Temporal variation of ambient particulate matter in Chattogram City, Bangladesh

Abstract

Introduction: Chattogram is known as the Bangladesh’s commercial capital with its diversified industrial areas and seaport. This study aimed to assess the Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in relation to meteorological characteristics in Chattogram city from 2013-2018.
Materials and methods: Monthly PM2.5 and PM10 data were collected from the Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS) in Chattogram City (Agrabad Point) which is operated by the Department of Environment (DoE) of Bangladesh under the Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) project.
Results: This Study found the higher concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 occurred from December to February and it decreases from July-September and begins to increase from the month of October. The PM values seasonally varied being higher during the winter seasons and decreased in rainy seasons. The PM2.5 mass was detected 50% of that of PM10 which is mostly from biomass burn and vehicles activities. Meteorological parameters such as rainfall and humidity had strong inverse relation with both PM2.5 and PM10 over the years.
Conclusion: The Study found the average annual concentration of PM2.5 was 5-6 times higher and PM10 was 3 times higher than Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS) in Chattogram city over this six year period. It can be concluded that the air pollution in Dhaka city is deteriorating rapidly and it is high time to implement the clean air act urgently to reduce such destruction.

Full text

Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Winter 2020); 5(1): 33-42
Original Article
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
nayeem@stamforduniversity.edu.bd
Tel: +8801815622852
Fax: +8801815622852
ABSTRACT:
Introduction: Chattogram is known as the Bangladesh’s commercial capital
with its diversied industrial areas and seaport. This study aimed to assess the
Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in relation to meteorological characteris-
tics in Chattogram city from 2013-2018.
Materials and methods: Monthly PM2.5 and PM10 data were collected from
the Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS) in Chattogram City (Agrabad
Point) which is operated by the Department of Environment (DoE) of Ban-
gladesh under the Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) project.
Results: This Study found the higher concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10
occurred from December to February and it decreases from July-September
and begins to increase from the month of October. The PM values seasonally
varied being higher during the winter seasons and decreased in rainy seasons.
The PM2.5 mass was detected 50% of that of PM10 which is mostly from bio-
mass burn and vehicles activities. Meteorological parameters such as rainfall
and humidity had strong inverse relation with both PM2.5 and PM10 over the
years.
Conclusion: The Study found the average annual concentration of PM2.5 was
5-6 times higher and PM10 was 3 times higher than Bangladesh National Am-
bient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS) in Chattogram city over this six year
period. It can be concluded that the air pollution in Dhaka city is deteriorating
rapidly and it is high time to implement the clean air act urgently to reduce
such destruction.
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Article Chronology:
Received 15 January 2020
Revised 29 February 2020
Accepted 20 March 2020
Published 29 March 2020
Keywords:
Particulate matter; Seasonal variation;
Ratio; Metrological characteristics
Available online at http://japh.tums.ac.ir
Temporal variation of ambient particulate matter in Chattogram City,
Bangladesh
Ahmad Kamruzzaman Majumder1, Abdullah Al Nayeem1,*, Md Nasir Ahmmed Patoary1, William S. Carter2
1 Center for Atmospheric Pollution Studies (CAPS), Department of Environmental Science, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dha-
ka-1209, Bangladesh
2 The University of Findlay, College of Sciences, Department of Environmental Safety and Health Management, Ohio, USA
Introduction
Ambient air pollution in urban areas is a major
concern for many developing countries in the
worldwide [1]. There are many sources includ-
ing construction activities, brick kilns, vehicles,
trash burning, open waste dumping, industrial
emissions and road dust are responsible for air
pollution in urban areas [2, 3]. These sources
contribute various air pollutants such as Sulfur
dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone
(O3), Particulate Matte (PM2.5 and PM10), Car-
bon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon dioxide (CO2).
Among these pollutants PM2.5 (an aerodynamic
diameter of 2.5 µm or less) and PM10 (an aero-
dynamic diameter of 10 µm or less) cause an
adverse effect on human health [4]. Dhaka,
Please cite this article as: Kamruzzaman Majumder A, Nayeem AA, Patoary NA, Carter WS. Temporal variation of ambient
particulate matter in Chattogram City, Bangladesh. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2020; 5(1): 33-42.

