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Overtourism: Definitions, Enablers, Impacts and Managerial Challenges
Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a brief evolution of the overtourism concept, highlights its enables and its impacts, and then discusses the resulting managerial challenges. The chapter provides a perspective on overtourism based on a review of selected literature on the topic and its related areas. The findings discuss the diverse approaches so far proposed to define overtourism, while outlining the managerial challenges of overtourism. This chapter provides a sound background for researchers and practitioners involved in studying and managing tourism, it discusses the implications of overtourism and provides guidance for future theoretical and empirical research. This contribution offers an overview of research on overtourism and a theoretical framework for those interested in investigating this phenomenon.
... Portugal's appeal as a leisure destination is another selling point. Still, the presence of a large number of tourists can also act as a deterrent for career-oriented researchers, especially when 'over-tourism' leads to problems in local communities and housing markets (Milano et al. 2019;Volo 2020;Malet Calvo and Ramos 2018). It is possible that those who are attracted to the country due to its reputation as a site for international tourism may be less motivated in terms of work or may have an inferior academic calibre. ...
This article explores various aspects of the migration of science, including the circulation of scientific knowledge and the productivity of individual scientists. The first part of the article examines concepts that have helped define scientific employment, emphasizing the idea that a scientist's work should align with an episteme. The second part scrutinizes this situation in Portugal, shedding light on two specific developments: the recent expansion of the scientific workforce and the outputs emanating from national research institutions. This includes a brief statistical overview of the levels of expansion in financial terms and an exploration of the success of scientific publishing using data derived from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and national statistics agencies. Data reveal that while the number of works produced has increased at a time during which greater numbers of scientists were being contracted, especially the decade preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of their work may have declined due to a lack of peer recognition, illustrated by a sharp decline in the number of citations received. This suggests that greater investment in science, specifically in recruiting fixed-term contract researchers, has not necessarily
... In general, we can define the term "overtourism" as "an excessive presence of tourists that carries negative socio-cultural and environmental consequences for residents, destinations and tourists". (Volo 2020) or also "a contemporary phenomenon, rapidly evolving and underlined by what is evidently excessive visitation to tourist destinations" (Milano et al. 2019a). ...
https://www.athensjournals.gr/tourism/2023-10-3-4-Pasini.pdf
... Birçok yazar aşırı turizm kavramını yoğun turizm faaliyetlerinden olumsuz etkilenen destinasyonlara atfen kullanmaktadır (Goodwin, 2017;Benner, 2020). Aşırı turizmden etkilenen destinasyonlarda sosyal ve ekonomik adaletsizlikler, yaşam kalitesinde düşüş, stres gibi pek çok olumsuz sonuç doğrudan yerel halka etki etmekte ve yerel halkın turizme, turiste, karar vericilere ve diğer turizm paydaşlarına yönelik direnç göstermesine neden olmaktadır (Dodds ve Butler, 2019;Butler, 2020;Volo, 2020). Bu durum yerel halkın kızgınlık, öfke, yok sayılma gibi çeşitli duygular ile hareket etmesine ve özellikle turistler ile çatışmasına evrilerek o destinasyon için sürdürülebilirlik ilkesinin ortadan kalkması sonucunu doğurmaktadır. ...
... The strong concentration of tourism and its negative impact in the central district of the city creates for the authorities responsible for its development a very important choice. Continuation of contemporary trends may change the Old City into a tourist ghetto (Vaníček, 2019;Volo, 2020), but this may prevent negative effects of overtourism spread across the city. Redistribution strategy (Panayiotopoulos, Pisano, 2019;Camati et al., 2020) may lower tourism pressure in the city center but it also brings a threat that more residents exercise negative impacts of tourism. ...
The main research question raised in this research was, to what extent CBE can be acknowledged as livelihood diversification strategy by the local community in Sabah, Malaysia. In order to enrich the current body of knowledge on livelihood diversification in CBE development, this study investigates the host community’s perceptions regarding the current livelihood diversification through CBE and their motivations to participate in ecotourism in Sukau, a pioneering ecotourism destination in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. By adopting the constructivist research paradigm as the researcher’s world view, this study employed the qualitative research design to investigate the host community’s perceptions towards CBE as a livelihood diversification strategy and their motivations for participation. All the data gathered in this study were analysed using content analysis techniques. The key findings from the study unveils interesting insights based on two
themes: (1) perceptions of the host community towards CBE as a livelihood diversification strategy and (2) motivations of participation in CBE by the host community.
... The strong concentration of tourism and its negative impact in the central district of the city creates for the authorities responsible for its development a very important choice. Continuation of contemporary trends may change the Old City into a tourist ghetto (Vaníček, 2019;Volo, 2020), but this may prevent negative effects of overtourism spread across the city. Redistribution strategy (Panayiotopoulos, Pisano, 2019;Camati et al., 2020) may lower tourism pressure in the city center but it also brings a threat that more residents exercise negative impacts of tourism. ...
Even though Oman is major tourist destination it is faced with a number of sustainability issues. This research examines unsustainable issues associated with Oman’s tourism destination management. The study also involves investigation of components that involve improvement in the conservation efforts, cultural and environmental education as well as ethics and responsibility.The study was conducted using different techniques of qualitative research: primary data collection (interviews) and secondary data collection. The interviews were used to identify the Oman’s major tourist attractions and sustainability issues affecting the industry. The secondary data collected from the literature review were used to identify ways in which sustainable tourism development in the Omani tourism industry can be achieved. The result shows that there is lack of sufficient community involvement in tourism activities. The result also shows that there is lack of proper control of waste generation at the attraction sites. The results also indicate that thereare laws and policies in place help in preservation and conservation tourism facilities. However, further strengthening is needed to increase the number of natural reserves from the available 15. The results of the analysis also show that in Oman, there is great tourism potential, because of the great management and conservation of natural resources.
... The strong concentration of tourism and its negative impact in the central district of the city creates for the authorities responsible for its development a very important choice. Continuation of contemporary trends may change the Old City into a tourist ghetto (Vaníček, 2019;Volo, 2020), but this may prevent negative effects of overtourism spread across the city. Redistribution strategy (Panayiotopoulos, Pisano, 2019;Camati et al., 2020) may lower tourism pressure in the city center but it also brings a threat that more residents exercise negative impacts of tourism. ...
