TEXT ANALYSIS IN THE ARCHITECT'S INTENTION

Abstract

Intention in architecture is a distinctive feature of architectural expertise in design, as it analyzes consciousness by providing us with a description of all the currents of architecture as simultaneous currents that support intellectual awareness. Where the architect intends to intentionally create that text through the use of the vocabulary of the language and the artistic form expressing his design ideas and thus the text embodies the image of life in the architectural consciousness and intentionality is the objective unit that gives harmony and interdependence to the parts of the architectural idea. The meaning of the architectural idea does not emanate from the outcome of the structural and semantic relationships of the expressive text of architecture, but rather is a clear presence on the textual units and its place is the architectural awareness and its reason is the intention of the architect as a whole, so that the research problem is (knowing the role of the architect's intention in analyzing the architectural text) and its goal It is (analyzing the architectural text according to the intention of the architect) by identifying its fields, factors and foundations, and the most important application to selected projects for the postmodern architecture stream.

Full text

TEXT ANALYSIS IN THE ARCHITECT'S INTENTION
Hadel Saad Razoki Al-Mur'ib1, Ahmed A. Rashid Kbah 2,
Ibrahim Jawad Kadim AL-Yousif3
1 Architectural Engineering Department / Al-Muthanna university #1
2 Architectural Engineering Department / Al-Muthanna university #2
3 Architectural Engineering Department / university of Technology #3
ABSTRACT
Intention in architecture is a distinctive feature of architectural expertise in design, as it analyzes
consciousness by providing us with a description of all the currents of architecture as simultaneous
currents that support intellectual awareness.
Where the architect intends to intentionally create that text through the use of the vocabulary of the
language and the artistic form expressing his design ideas and thus the text embodies the image of
life in the architectural consciousness and intentionality is the objective unit that gives harmony and
interdependence to the parts of the architectural idea.
The meaning of the architectural idea does not emanate from the outcome of the structural and
semantic relationships of the expressive text of architecture, but rather is a clear presence on the
textual units and its place is the architectural awareness and its reason is the intention of the architect
as a whole, so that the research problem is (knowing the role of the architect’s intention in analyzing
the architectural text) and its goal It is (analyzing the architectural text according to the intention of
the architect) by identifying its fields, factors and foundations, and the most important application
to selected projects for the postmodern architecture stream.
Keywords:Text, Intention, Architect, Recipient, Shape and Meaning, Theory of Architecture.
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Volume XII, Issue IV, 2020
ISSN No : 1006-7930
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Corresponding Author:
Second Author,
Ahmed A. Rashid Kbah
Architectural Engineering Department,
Al-Muthanna university #2,
Address.
E-mail: ahmed.architect@mu.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
The intention is to give a temporal characteristic of the subject, which means the inclusion of concepts
that express the theory called factors (outside from the field of architecture) and foundations (inside
from the field of architecture) and from here the researcher has to work on increasing the concepts to
reach a more stable state and approach as much as possible from Indeed.
The general elements have images that the researcher sees with a specific purpose from these images.
In order to reach this goal, he needs to delve deeper into each of the factors and foundations in order
to reach a real result, where the ntention is an idea that exists in the human mind, as any idea presented
by the human mind depends on reality and architecture, and it is the product of conscious thought, so
any formal formation created by the architect holds a certain intention.
The intention in architecture is to guide any subject that carries several factors that start with the
language represented by the basic rule in it and move to ideas between minds and then reach the state
of certainty or uncertainty to stand at desire and goal, so the goal of architecture, which is the idea, is
to reach the credibility of the judgment for both the architect and the receiver.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
 The concept of intention and the its most important vocabularies.
 The intention in architecture.
3. Theory/calculation
3.1. the concept of intention: -
Intention: (source), intent (name), feminine name: attributed to intent (psychology) is an attribute of
psychological-directed attitudes, adapted to a near or direct future [1].