A. Kamruzzaman Majumder, et al. Temporal variation of ambient …
34
http://japh.tums.ac.ir
Chattogram, Narayanganj and other cities in
Bangladesh have experienced some of the high-
est PM concentrations in the world [5-8]. Brick
kilns and motor vehicles are the most common
sources of ne particulate matter (≤PM2.5) while
construction activities and road dust generates
the coarse particulate matter (≤PM10) in urban
areas of Bangladesh including Chattogram city
[9]. Industrial zones are inside of this city which
have potential threat to the overall air quality of
Chattogram. The largely uncontrolled steel mills
and some cement factories are located within
commercial and residential areas, resulting in
substantial PM exposure to the residents of those
areas [5]. The Government of Bangladesh with
the nancial assistance from the World Bank
has implemented the Clean Air and Sustainable
Environment (CASE) project with a view to im-
prove the air quality in the urban areas of the
country. This study reviewed the monitoring of
PM from 2013 to 2018 in Chattogram city.
Materials and methods
Site descriptions
Chattogram city is situated between 22°14’-
22°24’ N Latitude and 91°46’-91°53’ E Longi-
tude on the right bank of Karnafuli river (Fig. 1).
Old and worn out commercial vehicles travel the
major road network from the port area northward
towards the industrial areas [9]. Some recent
development projects such as yover, road con-
struction and industrial projects are going on in
this city. The CAMS is located at the CDA resi-
dential area near the “Hatekhary” School. The
sampling inlets are placed on the at roof of the
CAMS shelter, about 7 m above the ground and
the intake nozzle of the sampler is located 1.8 m
above the roof with good natural ventilation [10].
Fig. 1. Map of the study area

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Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Winter 2020); 5(1): 33-42
Data collection and analysis
Average monthly PM and meteorological data
were collected from CAMS-07 (Agrabad R/A,
CDA, Chittagong) operated by Department of
Environment (DoE) under the project of Clean
Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE). The
beta gauge instrument measures the volume of air
extracted through the stack/duct for each sample
interval and calculates mass concentration in the
specied units (e.g., µg/m3). More information
on data collection procedures are available on
the CASE website: http://case.doe.gov.bd/. All
collected data was analyzed using the Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS 20). Microsoft
Excel was also used for data presentation as well
as for making tables and graphs.
Results and discussion
Monthly and Seasonal Concentration of Par-
ticulate Matter
The Average monthly concentration of PM2.5 and
PM10 in Chattogram city are shown in Figs. 2 &
3. The monthly mean concentration (January>Fe
bruary>December>November) of both PM2.5 and
PM10 exceeded the BNAAQS (PM2.5: 65 µg/m3,
PM10: 150 µg/m3) for 24 h. This study found the
higher concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 oc-
curred from December to February. PM concen-
tration decreases from July-September and be-
gins to increase from the month of October. The
PM2.5 concentration decreased in 2018 compared
to previous years while PM10 has peaked in 2018.
A number of construction activities have occurred
over the past 3-4 years ago in this city which at-
tributes to high concentration of coarse particles
(PM10). It was shown in a study that about 40% of
PM2.5–10 mass comes from soil dust including road
dust in Chattogram city [5].
Annual mean concentration of PM2.5 found to
be 71 µg/m3, 76.5 µg/m3, 75.4 µg/m3, 63.9 µg/
m3, 51.1 µg/m3 and 57.2 µg/m3 from 2013-2018
respectively (Fig. 4) exceeding 3-4 times the
NAAQS (15 µg/m3) and 5-6 times higher than
World Health Organization (WHO) (10 µg/m3)
standard. In addition, PM10 was 123 µg/m3, 128
µg/m3, 117.3 µg/m3, 113.4 µg/m3, 119.6 µg/m3,
164.4 µg/m3 from 2013-2018 respectively ex-
ceeding 2-3 times the BNAAQS and 5-6 times
higher than WHO standard. It was found in a
study that, yearly average PM10 and PM2.5 con-
centrations based on 2013 and 2014 scenario in
Dhaka,Gazipur and Narayanganj city of Bangla-
desh were about three and six times higher than
the national BNAAQS respectively [11].
4
of air extracted through the stack/duct for each sample interval and calculates mass
concentration in the specified units (e.g., µg/m3). More information on data collection
procedures are available on the CASE website: http://case.doe.gov.bd/. All collected data was
analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 20). Microsoft Excel was
also used for data presentation as well as for making tables and graphs.
Results and discussion
Monthly and Seasonal Concentration of Particulate Matter
The Average monthly concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in Chattogram city are shown in Figs.
2 & 3. The monthly mean concentration (January>February>December>November) of both
PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the BNAAQS (PM2.5: 65 µg/m3, PM10: 150 µg/m3) for 24 h. This
study found the higher concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 occurred from December to
February. PM concentration decreases from July-September and begins to increase from the
month of October. The PM2.5 concentration decreased in 2018 compared to previous years
while PM10 has peaked in 2018. A number of construction activities have occurred over the
past 3-4 years ago in this city which attributes to high concentration of coarse particles
(PM10). It was shown in a study that about 40% of PM2.5–10 mass comes from soil dust
including road dust in Chattogram city [5].
Fig. 2. Monthly Variation of PM2.5 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram City
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Concentration µg/m3
Month
Monthly Concentration of PM2.5 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Fig. 2. Monthly Variation of PM2.5 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram City