... As is the case of, for example, Prague [92,93], to this day in Kraków, a central district with attractive and valuable historical buildings can be distinguished, where the vast majority of attractions and tourism development facilities are located. It creates a place that can be described as a tourist ghetto [94,95]. Such a significant concentration of tourist traffic in the city center is the reason why the tourist traffic outside the central district is much smaller and the negative impact of tourism is also much smaller, such that tourism is not perceived much by the inhabitants of these areas, who do not often visit the historic center [88,91]. ...
With a constantly and rapidly increasing number of publications, modern expertise on overtourism is becoming increasingly complete. However, a subject that has not been sufficiently presented in the literature thus far is the issue of identifying groups of inhabitants of various destinations that are most severely affected by overtourism and the perception of innovative remedial solutions. In numerous previous publications that analyzed the impact of overtourism on the inhabitants of destinations, the inhabitants were most often treated as a homogeneous group. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to describe the phenomenon of overtourism from the perspective of residents of two Polish tourist destinations and propose innovative solutions to the problem of tourist overcrowding, dedicated to areas with different specificities. Empirical research was conducted among the inhabitants of popular destinations in Poland—Kraków and Białka Tatrzańska—where overtourism has been noted in the scientific literature in recent years. The results allow us to outline significant differences in how the impact of overtourism is perceived by the inhabitants of a large city and a peripheral tourist resort. Additionally, the research demonstrated that respondents who live in the central part of a tourist destination much more clearly perceive their exposure to the effects of overtourism than the inhabitants of other parts, and that this phenomenon is more evident in cities than in resorts. According to the diagnosis of the situation, it was proposed to implement open innovations in the nature of preventive solutions.
It has been widely recognized that more integrated approaches to conservation are essential for sustainable development. Kythera Island, Greece, was selected by MedINA as a pilot site in order to evaluate the INCREAte approach which entails
adaptive management of natural and cultural heritage. Tourism was identified both as a primary stressor and opportunity; hence, a strategy for sustainable tourism was developed, with a network of hiking trails at its core. Old traditional trails have been
restored and revitalized, forming a network of 11 thematic routes of 100 km in total. Cultural and natural heritage is at the heart of the endeavour, whereby 417 points of interest and their stories have become accessible. Visitor flows have been increasing in shoulder seasons, while being better diffused spatially. The whole process has been a catalyst in championing a more integrated and collaborative model of tourism development on Kythera and can be upscaled elsewhere.
The over-visitation of one of Europe’s largest tourism hubs is becoming a thorny problem for residents, combined with the dichotomy of tourism growth. In this regard, this study aims to examine the phenomenon of overtourism, as a productive machine that consumes its own resources by unfolding its roots and impacts in terms of economic, environmental, and social. To have a clear insight, Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle Model and the destination carrying capacity are addressed to enlighten the economics of overtourism. The second part focuses on the case of Venice and its tourism economic history, explaining how it exceeded its capacity. Along with these, the twentieth-century counterproductive deseasonalisation policies especially with the re-birth of modern Carnival, the shift to the hit-and-run tourism over time, the limited space and their outcomes are discussed. To test the hypothesis on the Venice case, the parameters of the city such as tourism and demographic change, job diversity, and diminishing public space over time are addressed.
Keywords: overtourism, Venice, mass tourism, deseasonalization, tourism economic history, modern Carnival, tourism management
During the last few decades, our understanding on the relationship between the environment and people, between nature and culture, has considerably changed. There is an emphasis put on the idea to further reconnect natural and cultural capital. This is, besides, a manifested European policy, directly related to the contemporary conservation and landscape trends which may be essential also for resilient ecosystem-based spatial planning, both on land and on sea. This research article examines the inseparable relationship between nature and culture, firstly from a theoretical and historical viewpoint, also discussing its implication in modern planning strategies. The latter is approached through the investigation of the links between cultural and natural capital, in the context of marine spatial planning (MSP). To this end, the essay briefly discusses the potential of "underwater cultural heritage (UCH)-tourism-nature conservation" coexistence, in the Mediterranean sea-basin and in Greece.
The main goal of the analyses presented in the article is to identify the phenomena and consequences concomitant with the phenomenon of overtourism in the economic (with particular emphasis on energy) and social dimensions, regarding the Portuguese island of Madeira. The starting point for considerations includes a review of the issues that define the theoretical framework of “excessive tourism”, as well as a discussion of the most important determinants of the socio-economic development of Madeira. Then, the results of own research are presented, including the original analysis of existing data on electricity production, population growth and the number of overnight stays, as well as the results of a survey conducted in April 2021[1], among both permanent residents and tourists visiting the island. The obtained results indicate, among others, that for each increase in the number of overnight stays by 1%, the production of electricity increases by 0.597%; and for every 1% increase in the number of inhabitants, there is a 5.617% increase in electricity production. At the same time, the data on the number of inhabitants indicates a population growth rate close to zero, and thus a higher level of consumption will come from the tourist sector. Based on the results of the survey, key problem areas have been identified (including, for example, issues related to the sense of local identity, security or relations between tourists and residents). The volume of tourist traffic has also been assessed, and a number of reflections and recommendations have been formulated to limit the negative effects of “excessive tourism”.
[1] More information about research and obtained results are available in the following publications (Majdak et al. 2021a; Majdak et al. 2021b).
