How do we drive new knowledge and science? What are their present boundaries? And how can we improve science? We still do not understand these essential questions about science well, even though science is at the foundation of modern society. The field of science of science can provide answers to these foundational questions. The central challenge of the field is integrating the different
... [Show full abstract] empirical and theoretical knowledge across disciplines into a holistic field and uncovering the general mechanism driving science across fields. This is the first book to offer an integrated framework for the science of science and thus aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the foundations and limits of science. The book integrates 14 scientific fields and illustrates how our evolved mind (that enables us to observe, experiment and solve problems) makes doing science possible but also shapes what and how we observe. Our scientific methods and instruments (such as statistics and telescopes) enable us to study a much larger range of phenomena but also have constraints to how we measure them. Institutions and funding shape what knowledge we produce and how we evaluate our evidence, among other influences. By integrating the fields together, we are able to identify the common mechanism that underpins the different factors studied across all these fields: our powerful scientific methods and instruments. The book explains how the sophisticated scientific tools we develop are the main driving force for creating new knowledge and advancing science. This methodological toolbox of ours sets the scope and present limits of what we can know and what is possible in science—while economic, social and historical influences help shape what we study within that scope and those limits. The book offers a unifying theory for the field of science of science—the new-methods-drive-science theory. By better understanding the foundations of science we will also show how we can reduce the constraints and biases that we and our scientific methods and instruments face to advance science and push its present boundaries. This book is written in an easily accessible way for readers interested in understanding how science works.