It is the tool that used by the architect to reach the goal, and it is a psychological impulse that's tangled,
complicated and interactive with backgrounds within the architect's mind, which the intention is the
purpose as the architect has imagine it, which the idea is just one of the elements.
the intention is a philosophical concept that describe consciousness or thought behind any subject,
which because of its presence it becomes an internal reality or the base of consciousness, reflect its
meaning and its essence for the purpose to reaching its reality [2], and the intention is not new idea, in
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the greek philosophy intention was refer to the ( power of the super spirit), while in medieval
philosophy it was refer to the subjects and psychological phenomena where the first intentions of
thought, obtained by directing towards the subject and realizing it directly, while thinking about these
perceptions is carried out by reference to the thought itself, it is called the second intention and is the
subject of logic as the saint Thomas Aquinas [3] understanding intention as a tool of perception and
consciousness wherever the mind becomes its inner potential affordable to match the fact by absorbed
subject in the idea at the level of sense and mind, [4] To explain the transition of the mind to what's
general and holistic Ockham puts intention term by the thought actions [5], logical and psychological
symbols towards certain topic, while recently, this term has been used by Germans like Brentano and
Husserl [6] [7] where they both sees the aim of intentional theory is to explain and analyze the
association of thought with a topic for explaining the reality of certain subject, and therefore the
speculation of (hussar) within the designedly known as ( Perspicacity ) , like the water footprint can
offer low urban open inexperienced areas [8], so the location of pedestrians crossing and identifying
them from the remainder of the passageway ought to be processed by the variety of surfaces [9] It is
often represented as ineligible and informal. Yet, it can be financially useful to the people UN agency
created it [10] to understand the longer term, one should think about the longer-term at this time, as a
result of “the future exists within the same sense because of the past”[11].
3.1.1. Intentional_ fields, factors and pillages: -
The intention has general logical characteristics that distinguish it and determine its relationship in
human concepts, since the intention is the most knowledgeable about the content of its intent, and it is
the most capable of concealing people, and this self-perception of the nature of intent applies to all
other mental phenomena, which are characterized as a personal perception, it is the criterion that It
was pointed out by Brentano, who confirmed the intentionality of mental phenomena in a fundamental
way, as the mental phenomenon has content in itself, as is confirmed in provisions is something or
denial, and mental phenomena can be combined to this so that the belief is related to something, and
thus mental mental phenomena differ from natural phenomena fundamentally different [12].
3.1.1.1. Area of intention: -
 Linguistic text.
 Phenomena (normal, scientific, historical, political, social issues).
 Mental phenomena (belief, desire, intention, perception).
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3.1.1.2. Intentional factors: -
 Determine the subject area (linguistic, lawful, humanitarian, historical).
 Motivated for creativity.
 Experimentation, explore, design, reconsidering, Entering paths.
3.1.1.3. Pillars of intention: - Intention as an act of: -
 Judgment (which accepts the topic as a reality or approximation of reality and is judged).
 Topic (introductions of results) includes the actual fact that the sphere (linguistic, humanistic,
historical or scientific) through perception (shows the topic before of the mind), knowledge or
extraction (associated with desire or the needs that related to a certain subject).
 Credibility of judgment (for both the architect and the recipient) [13].
3.1.1.4. The intention is split into three teams in terms of: -
 Practical understanding of language.
 Physical composition.
 Intellectual thought as shown in Fig. (1).
The phenomenon in which both the architect and the recipient deals with the possibilities of their
emergence and what is achieved from goals in them is through theories dealing with the subject and
the person and the relationship between them towards the procedures of judgments, and from these
phenomenological theories (phenomenology) that have influenced many philosophical, critical and
aesthetic movements It is a new philosophical activity that invites us to get rid of the prevailing and
prejudices of traditional philosophy.
Phenomenology represents a person’s relationship to a place, such as architecture and environmental
design. It is a mental language that represents the essence of things that relate to feeling and desire as
in Fig. (2) which shows the development that deals with (pillars of intent) subject and man and
therefore the relationship between them towards governance.
Intentional
Process (understanding
of the language)
Multiple ideas and
notebooks
Effect of the sender
Cognition of the
recipient
Formative (physical
presence)
Special purpose
(linking language to
thought) Overall
objective (achieved
need)
Multiple loads to
fortify the product
steady state
Intellectual (presence
of the mind)
Order of ideas
Interaction between
text and recipients
Multiple mental
images to reach the
intention
Figure 1. intentional within its terms, source: - Authors
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Through the foregoing, we find that the act of consciousness is an emotional act that exists for a
conscious thing, that is, to mean the thing for itself (for a special purpose duo), meaning that human
consciousness was understood as a self-awareness first, then for the outside world to represent a closed
awareness (directed to absolute impressions).