Seyahat ve turizm eğilimi, bu yüzyılın başından itibaren temel bir insan davranışı haline gelmiştir. Her yıl milyarlarca insan farklı destinasyonlara seyahat gerçekleştirmektedir. Burada bazı destinasyonlar diğerlerinden daha fazla ziyaretçi çekebilmektedir. Böylece aşırı turizm olgusu ve kalabalık yönetimi kavramı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu makale ile bu alanda belediyeler tarafından kullanılabilecek akıllı turizm uygulamaları araştırılmıştır. Akıllı turizm uygulamaları, akıllı şehir görüşüne dayanmaktadır. 21. yüzyılın getirisi olan bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri insan sermayesi ile bütünleşerek akıllı şehirleri meydana getirmektedir. Bu şehirlerde ortaya çıkan uygulamaların bazıları da turizme yönelik olmaktadır. Böylece akıllı turizm kavramı ve uygulamaları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili olarak bu çalışmanın oluşturulması sürecinde yapılan araştırma göstermektedir ki aşırı turizme bağlı yoğun ziyaretçi alan destinasyonlarda kalabalık yönetimi akıllı turizm uygulamaları ile çok daha etkin, hızlı ve geniş ölçekli yapılabilmektedir. Bu uygulamalardan bazıları yoğun teknoloji kullanımı ile yapılırken (Örneğin, Floransa-Nesnelerin İnterneti) bazıları sadece yönetsel kararlar (Örneğin, Poznan- Sezon Dışı Seyahat Teşvikleri) ile ortaya konabilmektedir. Söz konusu uygulamaların yerel sorunların çözülmesinde en yetkili aktör olan belediyeler tarafından gerçekleştirilmesi mümkündür ve önerilmektedir. Amaç: Aşırı turizme bağlı kalabalık yönetiminde belediyeler tarafından kullanılabilecek akıllı turizm uygulamalarına örnekler ortaya koymak. Yöntem/Tasarım / Metodoloji / Yaklaşım: Belgesel tarama yöntemi kullanılarak akıllı turizm uygulamalarından konuya uygun olan örnekler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada internet siteleri, makaleler ve özel sektör uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Yapılan araştırma neticesinde aşırı turizme bağlı kalabalığın yönetiminde kullanılabilecek akıllı turizm uygulamaları olduğu görülmüştür. Bu uygulamaların da belediyeler tarafından gerçekleştirilebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Özgünlük: Günümüzde yeni bir kavram olan akıllı turizm açısından kalabalık yönetimi uygulamalarını ele alması ve bunlardan belediyeler tarafından kullanılabilecekleri tespit etmesi bakımından alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Daha önce bu temelde bir çalışma olmadığı yapılan literatür incelemesinde görülmüştür.
The present chapter synthesizes an interesting discussion revolving around the problem of overtourism. From its outset, the tourism research has hotly debated furtherly on the dichotomies of tourism consumption and sustainability. While tourism tends to be considered a desirable activity –if not a right of liberal democracy- which brings prosperity and stability to countries, no less true is that the industry generates some collateral damages. Over recent years, overtourism exhibits not only the resentment and hostility of locals against foreign tourists but also the rise of digital technologies which escape from governmental regulation. Technology offers a fertile ground towards new solutions and discussions in the fields of overtourism. Some voices have eloquently alerted on the problems and limitations that Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has brought for tourist destinations. Nonetheless, ICT offers a fertile ground for planning more sustainable destinations while re-socializing tourists. The introduction of new ethical codes about tourism consumption seems to be vital to placate the negative effects of tourism. Said this, scholars should differentiate overtourism which is a direct effect of the industry and touristphobia. While overtourism entails practical solution, touristphobia denotes a slippery matter originated in the incapacity of West to tolerate the “Non-Western Other” who have become in an “undesired guest”. This radical change means the end of hospitality, as least as we know it. Doubtless, the decline of hospitality has made more acute after 9/11 and the War on Terror.
Tourism is one of the main sources of leisure, exploration, and social gathering. Many factors contribute to this industry’s development, such as the growing global economy, emergence of the middle class in developing economies, technological advancement, new business models, low traveling costs, and relaxation in visa policies. Pakistan is blessed with the unique geographical location and endless beauty of nature with natural diversity, covering the range of seashore to high Himalayan Mountains. People visited Pakistan to amaze with endless scenes of nature and celebrating traditional rituals all over the world. Considering the situation of coronavirus, this uncertainty raises multiple questions in the mind of people all around the world. In such a moment of collective confusion, all world economies’ economic structures focused on a huge radical paradigm shift. So, there is a need to think holistically about the problem of overtourism and COVID-19. We can provide solid solutions to Government, tourist agencies, tourists, local businesses, health care, infrastructure, etc. The purpose of the study is to provide a viable solution to tackle overtourism and COVID-19 in a holistic way. Smart tourism is a solution to handle multi-faceted problems of this industry. There are few reservations of tourists on their agencies while selecting the destination such as trust, services, help in case of emergency and reputation. Smart tourism is a better option to enhance all stakeholders such as government, tourists, and tourist agencies. It opens the door for the business community to think about a new paradigm in which technology-led businesses are more effective than traditional. This chapter is beneficial for scholars, marketers, tourists and society as a whole.
Tourism has become a sector in which many countries and destinations compete to attract tourists due to its contribution to world revenues. As a result of the competitive environment of tourism and promotion efforts to captivate more and more tourists lead to a human concentration above the carrying capacity in destinations. Density in tourist inflows causes, on the one hand, enhancing destination popularity but on the other hand complaints about crowding both tourists and local communities. The negative effects of tourism like deterioration of the culture, damage to the local language, noise pollution, tensions caused by crowds in daily life, increase in the cost of living, incidents of violence, the widespread use of drugs, pressures due to overcrowding in public spaces are risky issues for both local community and tourists. This situation will adversely affect the quality of life of locals, which is an important stakeholder for the development of tourism. Overtourism, which has emerged as a concept outcome of excessive tourism demand, affects tourist experiences as well as the quality of life. The footprint effect caused by crowding in sensitive areas can damage historical sites, cultural heritage, environmental quality, and scenery. Given these components as the main sources of attraction of tourism, it is obvious that the benefit of the tourist from the destination will decrease. Considering all these factors, the main purpose of this study is to define the concept of over tourism, to reveal the issues related to overtourism as carrying capacity, density and overcrowding, to determine the outputs of overtourism in terms of local people, tourists, environment and socio-cultural aspects. Finally, the measures to be taken to prevent the negative effects of overtourism will be discussed within the framework of marketing, managerial, and tourist’s aspects.
