New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)

Abstract

The concept of processes scheduling has had a major role since the advent of operating scheduling policies, the CPU plays a significant role in the computer system by transferring control between different processes and must work efficiently, the operating system performs a basic task, which is scheduling the processor for its efficient and optimized use. Scheduling the processor is one of the most important operational implemented through the operating system. Different algorithms for processor scheduling exist including the scheduling algorithm of priority. The priority number makes the algorithm effective. In this research, a proposed algorithm for scheduling the processor between processes was adopted using the KNAPSACK algorithm in order to eliminate the waiting state and starvation situation that occurs for low priority processes.

Full text

GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Volume 5 | Issue 6 | May 2020
ISSN- 2455-5703
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
24
New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling
Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
Abdulrafa Hoseen Maree
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Northern Technical University, Iraq
Najim Abdullah Tahhan
Maher Talal Alasaady
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Northern Technical University, Iraq
Northern Technical University, Iraq
Abstract
The concept of processes scheduling has had a major role since the advent of operating scheduling policies, the CPU plays a
significant role in the computer system by transferring control between different processes and must work efficiently, the operating
system performs a basic task, which is scheduling the processor for its efficient and optimized use. Scheduling the processor is one
of the most important operational implemented through the operating system. Different algorithms for processor scheduling exist
including the scheduling algorithm of priority. The priority number makes the algorithm effective. In this research, a proposed
algorithm for scheduling the processor between processes was adopted using the KNAPSACK algorithm in order to eliminate the
waiting state and starvation situation that occurs for low priority processes.
Keywords- CPU Scheduling, Priority CPU Scheduling, Turnaround Time, Waiting Time, Context Switching, Gantt
Chart, Knapsack Algorithm, Starvation
I. INTRODUCTION
The operating system manages the hardware and software resources of the computer and execute different tasks. The processor
scheduling is considered a basic task. All resources are scheduled before use, that is to give them to processes as needed and at
new state in the life cycle of the process[3]. In the computer system, scheduling is the basic function of the operating system, a
process is selected from ready queue for implementation and by a short-term scheduler (STS)[9]. These algorithms are designed
to schedule processes in CPU, each one better than the others in some performance measures and each has its advantages and
disadvantages[10]. The proposed algorithm (NOPSACK) is a priority algorithm using a KNAPSACK algorithm by obtaining
optimal results for any given problem[10], in order for the proposed algorithm to be more specific, relying on continuous or
fractional knapsack algorithm by dividing process execution time and using the ratio between values(v) and weights(w), v/w[10].
II. SCHEDULING CRITERIA
CPU scheduling algorithm have different features and characteristics, and the decision is made to choose the process for execution
and depending on different measures, these measures are used to compare different algorithms [1][3][6][7][9][11][12][13]. The
scheduler is concerned with [2][3][6][7][11] [12]:
A. CPU Utilization
Exploit all CPU time optimally in process executing, so cpu remains as busy as possible for being precious time.
B. Throughput
Number of processes completed within a specified period of time.
C. Turnaround Time (TAT)
– Refers to the total time it takes to execute a particular process from the moment it enters the system into the moment the
execution ends[1][3][6][7][9][12][13], interspersed with time periods thereof[6]:
– Wait before entering the memory.
– Time in ready queue.
– Time to execute the input and output operations.
It can be calculated as [9][11] :
TAT=Process completed time – Process arrival time.