As for Husserl's interpretation of the phenomenon, self-awareness is linked intrinsically (subjectively)
to external phenomena, that is, each intentional consciousness is linked to external phenomena.
Hence, the research attempts to approach the intentional cases, the related trends, and the opinion
pillars of the architect and the recipient.
The states of intentionality are those that bear intentional content indicating something or a subject and
appear in a certain form through which the direction of conformity is determined, and that this subject
belongs to the inner intentionality as mental actions, and that the mind is the deep foundation that
derives from the growth of images of intentionality [4] Through Table (1) we draw intentional cases
or anchors and interpolation bands.
Condition of fulfillment of the intentionality
Anchors (intention cases)
1-conscious management use mind and consciousness
1-conscious intention
2-commitmentto responsibility
2- responsibility intention
Subject
Judgment
Phenomenology
Conscious mind
process
Experience-Explore
Transition from
experience to
knowledge (intentional
derivative)
Consciously understand
the subject (intention)
Meaning (self-
separation from subject)
Thinking-
consciousness
Search by symbols
and concepts -
meanings (intentional
intrinsic)
Intention exists in the
process of cognition
Awareness (Self-
Knowing)
Self and subject are
interrelated
Credibility
Figure 2. illustrates the relationship between intent and phenomenology theory, source: - [20]
Table 1. the pillars of intention and the conditions to achieve theme, source: - [4]
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3- target the community of the deed
3-intention intended for recipient
4-freedom for the architect
4- freedom in intention (the second
purpose)
5- an explanation of human behavior
5-intentional perception
6-credibility to judge the subject
6-decision making
3.1.2. issuing judgment to the designer and the recipient: -
The judgment of the architect is by using the language and what its carring-out of signals and pictures
to assist him to chose initial mental judgments on the direction of the certain target, the decision of the
recipient has formed by his language and whats its have of definitive contexts that assist him in mock
approaches in understanding the topic [14].
Therefore, it's clear that the intention is expounded by the utilization of language tags so the sender
succeeds in delivering the message to the recipient, therefore the communication method is subject to
two varieties of intention as per Fig.3.
- The most intent (is to imply identical judgment to the recipient to create the same
judgment)
The architect recipient
- Secondary intent (represents the expression of personal belief in the validity of the content
of the provision .(
Creating judgment recipient The architect
Where the connotations of the communicative destination took two concepts: -
3.1.2.1. Intention in the concept of will:
It affects the decision on the verb, not for its shap, but on its esoteric destinations of the actor, therefore
its must have two destinations: -
 Intention to look for the others.
Figure 3. Understand the message by the recipient, source: - [16]
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 Intention to make others understand well.
which means that the sender has multiple Intentions and that we realize the first and last intention of
him on which the last can’t be true unless the first is already is there, which means that the intention
is representing the caliber of true and false for the actin language [15].
3.1.2.2. Intention in the concept of meaning:
Meanings represent the purposes, which the words were developed to reach the meanings, it's a way
to understand it where the meaning represent what have meant, the meanings differ and vary
according to the link between the intention and also the literal significance of the speech, and that
means that the meanings aren't inherent within the use of the sender of language tools, however, he
uses it to precise his intentions, the intention should be found in the discourse that helps context to be
find [16] .
Therefor the intention which represents the meaning is included into accomplish multiple linguistic
actions inside various contexts and discourse of one linguistic type.
The sender has one main purpose but expressing it in numerous mechanisms, that vary in the way to
refer to it, the intent of the sender from the act of reportage is to push the recipient to create a judgment
by understanding the recipient message once it seems the intent of the sender and also the significance
of claiming isn't separated from the impact, linguistic behavior is one of the patterns of voluntary
behavior, language represents a voluntary act by accept the intent of communication.
Wherever the sender seeks to realize the method of communication through: —
 Generate a psychological development within the recipient.
 Get the recipient to know his indirect purpose.
 Giving the recipient the acknowledge of the indirect intent by giving the justification for the
generation of psychological development, which means that any information on language
systems doesn't enrich the recipient within the exercise of his role and disclosed the intent of
the sender [16].