Aşırı turizm son yıllarda özellikle popüler destinasyonları olumsuz etkileyen sorunlardan biri haline gelmiştir. Taşıma kapasitesinin aşılması ile birlikte aşırı kalabalıkların belli zamanlarda bir bölgede yoğunlaşması sonucu hem yerel halka hem de ziyaretçilere verilen rahatsızlığın ifadesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. 2020 yılında hayatımıza girdikten sonra seyahat alışkanlıklarını tamamen değiştiren Covid-19 salgınının ardından, turizmin normale dönüp dönemeyeceği merak konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, 1 Nisan-31 Ağustos 2021 tarihleri arasında Google Haberlerde yer alan aşırı turizm ile ilgili 101 adet e-haber tematik içerik analizi ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre en fazla haber Venedik, Hawaii, Amsterdam, Floransa ve Barselona destinasyonları ile ilgili yapılmıştır. İçerik analizi sonuçlarına göre kalabalık, yerel halk, sürdürülebilirlik, taşıma kapasitesi ve sosyal medya olmak üzere 5 ana tema tespit edilmiştir. Tüm temalar aşırı turizmin ortaya çıkışı, nedenleri, sonuçları ve önlemleri ile uyuştuğundan özellikle popular destinasyonlarda Covid-19 salgını sonrası aşırı turizmin etkilerinin tekrar hissedildiği söylenebilir.
Aşırı turizm, karmaşık, çok boyutlu ve hassas bir özelliğe sahiptir. Bu boyut, özellikle sosyal medya nedeniyle, daha da kontrol edilemez hale gelmiştir. Bu popülarite, bir yandan ilgili destinasyona katkı sağlarken, diğer taraftan aşırı yoğunluk nedeniyle o bölgede yaşayan veya o bölgeye ziyarete gelen birçok insanın rahatsız olmasına da neden olabilmektedir. COVID-19 salgını döneminde ise başta gezginler olmak üzere tüm dünya eski kalabalık halini özler olmuştur. Bir paradoks olarak da görülebilecek bu durum, uluslararası turizm faaliyetlerinin tıkanmasıyla sonuçlanabilecektir. Aşırı turizm nedeniyle meydana gelen olumsuzlukları genellikle hem ziyaretçiler hem de yerel halk aynı anda yaşamaktadırlar. Bütün bu tartışmalar doğrultusunda, aşırı turizmin ve buna ilişkin protesto hareketlerinin oluşmasından ziyade, turizmin bir dengeye oturtulmasında fayda vardır. Mevcut çalışma da, aslında bir yerde turizmin yürütülüp yürütülmemesi gerektiği ile ilgili değil, yürütülen faaliyetlerin bir dengede olmasıyla ilgili tartışmayı ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bölümde aşırı turizm kavramı incelendikten sonra, sosyal medyanın aşırı turizme olan etkisi tartışılmış, son olarak aşırı turizmin, turizm hareketliliğine engel olup olamayacağına değinilmiştir.
As the European summer of 2019 beckons, it seems more than likely that the spectre of overtourism will once again emerge amidst the hordes of travellers flocking to popular cities including Barcelona, Venice, Amsterdam and Reykjavik as featured in this volume. But of course, these destinations represent one end of the overtourism spectrum; that is, destinations where host communities and city administrators are groaning under the weight of growing and seemingly excessive tourist demand. While at the other extreme, there are destinations off the ‘beaten track’ that would give almost anything to be afflicted with the problem of too many tourists.
This is a prepublication version of the final chapter in:
Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., & Novelli, M. (Eds.). (2019). Overtourism: Excesses, discontents and measures in travel and tourism. Oxfordshire CABI.
Please cite as:
Cheer, J. M., Milano, C. & Novelli, M. (2019). Afterword: Over overtourism or just the beginning? In C. Milano, J.M. Cheer and M. Novelli, Overtourism: excesses, discontents and measures in travel and tourism, Oxfordshire: CABI, pp. 227-232
Overtourism is an emerging concept facing the world’s main tourist destinations. The growth that tourism has undergone in recent decades is of two different types. On the one hand, the development of new technologies and the creation of low-cost airline carriers have increased tourism levels, leading to growth even in emerging economies. On the other hand, uncontrolled demand alongside a concentration of tourism in particular destinations impact negatively both territories and local communities. The problems caused in some destinations by the increasing, ongoing growth in tourism have created the issue of “overtourism,” which is assuming an increasing significance in the literature. This paper contributes to the literature by providing an exploratory study with which to better understand the origins of overtourism, its implications, and predicted future perspectives in respect to the issue. Examination of the new evidence presented here contributes to the expanding knowledge of particular problems of tourism development.
Social media influence travel and tourism in many ways, and it is therefore natural to assume they also play a role in overtourism. This chapter systematically analyzes the nature of social media and their resulting impacts on a number of tourism-related phenomena of relevance to the overtourism issue. Specifically, it highlights the role of social media as information sources, persuasive technologies, social forums, perceptual frames, panoptic forces and political means. It then illustrates how social media fuel the desire to travel and encourage particular travel behaviors. It also outlines the great potential of social media in helping combat overtourism and their critical support of overtourism as a social movement.