A. Kamruzzaman Majumder, et al. Temporal variation of ambient …
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Fig. 4. Annual concentration of PM from 2013-2018 in Chattogram
Fig. 3. Monthly variation of PM10 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram City
Fig. 5. Seasonal variation of PM2.5 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Concentration µg/m3
Month
Monthly Concentration of PM10 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Concentration µg/m3
Year
Annual Concentration of PM from 2013-2018 in Chattogram City
PM2.5
PM10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Concen1tration µg/m3
Year
Seasonal Variation of PM2.5 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram City
Pre-Monsoon
Monsoon
Post-Monsoon
Winter

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Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Winter 2020); 5(1): 33-42
Fig. 6. Seasonal variation of PM10 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Concen1tration µg/m3
Year
Seasonal Variation of PM10 from 2013-2018 in Chattogram City
Pre-Monsoon
Monsoon
Post-Monsoon
Winter
When the rainfall and wind speed is high, espe-
cially in monsoon period, the concentration of
PM2.5 and PM10 goes down [12]. Strong seasonal
patterns were detected and the maximum concen-
tration of PM was observed during winter time
(Figs. 5 and 6). With the relatively low tempera-
tures and low rainfall in winter and premonsoon,
the mixing height becomes lower and the par-
ticulate matter is trapped nearer to ground level
resulting to increase the PM concentration in the
air. Besides, High emissions from brick kiln in-
dustries, vehicles emissions and road dust are
thought to contribute to the increased PM con-
centrations especially in winter season [9]. Maxi-
mum concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 was found
150.6 µg/m3 in 2013 and 259.4 µg/m3 in 2018 re-
spectively during the winter season. Study found
the high peaks concentration of particulate matter
during the winter are caused by seasonal uctua-
tions of the emissions and meteorological effects
including wind direction and mixed layer heights
[6].
Relationship and mass ratio between PM2.5 and
PM10
Fig. 7 showed the monthly PM10 and PM2.5 con-
centration are strongly correlated (R2=0.88) in
Chattogram city over the 2013-2018. The result
indicates that, ne particles and coarse particles
are increased by parallel way over the year. Sev-
eral studies in Bangladesh and abroad found the
positive and strong relationship between the PM
fractions [13-17]. Study has been found the posi-
tive relationship (R2 = 0.82) in Dhaka city during
2002-2005 [13].
The seasonal average PM ratio calculated to be
0.50 (Table 1). The highest ratio was observed in
winter season (0.56) followed by the post-mon-
soon season (0.52). The lowest ratio was found
during monsoon season (0.45) which indicates
the inuence of rainfall, wind direction, humid-
ity and temperature. Fig. 8 shows that PM2.5 frac-
tion decreases during rainy months especially in
April to August to 50% of that of PM10 and in-
creases during post monsoon and winter months.
The major sources contributing to the coarse PM
fraction are soil dust including suspended soil,
road dust and construction activities combined
account for 64% of the observed coarse mass in
Chttaogram city [9]. In addition, brick kilns, old
vehicles and biomass burning are found to be the
major contributors for ne PM.

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Fig. 7. Relationship between PM10 and PM2.5
8
The seasonal average PM ratio calculated to be 0.50 (Table 1). The highest ratio was
observed in winter season (0.56) followed by the post-monsoon season (0.52). The lowest
ratio was found during monsoon season (0.45) which indicates the influence of rainfall, wind
direction, humidity and temperature. Fig. 8 shows that PM
2.5
fraction decreases during rainy
months especially in April to August to 50% of that of PM
10
and increases during post
monsoon and winter months. The major sources contributing to the coarse PM fraction are
soil dust including suspended soil, road dust and construction activities combined account for
64% of the observed coarse mass in Chttaogram city [9]. In addition, brick kilns, old vehicles
and biomass burning are found to be the major contributors for fine PM.
Table 1. Particulate matter ratio in different season since 2013-2018 in Chattogram City
Season PM
2.5
/PM
10
STD
Pre-Monsoon (March-May) 0.47 0.08563
Monsoon (June-September) 0.45 0.14723
Post-Monsoon (October-November) 0.52 0.21743
Winter (December-February) 0.56 0.12531
Total (2013-2018) 0.50 0.15519
Fig. 8. Ratio between PM10 and PM2. 5 in Chatttogram City
Correlation between PM and meteorological parameters
Table 2 indicates the correlation between PM and meteorological parameters from
2013-2018. It was observed that, both PM
2.5
and PM
10
had the strongly inverse relationship
Table 1. Particulate matter ratio in different season since 2013-2018 in Chattogram City
Fig. 8. Ratio between PM10 and PM2.5 in Chatttogram City
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ratio
Month
Average Monthly Variation of PM2.5/PM10 in 2013-2018