To reflect the role of the architect's intention in the concept of meaning to contribute to the formation
of discourse and its multiplicity through the multiplicity of interpretations and their difference, the fact
that the discourse may realize its literal meaning but without realizing the significance.
The text does not appear in one form, but rather in different ways that carry the sender's intent and
circumstances, which leads to a disruption of the interpretation strategy from era to age and from
person to person to lead to a dynamic interpretation process [17].
From the preceding, the assembly of any speech between two parties is expounded to the understanding
of the needs of the sender, that crystallizes the link between them, whether intentions refer as well or
intentions refer as meaning: —
 architect→ image (processed by the mind) →language (bearing signals) →thought
(similarities)→preliminary judgment →output.
 recipient →picture →the language (context)→analysis →understands the message →access to
architect intention →Judgment authentication (through the sender's ability to deliver the
message and the extent of understanding the intention of the recipient).
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3.2. intention in architecture: -
The intention isn't simply a particular plan embodied within the work, however, it could be a psychic
motive tangled and sophisticated and interacting with the backgrounds within the mind of the architect,
and its the tool that he uses to reach the the goal, which means that the thought is just one of all its
components, the intent has a context within which it creates the context of the work, but it is linked to
the thought process that falls in the experience of the architectthe intention in design, and the intention
in architecture relies on a group of basic vocabulary divided into primary and basic issues since every
architectureal text results from the interaction of a mixture of ideal, physical, intellectual, spiritual,
psychological, and human factors [18] : —
 Primary issues: which contain the ideal physical factors (natural, technological). Human factors
(society, politics, economics, aesthetic values, architectural movements, ...).
 Basic issues: which contain: -
- Content (intentional mental characteristic).
- Directed or connected.
- The intention of the sender (architect): that one who ensures his work meanings through
symbols and their indications by design aware or unconscious.
- Recipient intention: that one whom meanings transmitted to him through the processes of
perception of the forms that he sees or practices.
- architectural output: The medium through that meanings are sent through symbols and
linguistics pictured by architectural forms, once finished, it'll have a set form with fixed
options.
- Shap and meaning on which the shape (text) as long as its become recognized to become a
way of expression and able to speak the meaning, and even those forms (architectural or
artistic) meant to be neutral or barren of which means and (as claimed by its designers) are
(express) From neutrality and convey an important and clear moral message that embodies
the thought that produced it and the cultural, social or economic reality to which it belongs
[2].
4. RESULTS
THE SHAPE (TEXT) IS THAT THE OUTCOME OF THE INTERACTION OF THE ASSORTED
FACTORS DECIDING THE BRANCH OF THE ARCHITECTURAL FORM, THROUGH
FORMULATION AMONG THE VISION OF THE ARCHITECT, WHICH SUPPLIES IT A
PARTICULAR CHARACTER BELOW THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, WHICH THE
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SPECULATION OF THOSE INFLUENCES ON THE FORM IS SUBJECT TO SEVERAL
FACTORS AND SOPHISTICATED AND MUTUAL INFLUENCE AMONG THEM, AND HAVE
VARIED THROUGHOUT HISTORY IN KEEPING WITH THE READ OF THE ANALYST, IT'S
THE PHYSICAL A PART OF A BRANCH OF ARCHITECTURAL RELATIONSHIP, WHILE THE
MEANS REPRESENTS OF THE SHAPE OF ITS CONTENT, IT'S THE SET OF SENSORY
QUALITIES THAT MIX AND PROVIDES ALTOGETHER WITH THE FORM OF THE ITEM.
IT'S KNOWN AS THE TOTAL OF THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH ONE
ANOTHER, THAT ALL OUTLINE THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTER OF THAT TEXT, THAT
IS MATERIAL THAT MAY BE PERCEIVED BY THE SENSES, THE INTENTION DEALS WITH
THE SHAPE AND MEANING, THE SHAPE IS THAT THE TEXT THAT THE RECIPIENT
REACH IT AND INEVITABLE OF ITS EXISTENCE, AND REPRESENTS THE FIRST IMAGE
THAT THE RECIPIENT CONCERN THE INTENT OF THE THOUGHT SENT BY THE
ARCHITECT AND THE MAIN INSTRUMENT USED TO REACH THE GOAL [17].