New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
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D. Waiting Time (WT)
The total time of the process in the ready queue, it can be calculated as [9][11] :
WT=TAT– CPU execution time.
1) Response time
The time from taken the moment the process enters until the system makes the first response[12] .
2) Context Switch
Switch the CPU from one process to another. Performing fewer contexts switching for algorithms increase the system
performance[4].
So we conclude that a good scheduling algorithm must have following characteristics[6][9][11]:
– CPU utilization ( Max.).
– Throughput ( Max.).
– Turnaround time ( Min.).
– Waiting time ( Min.).
– Response time ( Min.).
– Context switches ( Min.).
III. SCHEDULING TYPES
Scheduling algorithms can be broadly categorized into [3][9][12][14][15]:
A. Preemptive Scheduling
The operating system remove the CPU for a specific reason from the process in progress, such as the arrival of a new process at
higher priority or shortest execution time, depending on the type of algorithm used[3][9][12][14].
B. Nonpreemptive Scheduling
The operating system does not remove the CPU from the process in progress and leaves it to the end of the time allocated for
execution, although a new process arrives at a higher priority or a shortest time process, and the CPU is automatically returned to
the system after the execution.
IV. SCHEDULERS TYPES
There are three types of schedulers [1][8][9] [10][12], they are:
A. Long- Term Scheduler (LTS)
It is named a JOB scheduler and is performed when new jobs are created. It is responsible for selecting jobs from the jobs pool and
loading them into main memory. It controls the number of processes in the main memory and is called a (degree of
multiprogramming) as in figure(1) [1], LTS executes much less frequently.
B. Short- Term Scheduler (STS)
It is named a CPU scheduler, selects the process from among these processes in ready queue in memory, which are ready to
execute. As in figure (1), the STS must be very fast[1].
Fig. 1: Scheduler and Queuing Diagram
C. Medium- Term Scheduler (MTS)
Remove processes temporarily from the main memory and puts them in the secondary memory and vice versa[12].
V. KNAPSACK PROBLEM
Problem occurs in combinatorial optimization, where there are a number of elements(n), for each of weight(w) and value(v) is
required to determine the number contained in the group of each element so that the total weight is less than or equal to the required
limit of the bag's capacity and the total value is as large as possible[5].

New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
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VI. KNAPSACK PROBLEM TYPES
A. Continuous Knapsack Problem
Elements are divisible; you can take any fraction of an element, also called Fractional knapsack, is a classic problem that can be
solved by greedy algorithms[5].
B. 0-1 Knapsack Problem
Elements are indivisible; you either take an element or not. Some special instances can be solved with dynamic programming[5].
VII. GREEDY ALGORITHM
There are more than one method:-
1) Max value(v).
2) Min weight(w).
3) Ratio (v/w).
Compute the ratio between the values and weights and then arrange them in descending order, fill the bag with the values and
weights corresponding to the largest percentage, and repeat it on condition that the total weights do not exceed the capacity of the
bag [5].
VIII. RELATED WORK DONE
In Neel sack algorithm[10] the idea of a knapsack problem is related to the concept of process scheduling. The knapsack weight
was considered as the CPU capacity, knapsack elements were considered to be processes and the element weight was considered
to be execution time, and also the element value was considered the priority given to process. The main subject of using the
similarity is that knapsack is designed to determine the best element for the thief to get the greatest profit, as well as the case of
CPU scheduling is the choice of the best process for the CPU by considering its priority.
IX. PROPOSED ALGORITHM (NOPSACK)
Fig. 2: The Flowchart Steps for (NOPSACK) Algorithm