Keywords: social media; overtourism; social media activism; social movement; travel photography; online travel information search; selfies; travel influencers
Over the past four decades, while the increasing demand for mobility, leisure and unique experiences have been examined as key factors in the growth of tourism, the attendant growth paradigm has historically centered around exponential increments in visitation and this has been at the centre of debates concerning the pressure from and dependence on tourism that has come to characterise destination communities. Scholars such as Doxey (1975) focused on the antagonistic relationship emerging between local residents and tourists, Butler (1980) on the tourism area life cycle and the stages from development to decline and O’Reilly (1986) on tourist carrying capacity or the extent to which destinations can cope with visitation. Multilateral organisations such as the United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO 1983) have long deliberated on the effects of tourism saturation and concerns of excessive visitation are not new. More recent applications of the seminal conceptual frame- works above emphasise that reconciling host–guest convergences, divergences and aggrava- tions continue to remain pressing, especially in light of continued tourism growth trajectories (Alvarez-Sousa, 2018; Tsaur, Yen, & Teng, 2018)
Debates on overtourism, as a challenging phenomenon, are becoming more and more active. The purpose of this integrative review paper is to discuss the right to travel and residents’ rights in the context of overtourism and sustainable tourism, analyzing different scientific and legal sources. The integrative review analysis shows that overtourism and sustainable tourism are important contexts influencing the changing meaning of the right to travel and the right to live. On the one hand, the overtourism context makes the voices of residents more important to be heard, while on the other hand the sustainable tourism context influences the discussion of the right to travel, asking tourist voices to be considered more important. The results of this integrative review also shows the importance of rethinking the concept of sustainability in tourism as a holistic principle of democracy and as a degrowth movement, and opens the broader discussion for future tourism research development. The problem of overtourism could be solved by striving to develop sustainable tourism goals, thus balancing equality between the right to travel and residents’ rights. The presented integrative review paper is a preliminary work; further research is needed in order to find possible concrete solutions for overtourism.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of overtourism with specific reference to the night-time economy (NTE) in Budapest, Hungary.
Design/methodology/approach
The research took place between September and December 2017 in the so-called “party quarter” of Budapest – District VII. The chosen methods included mapping, observation, interviews and questionnaires with local residents, visitors and tourists.
Findings
Partying opportunities are valued highly by tourists and the majority of customers in the bars are tourists. Many people feel that there are too many tourists in the area, although few had a bad experience with tourists. The most common complaints were the dirt and litter, public urination, street crime and noise. Most respondents would welcome a better cleaning service, more bins, more police, more public toilets and better street lighting.
Research limitations/implications
The research was not undertaken in the high season, older residents were slightly under-represented and wider research across the whole city would give a more balanced perspective.
Practical implications
Recommendations are made for managing the NTE better in order to improve the experience of tourists and visitors and to improve the local resident quality of life.
Social implications
It is hoped that this research may prompt local authorities to take local resident perceptions and experiences into account by creating better management measures and regulations.
Originality/value
This is the first paper to provide data from the perspective of three main stakeholder groups in the context of the NTE in Budapest.
Oklevik, O., Gössling, S., Hall, C.M., Steen Jacobsen J.K., Petter, G.I. & McCabe, S. (2019): Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: a case study of activities in Fjord Norway, Journal of Sustainable Tourism: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1533020
Many global tourist destinations have experienced growth in arrivals. This has triggered various conflicts in destinations and sparked debates as to how to deal with what is increasingly referred to as ‘overtourism’. Most Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) pursue strategies to stimulate arrivals even further. Pro-growth discourses are reinforced by lead bodies such as the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). However, maximisation strategies based on higher numbers of tourists increasingly cause conflicts with local residents, whereas simultaneously undermining climate change mitigation pledges as negotiated in the Paris Agreement. New approaches to destination management based on optimisation are therefore warranted. Drawing on a survey of inter- national tourists (n=5,249) in south-western Norway, this article discusses whether ‘activities’, i.e. the development of local, small-scale and ideally more sustainable experiences, can contribute to economic growth without necessarily increasing numbers of arrivals. Results con- firm that destinations should seek to better understand their markets, including length of stay, spending, and/or activity intention, to identify profitable markets. Ultimately, such knowledge may help addressing overtourism conflicts while building tourism systems that are more eco- nomically, socially, and environmentally resilient.
At the time of posting the article was available open access
The mobilities paradigm has always permeated second homes movements as these forms of dwellings are infused by their consumers´ sense and usage of space and time. However, second home research could benefit from a more critical and integrative approach of analysis. The effect of second homes on destinations´ long term
identities, market dynamics and developments is far from understood and more systematic inquiries on their impact on tourism governance and production system, landscapes and public services planning, environmental protection and real estate aspects are needed.
In less than two years, the concept of overtourism has come to prominence as one of the most discussed issues with regards to tourism in popular media and, increasingly, academia. In spite of its popularity, the term is still not clearly delineated and remains open to multiple interpretations. The current paper aims to provide more clarity with regard to what overtourism entails by placing the concept in a historical context and presenting results from a qualitative investigation among 80 stakeholders in 13 European cities. Results highlight that overtourism describes an issue that is multidimensional and complex. Not only are the issues caused by tourism and nontourism stakeholders, but they should also be viewed in the context of wider societal and city developments. The article concludes by arguing that while the debate on overtourism has drawn attention again to the old problem of managing negative tourism impacts, it is not well conceptualized. Seven overtourism myths are identified that may inhibit a well-rounded understanding of the concept. To further a contextualized understanding of overtourism, the paper calls for researchers from other disciplines to engage with the topic to come to new insights.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to retrace the past development of the global tourism sector to identify past drivers of growth and try to understand which factors will shape the sector development in the long term. The paper also intends to initiate a discussion on critical areas the global sector needs to address if it wants to establish as a model for sustainable and inclusive growth.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper analyses the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors that influenced tourism growth.
Findings
The global tourism sector has experienced continuous expansion and diversification to become one of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors in the world. With increased recognition of tourism contribution to economic growth and development, more opportunities will arise for tourism to take centre stage in the political and economic agendas worldwide. Such opportunities can be successfully realised only once the global tourism sector eventually engages to mitigate negative impacts.
Research limitations/implications
The paper is based on an extensive review of published literature; hence, it reflects the view major organisations dealing with tourism have on the future development of this sector. The factors included in this analysis have been prioritised based on the sector knowledge of the authors and may not be reflect other viewpoints.
Practical implications
Tourism could establish itself as a model that puts aspects such as the conservation, preservation and protection of the cultural and natural heritage at the heart of economic development. For global tourism to become a driver of socio-economic change, stronger guidance is needed to set priorities that would lead the sector to mitigate its negative impacts. The paper critically discusses some of those aspects that could become policy priorities for the next decades.
Originality/value
The main value of this piece of research is the extended, cross-disciplinary literature of the factors that conducted to the rapid and healthy growth of the tourism sector worldwide.