5. Discussion
The meaning represents the second image that the recipient can raise regarding the thought meant by
the architect, it's one among the essential parts of the representation ( is an entire meaning which relies
on the knowledge where the one doesn't represent the mental images that he is aware of to an exact
beause the mental image cannot exist without the knowledge that composes it, from the preceding, we
discover that the shape (text) is the base that with its intellectual aspects the recipient moves towards
the meanings which they are goals that he aims at, as the movement of the recipient by using the goals
that represent the meanings promoted by the architect towards the forms, within the two processes the
movement is starts from (reality with its multiple forms) to ( the mind and the similarity depending on
the perception), which means the reality, the apparent senses and so the inner senses or movement of
mind and what the recipient thinks to point his intent towards reality and all its forms, and between the
intention of the architect and the recipient, the probabilities involves which increase the quality of the
rule by increasing the possibilities that can be happend.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Through the analysis of this article from the areas of intention and its factors, pillars (primary issues
— main issues), which reach a collection of indicators that the analysis can apply to the architectural
movements (modernity — Postmodernism and deconstruction) through a set of examples to extend
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the reliability and comparison between levels of data of shapes, meanings, and concepts for the
architect, the recipient and also the product itself.
Psychological, social and historical aspects
1-Axes
primary
in term of being phenomenal (normal, scientific,
historic, political, social)
2-phenomenon
linguistic, historical, the power of soul and belief
3- subject area
Single, dual, multi-use (experimentation, exploration,
reconsideration, entry in the paths)
1-oreantation
main
characteristic of mental representation
2-mental phenomenon
intentionally expressing the personal belief
3-sender intention
(architect)
includes interpretation
4- receiver intention
(recipient)
the first image that the recipient creates for the intention
of the idea of the architect
5- shape
the second picture that the recipient of the idea by the
existence of knowledge
6- meaning
honestly by believing of both of the architect and the
recipient
7- credibility to judgment
Multiple thoughts and factors (sending effect, awareness
of the recipient)
1-language understanding
Intentional
levels
Achieving a need, Output Immunization (Variable
Constant)
2-intellectual→arrange
ideas for interaction
between text and
recipients
Arrangement of ideas (interpretation, interaction
between text and its recipients, multiple mental images)
3- formative
6.1. Application to a number of architectural projects: -
6.1.1. Modernist Architecture (The Siegram Building is a skyscraper located in Manhattan,
New York City for the German architect Ludwig Mies van der Roh
 Project description: -
With a height of 515 feet (157 meters) and has thirty-eight floors, construction was completed
in 1958, the Siegram Tower stands in a concert of the aesthetic examples and masterpiece
of correctness The Siegram Tower is intended in a world vogue and has absolutely mirrored to
a trendy design, giving clear options of its exterior structure utilized in steel and glass
construction, Mies wished that The Siegram Tower to be absolutely be a uniform within and
out, therefore the interior decorations were arranged to go into complete harmony with the
outside structure of the building in order that Mies objected to the planning of the window
Table 2. the most important issues and indicator and the theory of intention, source: - Authors
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curtains from the within thus it absolutely was replaced, Siegram Tower was thought-about the
foremost high price building within the world at the time, because of the employment of high
price materials for its construction, with materials used for interior decoration including bronze
and brown rocks and marble, Seagram Tower has become a logo of the growing power of the
international companies.
Figure 5. show the present of Siegram Tower in
New York building Source:- [23]
Figure 4. show the past of Siegram Tower in
New York building Source:- [19]
From the psychological aspect, it neglected the
psychological function of the human being and considered it
an abstract being (just a number within the buildings), as
well as neglected the social aspects, characterized by
interruption with history and the past.
1-Axes
primary
A phenomenon that represented the present and the future,
as time moves in a linear fashion.
2-phenomenon
As for the strength of spirit and belief, it has followed a little
principle that means a lot.
3-subject area
It was represented as being one-way (neglecting factors and
relying on one pole to think) adopted the principle of either
this or that as adopted - the concept of science and order.
1-oreantation
main
Table 3. Indicates the application of indicators on the modernity period through the Siegram building, source: -
Authors
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The property of mental representation where excessive
simplicity leads to boring - clarity - non-symbolic -
separation of functions - inclusivity.
2-mental
phenomenon
we neglected the recipient (lack of message for the
recipient), neglecting the speech of form, and meeting the
needs and desires of the job only.
