 cm on display.
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Fig. 6. A motion detector with display of distances on the Liquid Crystal
Display.
Once confirmed that everything was working as
expected, the connections were assembled into a single unit
as shown in Figure 8.
Fig. 7. A motion detector in a container for convenient data collection.
An object was moved along the tape measure as shown
on figure 9. The set up in figure 9was set and the carton
drawn using the rope. The values from the tape were
compared to the corresponding data from the LCD and the
readings in the LCD were tabulated in the table 1.
Fig. 8. A motion detector in data collection.
Table 1 comprise of the Actual values recorded from the
tape measure, values displayed on the LCD, Absolute
errors, relative errors and the percentage errors tabulated in
excel [40]. Absolute errors were obtained from the
difference between the values from the tape measure-actual
values and the values recorded from the LCD-approximated
values. Relative errors were obtained from dividing the
absolute errors by the actual values. Percentage errors were
obtained from the product of relative errors by 100%.
TABLE I. DISTANCE VALUES, MEASURED VERSUS DISPLAYED IN
THE SENSOR
S/No.
Tape measure
Distance
reading (cm)
Recorded
data from
the LCD
(cm)
Absolute
Errors
Relative
Errors
% Errors
1
309.5
309
0.5
0.001292825
0.1292825
2
295.3
296
0.7
0.002370471
0.2370471
3
283
283
0
0
0
4
273.6
274
0.4
0.001461988
0.1461988
5
260.2
260
0.2
0.00076864
0.076864
6
239.5
239
0.1
0.000418235
0.0418235
7
219.8
218
1.8
0.008189263
0.8189263
8
195.2
195
0.2
0.00102459
0.102459
9
170.3
170
0.3
0.001761597
0.1761597
10
159
158
1
0.006289308
0.6289308
11
149
150
1
0.006711409
0.6711409
12
140.5
140
0.5
0.003558719
0.3558719
13
129.2
129
0.2
0.001547988
0.1547988
14
113.5
113
0.5
0.004405286
0.4405286
15
104
103
1
0.009615385
0.9615385
16
94.6
93
1.6
0.016913319
1.6913319
17
82.8
82
0.8
0.009661836
0.9661836
18
74.4
74
0.4
0.005376344
0.5376344
19
70.2
70
0.2
0.002849003
0.2849003
20
62.8
62
0.2
0.004016064
0.4016064
21
49.8
50
0.5
0.012345679
1.2345679
22
40.5
40
0.5
0.012345679
1.2345679
23
20
20
0
0
0
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The distances recorded from the LCD had a small deviation
from the actual distances from the meter rule as shown in
table 1. The values recorded from the LCD deviated from
the actual values from the tape measure by small margins as
shown in the column of Absolute errors. The system is
better than manual readings of distances. The possible
sources of errors might be as a result of; (1) Instrumental
errors, (2) Observation errors and (3) Variation of natural
phenomena is also a possible source of error.
LEDs interfaced to the Arduino microcontroller were
able to blink giving out the light signals. The order of the
light signal was set from the Green LED being the first one
to light followed by Blue LED and finally Red LED
produced according to the program. The Green LED was set
to produce continuous light signal at the distance
<=150.5cm, Blue LED at <=70.2cm and Red LED at a
distance <=40cm. The results obtained from the project
slightly below the set parameters from the program.
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
In this study, a tool to detect motion of objects, display
the recorded distances on the LCD screen, produce a
recorded sound alarm by Piezo Buzzer and also light by
LEDs was assembled. The circuit was successfully
connected and the program was sent to the Arduino
microcontroller chip to run the circuit. The ultrasonic sensor
was able to send the ultrasonic sound waves to the
approaching object and the alarm sound from the piezo
buzzer was produced. Piezo Buzzer was set to produce
sound at different levels. The limit set for the Piezo Buzzer
was to produce the sound alarm at the distance greater than
0cm and less than 150cm. The results were correct since for
the distance equal or greater than 150cm and the distance
equal to 0cm produced no tone from the piezo buzzer.
LEDs were also set to produce light signal in a particular set
of distances starting with Green LED followed by Blue
LED and lastly Red LED. On the outcome, LEDs produced
light as they were expected. The LCD was also expected to
display the variation of distances as the object approaches
the ultrasonic sensor. When the power was connected to the
set-up, there were values recorded in the LCD screen
indicating that the connection was right. The intensity of the
screen was expected to be controlled by the potentiometer
of which the same was approved.
This tool can be custom made to fit various applications
such as being fitted in cars to aid when reversing, could tell
the level of water in a well or storage tanks etc. The
technique can also be implemented with the GSM for
proper remote monitoring. The technique can also be
recommended to be used in the tunnels such as train or
vehicle tunnels to give signal in case there are
complications.
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