El artículo comparte algunas reflexiones sustraídas de los debates que recientemente han irrumpido en las propagandas políticas, las agendas de los medios de comunicación, las reivindicaciones de los movimientos sociales y las asociaciones vecinales. En primer lugar, se hace una reflexión partiendo de la hipótesis que el llamado overtourism también sinónimo de masificación, saturación o presión turística, no es un fenómeno ni tan novedoso ni tan reciente. En segundo lugar, se observan algunos elementos que han despertado el malestar social y que han desencadenado el efecto amplificador de estos debates en diversos entornos turísticos. Por último, se analizan algunas estrategias que se denominan como 5D (desestacionalización, descongestión, descentralización, diversificación, deluxe tourism) que son promocionadas como estrategias para enfrentar la problemática analizada. Estas reflexiones hacen parte de un marco de una investigación en la ciudad de Barcelona, que se alimenta prevalentemente de la etnografía y el análisis cuantitativo.
The summer holidays are in full swing – and protests against overtourism have begun (yet again) in a number of popular European cities. Overtourism is not a new problem.
This book examines the evolution of the phenomenon and explores the genesis of overtourism and the system dynamics underlining it.
The ‘overtourism’ phenomenon is defined as the excessive growth of visitors leading to overcrowding and the consequential suffering of residents, due to temporary and often seasonal tourism peaks, that lead to permanent changes in lifestyles, amenities and well- being. Enormous tensions in overtourism affected destinations have driven the intensification of policy making and scholarly attention toward seeking antidotes to an issue that is considered paradoxical and problematic. Moving beyond the ‘top 10 things you can do about overtourism’, this book examines the evolution of the phenomenon and explores the genesis of overtourism as well as the system dynamics underpinning it. With a rigorous scientific approach, the
book uses systems-thinking and contemporary paradigms around sustainable development, resilience, planning and degrowth; while considering global economic, socio-political, environmental discourses.
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this paper is to provide a long-term perspective on destinations’ ability
to enhance movie productions. A longitudinal approach is used: a destination film production history is
analyzed through a holistic case study. Different cinematic periods were identified and post-release
marketing activities documented and discussed. This study complements existing literature by providing
a comprehensive analysis of the long-term interplay between movie productions and related
marketing initiatives undertaken at destinations. Implications for researchers and marketers are
discussed.
This paper pioneers the assessment of tourism's total global resource use, including its fossil fuel consumption, associated CO2 emissions, fresh water, land, and food use. As tourism is a dynamic growth system, characterized by rapidly increasing tourist numbers, understanding its past, current, and future contributions to global resource use is a central requirement for sustainable tourism assessments. The paper introduces the concept of resource use intensities (RUIs), which represent tourism's resource needs per unit of consumption (e.g. energy per guest night). Based on estimates of RUIs, a first assessment of tourism's global resource use and emissions is provided for the period 1900-2050, utilizing the Peeters Global Tourism Transport Model. Results indicate that the current (2010) global tourism system may require c.16,700 PJ of energy, 138 km3 of fresh water, 62,000 km2 of land, and 39.4 Mt of food, also causing emissions of 1.12 Gt CO2. Despite efforts to implement more sustainable forms of tourism, analysis indicates that tourism's overall resource consumption may grow by between 92% (water) and 189% (land use) in the period 2010-2050. To maintain the global tourism system consequently requires rapidly growing resource inputs, while the system is simultaneously becoming increasingly vulnerable to disruptions in resource flows.
Within the extensive body of literature on sustainable tourism (ST), its successful implementation is an emerging and important theme. The lack of or ineffective stakeholder participation is a major obstacle to ST realisation and there is little clarity as to how best to resolve this problem. This paper presents the findings of a purposive UK-based case study that evaluated stakeholder involvement in the implementation of ST. Using over fifty stakeholders' accounts drawn from eight primary stakeholder groups, a ‘multi-stakeholder involvement management’ (MSIM) framework was developed. The MSIM framework consists of three strategic levels: attraction, integration and management of stakeholder involvement. Six stages are embedded within the three levels: scene-setting, recognition of stakeholder involvement capacity, stakeholder relationship management, pursuit of achievable objectives, influencing implementation capacity and monitoring stakeholder involvement. These are supported by the overarching notion of ‘hand-holding’ and key actions [e.g. managing stakeholder adaptability] that enhance stakeholder involvement in ST.
The rise of Big Data changes the context in which organisations producing official statistics operate. Big Data provides
opportunities, but in order to make optimal use of Big Data, a number of challenges have to be addressed. This stimulates
increased collaboration between National Statistical Institutes, Big Data holders, businesses and universities. In time, this
may lead to a shift in the role of statistical institutes in the provision of high-quality and impartial statistical information to
society. In this paper, the changes in context, the opportunities, the challenges and the way to collaborate are addressed.
The collaboration between the various stakeholders will involve each partner building on and contributing different
strengths. For national statistical offices, traditional strengths include on the one hand the position to collect data and
combine data sources to statistical products, and on the other hand their focus on quality, transparency and sound
methodology. In the Big Data era of competing and multiplying data sources, they continue to have a unique knowledge of
official statistical production methods. And their impartiality and respect for privacy as enshrined in law uniquely position
them as a trusted third party. Based on this, they may advise on the quality and validity of information of various sources.
By thus positioning themselves, they will be able to play their role as key information providers in a changing society.
This paper examines key developments in recent tourism mobilities research. It begins by outlining the recent conceptualisation of tourism mobilities, arguing that it is not just that tourism is a form of mobility like other forms of mobility but that different mobilities inform and are informed by tourism. It then examines work which has been developed in terms of materialities, autmobilities and new technologies. It concludes by discussing mobile methodologies and some thoughts on future research directions.