3-sender intention
(architect)
Because of the extreme simplicity and complete clarity of
appearance, interpretations are almost nonexistent by the
recipient.
4-receiver intention
(recipient)
Shapes were standardized and stripped of all details.
5- shape
The meaning is one and constant.
6- meaning
(Truthfulness to believe, the fulfillment of desires, the
fulfillment of purposes) for both the architect and the
recipient.
7- credibility to
judgment
The lack of interpretations, the language is one and stable.
1-language
understanding
Intentional
levels
The output is stable and meets functional need.
2-
intellectual→arrange
ideas for interaction
between text and
recipients
Lack of interaction between the text and its recipients - lack
of mental images due to clarity, simplicity, lack of detail
and adornment.
3- formative
6.1.2. Past modern architecture (Pyramid of the louver museum in France): -
 Project Description
The Louvre Pyramid (Pyramid Louvre) may be a glass pyramid with a metal structure, it's
encircled by 3 smaller pyramids, within the main grounds (Cour Napoleon) of the Louvre in
Paris, the largest Pyramid is the entrance to the Louvre, it was completed in 1989 and has
become a landmark of the town of Paris, the structure, engineered internally with glass strips,
reaches a height of 26 meters (about 85.30 feet); its base is very large, and its facade is thirty-
five meters (115 feet (35 m)), It consists of 603 elements and 70 glass items within the type
of slices, the architect selected to create a glass pyramid, encircled by fountains, within the
heart of the “Core Napoleon”, on which it is that the new main gate of the Louvre Museum,
the importance of the pyramid and also the main vestibule underground lies in meeting of
what arising from the daily flow of holidaymakers and facilitating movement, wherever guests
enter the pyramid into an outsized hall tell the different sections of the repository, but still the
most entrance was unable to realize, that they believed on this renovation was out of the
standard, it failed to work the Louvre with its classical grounds, however, later the building
was accepted and it absolutely was a made mixture of ancient and trendy design.
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Figure 7. shows the interior of the pyramid
of the Louvre in Paris Source: - [22]
Figure 6. shows the exterior of the pyramid of the
Louvre in Paris Source: - [21]
From the psychological aspect, it has paying attention to the past
and the present, she paid attention to the historical aspect, as she
communicated with the past and history.
1-Axes
primary
Phenomenon representing the past, present and future (rotational
time).
2-phenomenon
It was characterized by humility and interest in urban spaces. It
was characterized by spiritual strength and a return to tradition
And the use of language.
3-subject area
Two-way guidance adopted the principle of both together.
1-oreantation
main
Mental representation feature / use of representation - complexity
- ambiguity - contradiction - pluralism - fragmentation -
formalism.
2-mental
phenomenon
There is a message between the architect and the receiver)
multiplicity of readings - interest in form and function - mixing
jobs - using manipulation.
3-sender intention
(architect)
Complexity, ambiguity and pluralism, multiple interpretations by
the recipient, there is a language of dialogue between the architect
and the recipient.
4-receiver
intention
(recipient)
Use the shape after changing it, symbolism, shattering the system.
5- shape
Multiple meanings use simulation, strangeness, and uniqueness.
6- meaning
(Truthfulness to believe, the fulfillment of desires, the fulfillment
of purposes) for both the architect and the recipient.
7-credibility to
judgment
Multiple interpretations of language.
1-language
understanding
Intention
al levels
Table 4. the application of the indicators of the postmodern period is illustrated by the building of the
pyramid of the louvre in Paris, source: - Authors
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The output is variable, including mixing jobs.
2-intellectual
→arrange ideas
for interaction
between text and
recipients
Interaction between text and recipient - multiple mental images.
3- formative
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This artical was supported by Al-Muthanna University who provided insight and experience that
greatly power-assisted the research, we might convey conjointly the three “anonymous” reviewers for
his or her supposed insights.
8. References
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[3]
D. Monk, Thomas Aquinas, 1225 - 1274.
[4]
S. Ismail, Philosophy of Mind / A Study in the Philosophy of John Searle, Cairo, Egypt: Dar
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[5]
T. A. D. S. a. A. William Okami, William of Ockham, 1288 - 1348.
[6]
F. C. O. H. Brentano, German: Hermann Brentano, 1838 - 1917.
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Volume XII, Issue IV, 2020
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 4418