New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
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The algorithm needs Parameters such as number of processes in queue, CPU execution time(Et) in addition to priority (Pri) for
each process. The CPU capacity(ß) can computed by dividing the sum of the execution time of all processes by the number of
processes(n) in the current iteration, ratio of process priority respective CPU execution time(v/w).
X. RULES AND ALGORITHM
1) No. of processes(n).
2) CPU execution time(Et).
3) Process priority(Pri).
Each process should get the processor. Steps:
1) Input No. of processes(n).
2) Respectively for each process, input CPU execution time(Et), Priority(Pri) .
3) Compute ratio (Pri/Et) for each process.
4) Processes are arranged in descending order depending on the ratio value.
5) Compute initial (ß) value (sum of execution time of all the processes(ɑ)/No. of processes(n) in the system).
6) Apply the knapsack algorithm by entering input parameters:
– (n) No. of processes represent the knapsack elements.
– (Et) CPU execution time represent the elements weight.
– (Pri) Process priority represent the element cost.
7) Invert processes priority that got the processor in the current iteration, ( (Pri) value * (-1)) and cancel the processes were
completed.
8) Go-to step 5 (continue until all processes got CPU and completed execution).
9) Display and print result for each process.
The vital reason of the above steps to avoiding starvation of least priority processes unlike priority based scheduling[10].
XI. RESULT
Measurement parameters such as (TAT), (T) are considered, in different cases measured and compared with current scheduling
algorithms such as priority based and RR alg. . In order to verify the quality and efficiency of the algorithm, some of cases have
been shown, result of each iterations was analyzed and the last output was compared using the priority based and RR algorithm.
Case study: Sample 1: random cpu execution time with random priority Table 1[10], Five processes which have different cpu
execution time with different priority. Table 1: Input for sample 1
Initially calculation of ratio for each process, and arranged in descending order depending on ratio value.
Ratio=Priority(Pri)/CPU execution time(Et)[5].
=Value(v)/Weight(w) …………….. Equ.(1)
Capacity of Knapsack:
Where ɑ=∑Et
n−1
i=0
Iteration 1:
By applying knapsack algorithm using Equ.(2), Ƥ2,Ƥ3 were selected with the capacity ( 5 ) . Then priority of Ƥ2 and Ƥ3 has been
canceled shown below in the table 1(b) and so on with other iterations successively.

New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
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Table 1(a): for sample 1 with ratio value
Processes
Cpu
execution
time (w)
Priority
(v)
Ratio
(v/w)
P3
2
4
2
P2
3
3
1
P1
2
1
0.5
P4
6
2
0.3
P0
12
3
0.25
Our major idea is to approximate the computed ß value to the nearest smallest integer number, this approximate is done in order
for the value of capacity to be identical to the value of execution time without fractions.
Iteration 2:
ß=(2+6+12)/3=20/3=6.666=6
Iteration 3:
ß=(2+12)/2=14/2=7
Iteration 4:
ß=(2+5)/2=7/2=3.5=3
Iteration 5:
ß=(5)/1=5
Table 2: (c) Comparison of context switch for sample 1
Neelsack alg.
NOPSACK
6
6
Sample 2: randomly cpu execution time with equal priority
The work is similar to that in sample 1, table 3 [10], we have four processes, input has random cpu execution time but equal
priorities.

New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
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Fig. 3: sample (2) Gantt chart
Initially as sample 1 we compute ratio for each process and arranged in descending order depending on ratio value.
The computation is for capacity of knapsack
Iteration 1:
ɑ=(11+18+4+13)=46
ß=46/4=11.5=11
Iteration 2:
ɑ=(4+13+18)=35
ß=35/3=11.6=11
Iteration 3:
ɑ=(4+2+18)=24
ß=24/3=8
Iteration 4:
ɑ=(2+14)=16
ß=16/2=8

New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
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Iteration 5:
ɑ=14
ß=14/1=14
Fig. 4: sample (2) Gantt chart
Table 4: (c) Comparison of context switch for sample 2
Neelsack alg.
NOPSACK
7
6
XII. RESULT AND COMPARISON
Fig. 5: Result for sample 1
Fig. 6: Result for sample 2

New Optimized Priority CPU Scheduling Algorithm by using Knapsack (NOPSACK)
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As in the result for sample 1 as shown in the above Figure(5), the result of (TAT) and (WT) of NOPSACK is better than Neelsack
algorithm and other two algorithms ( RR , priority based ) . so this can describe that the NOPSACK algorithm can be implemented.
The result for sample 2 as shown in the above Figure(6), (TAT) of NOPSACK is same as Neelsack algorithm but (WT) and context
switches is less than Neelsack algorithm , also better than other two algorithms ( RR , priority based ) .
XIII. CONCLUSION
Algorithm NOPSACK it is better than few other algorithms, on the whole it is better than the RR alg. and priority based, but in
some cases they works best. Any algorithm is not the best in all situations. It is not possible to observe any scheduling algorithm
that works accurately, but accurate performance can be observed in live operating system operation. There are several factors that
have a significant impact on performance such as variable capacity selection and priority iversion and operators can be selected on
hardware configuration and process delivery mechanism used.
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