To date there is much literature identifying the need for sustainable tourism and for policy to address this need, however, there are few studies addressing sustainable tourism at a practical level or the effectiveness of policy implementation. This research focuses on the operational level of policy in order to gain a greater understanding of the barriers and possible solutions to implementation of sustainable tourism policy. This research focused on one of the Mediterranean's most popular sun, sea and sand tourist resorts – Calviá, located in Mallorca in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Calviá is an example of a mass tourism destination which, from a result of tourism pressure in the late 1980s, faced significant economic, social and environmental decline. By taking an integrated and collaborative approach to implement a sustainable tourism policy [using the participatory process of Local Agenda 21 (LA21)] Calviá received much international acclaim. This descriptive case study outlines the motivations behind establishing a sustainable tourism policy, the process, successes and barriers of implementation and lessons learned. By outlining sustainable tourism policy from development to evaluation, this case study hopes to provide recommendations for other destinations who aim to work towards sustainable tourism goals.
This article argues that the narrow and frequently negative conceptualisations of small island states as environmentally vulnerable and economically dependent are problematic for sustainable tourism development and for economic development, generally. Scenarios presented to date are often incomplete. Narratives suggesting that island peoples are unskilled and lack resources, and that their islands are ‘tiny’ and ‘fragile’, can undermine their pride and stifle their initiative, reducing their ability to act with autonomy to determine and achieve their own developmental goals. A range of more positive conceptualisations is given, demonstrating the strong social dimensions of sustainability in small island states and the resilience and adaptability of island states. Examples describe a number of positive development paths to sustainable tourism in small island states.
Statistics that accurately represent the evolution of tourism activity are needed for tourism research and planning. Monthly accommodation statistics provided by the Chilean Statistical Institute show a negative trend despite considerable growth in the number of foreign visitors. This paper proposes a methodology to create sample weights to overcome statistics inaccuracy caused, as in the case of Chilean tourism statistics, by the use of a non-random sample with serious attrition bias. The benefits of the methodology are discussed, highlighting their relevance to a broader range of applications where tourism statistics are questionable or demonstrably inaccurate
Tourism statistics are one of the key sources of information for economists, public officials and tourism decision-makers. The aim of the present paper is to describe and critique the methodological difficulties encountered when approaching statistical studies in tourism. The case of hidden tourism in island communities is used to illustrate that in tourism statistics there exists a lack of clarity and convention concerning definitions, procedures, measurement and analytic approaches. The conclusions and the study implications should help tourism authorities and tourism statisticians to better define and standardise methodological and measurement approaches and practices and to more effectively direct research activities towards new approaches to difficult research questions.
This article shows that much tourism should no longer be seen as marginal and by implication “unnecessary”. Rather, traveling, visiting, and hosting are necessary to social life conducted at-a-distance. It is argued here that research has neglected issues of sociality and corporeal copresence and thereby overlooked how more and more tourism is concerned with (re)producing social networks—with (re)visiting and receiving the hospitality of friends and kin living elsewhere and fulfilling social obligations. The article documents how much tourism is not an isolated “exotic island” but a significant set of relations connecting and reconnecting “disconnected” people in face-to-face proximities where obligations and pleasures can go hand in hand.RésuméRéseaux et tourisme: vie sociale mobile. Cet article montre que le tourisme ne devrait pas être vu comme marginal et donc «inutile». Voyager, rendre visite et recevoir sont plutôt nécessaires à une vie sociale à distance. On soutient que la recherche a négligé les questions de la sociabilité, la co-présence corporelle et le fait que de plus en plus de tourisme est une affaire de (re) produire des réseaux sociaux – de rendre visite et de recevoir l’hospitalité de la famille et des amis qui habitent ailleurs et de remplir des obligations sociales. L’article montre que beaucoup de tourisme n’est pas une «ıˆle exotique» mais un ensemble de relations entre personnes «déconnectées» dans des proximités «face-à-face» où obligations et plaisir peuvent aller de pair.
Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the evolution of tourism data and critically debates future perspective for producers and users of tourism data.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper provides a perspective on tourism data based on selected literature.
Findings
Industry developments, technological changes and novel methodologies have influenced tourism data sources. Closer attention to new data collection methods and novel analytics is required.
Research limitations/implications
A considerate and integrated system of tourism data (statistics, indicators, and big data) shall remain a priority for scholars and practitioners alike.
Practical implications
The thoughtful merging of tourists’ digital traces with industry data, the competences of data analysts and the theoretical strengths of tourism scholars will result in a redesign of the tourism data landscape.
Social implications
This perspective article provides a brief overview of the development and challenges related to the future use of tourism statistics, indicators and big data.
Originality/value
The paper offers a novel vision of tourism data by combining three different but complementary aspects of tourism data.
This book is concerned with the various dimensions of overtourism, including the social and economic impacts of excessive tourism and the management and policy measures to address it. The 10 chapters present case studies contributing to the overtourism discussion from diverse perspectives and contexts including urban, coastal and rural destinations. As an accompaniment to the detailed cases in this volume, four shorter exposés in the form of 'In Focus' contributions are presented.
Is overtourism a new issue in tourism development, or just a new term for an existing phenomenon? The problems caused in some destinations by the increasing growth in tourism have resulted in the recent introduction of the term ‘overtourism’, recalling issues discussed in the literature since the early ‘70s. This paper aims to answer the question of whether overtourism is a novel issue through an initial exploratory study.
City tourism has been booming for years. As a result, the number of tourists per inhabitant increases in many city destinations. This can lead to conflicts over the simultaneous (over-)use of spaces, often referred to as overtourism. Therefore, many studies of over-visited city destinations focus on the social carrying capacity. Whereas many studies investigate one aspect created by overtourism, the present study concentrates on the city as a whole with all its distinct tourist phenomena. Against this background the social carrying capacity of Munich is analyzed by focusing on the perception and evaluation of different forms of tourism in Munich and their specific impact on the daily life of the inhabitants. A survey conducted in 2018 identifies how the inhabitants of Munich perceive different forms of urban tourism, how much they feel disturbed by them and how they react to them, for example by avoiding the identified tourist spaces. The paper outlines that there are different forms of overtourism, and the phenomenon tends to be more complex than the term suggests, and that it is crucial to differentiate between the various forms of urban tourism depending on the number of tourists, their characteristics, and their spatial and temporal distribution.
