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Abstract

The principal objective of this Essay is to study the gravitational force only on the background of Time and studying motion of heavenly bodies on this background. This Essay results to understand the missing matter called Dark matter. We use Newtonian limit of General Relativity to get better output.
Time and Gravity
Hussainsha Syed.
Dept. Of Electronics, g pullaiah college of engineering and technology, Kurnool-518001, India.
Email: hussainatphysics@gmail.com.
Kurnool-518001
Andhra Pradesh
India.
91-9000390153
Abstract: The principal objective of this Essay is to study the gravitational force only on the
background of Time and studying motion of heavenly bodies on this background. This Essay
results to understand the missing matter called Dark matter. We use Newtonian limit of General
Relativity to get better output.
1. Introduction
Missing matter also called as Dark matter is a form of matter thought to account for
approximately 85% of the matter in the universe. Dark matter is called dark because it does not
appear to interact with observable electromagnetic radiation, and so it is undetectable by existing
instruments [1]. First proof for dark matter comes from calculations showing that many galaxies
would fly apart, or that they would not have formed or would not move as they do, if they did not
contain a large amount of unseen matter [2]. Second evidence include observations in
gravitational lensing [3]. We are predicting new kind of elementary particle that has not yet been
discovered, in particular, weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs) [4]. Although the
existence of dark matter is generally accepted by the scientific community, some
astrophysicists,[5] seeks for various modifications of the standard laws of general relativity, such
as modified Newtonian dynamics, or entropic gravity. These models attempt to account for all
observations without invoking non-baryonic matter [6].
This Essay also attempt a new Idea without invoking non-baryonic matter and it does not require
any modifications of the standard laws of general relativity. But it uses the General Relativity in
a different perspective as follows.
2. Time and Gravity
In General Relativity spacetime is mathematical model which fuses the three dimensions of
space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional manifold. General relativity
explains gravity as a curvature of spacetime and is given as;


 (1)
By applying Newtonian limit to Eq. (1), Newton's law of universal gravitation may be used to
obtain values that are accurate. Therefore, gravitational potential energy is given as;
(2)
Where, m1, m2 = mass of two heavenly bodies, R = physical radius of a heavenly body, h =
distance between heavenly bodies.
Idea: what if two heavenly bodies are interacting only on the background of Time?
If they are interacting only on the background of Time, law of conservation of Energy comes
into picture. Because, Energy follows homogeneity in Time.
Therefore, Gravitational energy will remain constant in between two heavenly bodies on the
background of Time.
To represent background of Time, physical radius (R) will remain as it is and the distance (h)
between two heavenly bodies changes to;
 (3)
As Gravitational energy will remain constant in between two heavenly bodies on the background
of Time, we can take it as unity or some constant value.
  (4)
Where, c = speed of light in vacuum, T = time. By using Eq. (4), Eq. (2) can be written as;
(5)
Or
 (6)
From Eq. (5), it is very clear that Gravitation energy does not fall over a distance between two
heavenly bodies on the background of Time.
Eq. (5) may be the reason for the galaxy rotation curve remains flat as distance from the center
increases and it may be the reason; light bends even though there is no matter.
There exists one-dimensional background of time analogous to three-dimensional space. In
total called as space-time.
3. Conclusion
This Essay advances the field of Cosmology to understand motion of heavenly bodies. It also
advances mysterious concept called Time.
References
1. "Dark Matter". CERN Physics. 20 January 2012.
2. Siegfried, T. (5 July 1999). "Hidden space dimensions may permit parallel universes, explain cosmic
mysteries".
3. Trimble, V. (1987). "Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe" (PDF). Annual Review of
Astronomy and Astrophysics. 25: 425472.
4. Copi, C.J.; Schramm, D.N.; Turner, M.S. (1995). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density
of the Universe". Science. 267 (5195): 192199. arXiv:astro-ph/9407006.
5. Kroupa, P.; et al. (2010). "Local-Group tests of dark-matter Concordance Cosmology: Towards a new
paradigm for structure formation". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 523: 3254. arXiv:1006.1647.
6. Angus, G. (2013). "Cosmological simulations in MOND: The cluster scale halo mass function with
light sterile neutrinos". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 436 (1): 202211.
arXiv:1309.6094.
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Hidden space dimensions may permit parallel universes, explain cosmic mysteries
  • T Siegfried
Siegfried, T. (5 July 1999). "Hidden space dimensions may permit parallel universes, explain cosmic mysteries".