Even at an early stage, diverse big data have been applied to tourism research and made an amazing improvement. This paper might be the first attempt to present a comprehensive literature review on different types of big data in tourism research. By data sources, the tourism-related big data fall into three primary categories: UGC data (generated by users), including online textual data and online photo data; device data (by devices), including GPS data, mobile roaming data, Bluetooth data, etc.; transaction data (by operations), including web search data, webpage visiting data, online booking data, etc. Carrying different information, different data types address different tourism issues. For each type, a systematical analysis is conducted from the perspectives of research focuses, data characteristics, analytic techniques, major challenges and further directions. This survey facilitates a thorough understanding of this sunrise research and offers valuable insights into its future prospects.
This Regional Spotlight considers the issue of over-tourism and the (ecological) survival of Venice as a destination. In Venice, ecology, economics and culture are inextricably linked to the conflict between human and natural capital. The attempts to neatly arrange the challenges in sustaining the city, convenient categorical interest groups and occasional hostility in implementing policies call for an ambidextrous management approach (exploitation and exploration) instead of the Trexit approach suggested by the anti-tourism movements.
There are legal, political, economic, social, and environmental links between tourism and World Heritage Areas, some straightforward but others controversial. These are examined here as aspects of a long-term, stable, but complicated, relationship. Management of small-scale mobile tourism operations is well established. It includes activities, equipment, timing, numbers, group size, marketing, fees, and permit latency. Management of large-scale fixed-site tourism infrastructure and accommodation involving private equity or operational control is more controversial. It includes legal structure of partnership arrangements, and allocation of revenues, costs, and risks. The relationship framework shows the importance of picking partners carefully and establishing mechanisms for external counseling. Research opportunities include: the marketing value of World Heritage Area (WHA) controversies; the tourism effects of In Danger declarations; funding models; and impact assessment, stakeholder roles, and co-management mechanisms, in different jurisdictions. Quantifying these effects needs large-scale compilation and comparison of case studies.
This study investigates the contribution of tourism to the well-being of island residents. Recent literature on eudaimonic well-being informs the research. A phenomenological approach was used during the field research carried out in small island destinations: the Aeolian Archipelago (Sicily, Italy). Three themes were identified from data analysis. Islanders' narratives document the search for a well-lived life and support the role of tourism in creating opportunities to enrich residents' lives. The results reveal that a eudaimonic approach to the investigation of well-being can offer insights on the connection between tourism and residents´ well-being.
Prague has become a significant tourist destination in Europe over the past 25 years. This development has been rapid and unbalanced. This chapter will deal with the changing socio-spatial patterns of tourism in the historic centre of Prague, with a particular focus on the Royal Way. Based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods (such as in-depth interviews with local residents, an analysis of retail outlets on the Royal Way, and an analysis of secondary statistical data on tourism and economic development in Prague), the changing business activities in the historic centre of Prague and their impact on the local community and tourism itself will be analysed. The findings will show that privatisation, restitution, as well as the absence of tourism management have had a profound impact on tourism in Prague, and have contributed to the creation of a tourist ghetto on the Royal Way.
Based on an extensive literature review, this paper proposes a framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. The framework is composed of four positions, chronologically sequenced according to the dominant understanding of sustainable tourism as a possession or goal. The positions are those of polar opposites, continuum, movement and convergence. The framework offers insights into the development of the sustainable tourism concept and enables identification of an author's approach to the concept.
This paper aims to identify the current challenges facing the sustainable development of island tourism and to develop a new conceptual approach to sustainable development based upon optimisation. The optimisation process for island tourism will be discussed through the development of a new life cycle model — the multifunctional interactive process cycle that is calibrated using a set of 15 island tourism status indicators. The paper also seeks to explain how a complex and dynamic tourism system can be developed that takes a destination towards an optimal sustainable state to satisfy both visitors and the local community. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiple item tourism impact attitude scale (TIAS) was developed in response to the need for standardized measurement of resident attitudes toward tourism development. The scale development process and testing of the scale is described in this paper. The tourism impact literature cites a number of key independent variables that influence attitudes toward tourism. Using the TIAS, a multiple regression model was used to test the effects of these independent variables on resident attitudes toward tourism development in the Columbia River Gorge region of Oregon and Washington, USA. Implications for tourism development and planning are described.RésuméLe développement d'une échelle des attitudes envers l'impact du tourisme. Une échelle des attitudes envers l'impact du tourisme, comprenant plusieurs points, a été développé en réponse au besoin d'un mesurage standardisé des attitudes des habitants envers le développement du tourisme. On décrit le processus pour développer l'échelle et sa mise à l'essai. La documentation sur l'impact du tourisme présente plusieurs variables indépendantes importantes qui influencent les attitudes. Avec l'aide de l'échelle, on analyse, par un modéle de régression multiple, les effets de ces variables indépendants sur les attitudes des habitants envers le développement du tourisme dans la région de la Gorge du Columbia, dans les états d'Orégon et Washington, USA. On discute les implications pour le développement et la plantification du tourisme.
Tourism policy implementation is examined in this paper using a society-centred, relational approach. It considers policy within its societal context, including the economy, governance, politics and culture, and it focuses on exploring the reciprocal interactions affecting tourism policy implementation in Phuket, Thailand. Difficulties in the application of three tourism-related policies are assessed for this island. It is shown how their implementation involved relations and bargaining power between actors pursuing their interests. There were tensions around the state’s various structural roles, the impacts of policies on business performance, local compared with national priorities, local government legitimacy and support, hierarchical policy processes, and patron-client relations. Wider implications for future research on policy implementation are identified in the final discussion.
In 2000, almost 700 million international tourist arrivals were counted worldwide. Even though a global activity of this scale can be assumed to have a substantial impact on the environment, its consequences have never been assessed and quantified. In this contribution, five major aspects of the leisure-related alteration of the environment are investigated: (1) the change of land cover and land use, (2) the use of energy and its associated impacts, (3) the exchange of biota over geographical barriers and the extinction of wild species, (4) the exchange and dispersion of diseases, and (5), a psychological consequence of travel, the changes in the perception and the understanding of the environment initiated by travel.