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Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Winter 2020); 5(1): 33-42
Correlation between PM and meteorological
parameters
Table 2 indicates the correlation between
PM and meteorological parameters from
2013-2018. It was observed that, both PM2.5 and
PM10 had the strongly inverse relationship with
humidity. That means when the annual average
humidity rate increases the concentration of par-
ticles decrease. The temperature has an inuence
on humidity in atmosphere. This study also found
the strongly negative relationship among temper-
ature and particles. Besides, rainfall always attri-
butes to combat the pollution level from atmo-
sphere especially in monsoon season. This study
observed the same results though in the year of
2015 the relation was not signicantly strong with
PM. Fig. 9 presented the seasonal relationship
between PM and Meteorological parameters in
Chattogram city. Humidity, temperature and rain-
fall have also the seasonal inuence and it shows
the all selected parameters had negative relation
with different seasons. It indicates that, when the
humidity and temperature increases especially
in monsoon seasons the particles concentration
decreases signicantly. In addition, monsoon
seasons had the highest rainfall rate which also
contributes to drop the particles concentration.
Eventually, winter seasons had the highest con-
centration of PM due to low temperature, humid-
ity and rainfall rate.
Table 2. Correlation with PM and meteorological parameters
9
with humidity. That means when the annual average humidity rate increases the
concentration of particles decrease. The temperature has an influence on humidity in
atmosphere. This study also found the strongly negative relationship among temperature and
particles. Besides, rainfall always attributes to combat the pollution level from atmosphere
especially in monsoon season. This study observed the same results though in the year of
2015 the relation was not significantly strong with PM. Fig. 9 presented the seasonal
relationship between PM and Meteorological parameters in Chattogram city. Humidity,
temperature and rainfall have also the seasonal influence and it shows the all selected
parameters had negative relation with different seasons. It indicates that, when the humidity
and temperature increases especially in monsoon seasons the particles concentration
decreases significantly. In addition, monsoon seasons had the highest rainfall rate which also
contributes to drop the particles concentration. Eventually, winter seasons had the highest
concentration of PM due to low temperature, humidity and rainfall rate.
Table 2.Correlation with PM and meteorological parameters
Year PM2.5 PM10 Humidity Temp. Rainfall
2013
PM2.5 Pearson Correlation 1 .982
**
-.802
**
-.947
**
-.691
*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000 .002 .000 .013
PM10 Pearson Correlation .982** 1 -.874** -.884** -.723**
Sig. (2
-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.008
2014
PM2.5 Pearson Correlation 1 .972** -.909** -.850** -.622*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000 .000 .000 .031
PM10
Pearson Correlation
.972
**
1
-
.920
**
-
.742
**
-
.646
*
Sig. (2
-
tailed)
.000
.000
.006
.023
2015
PM2.5 Pearson Correlation 1 .983** -.729** -.928**
-.575
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000 .007 .000 .050
PM10 Pearson Correlation .983
**
1 -.780
**
-.879
**
-.567
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
.003 .000 .055
2016
PM2.5 Pearson Correlation 1 .988
**
-.808
**
-.919
**
-.767
**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000 .001 .000 .004
PM10 Pearson Correlation .988
**
1 -.879
**
-.868
**
-.822
**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
.000 .000 .001
2017
PM2.5 Pearson Correlation 1 .904
**
-.948
**
-.802
**
-.658
*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000 .000 .002 .020
PM10 Pearson Correlation .904
**
1 -.929
**
-.886
**
-.807
**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
.000 .000 .002
2018
PM2.5 Pearson Correlation 1 .866
**
-.879
**
-.845 -.765
**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000 .000 .001 .004
PM10 Pearson Correlation .866** 1 -.948** -.824 -.882**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
.000 .001 .000
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

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Fig. 9. Seasonal relation between PM and Meteorological parameters

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Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Winter 2020); 5(1): 33-42
Conclusion
Chattogram City is experiencing enormous
problems due to worst air pollution. PM10 con-
centration gradually increased since 2013 to
2018 while the major contributing sources of
this coarse particle in Chattogram city are con-
struction activities, vehicles emission and road
dust [9]. However, PM2.5 has decreased in 2017
compared to previous year though it increases
again in 2018. Both seasonal PM10 and PM2.5
concentration were below or close to BNAAQS
and WHO standard during the monsoon season
whereas it exceeded during rest of the season
in a year. The Study denotes a relationship be-
tween PM10 and PM2.5 in Chattogram city for the
years of 2013-2018. Average PM2.5/PM10 ratio
were .50 which indicates that, PM2.5 mass was
detected 50% of that of PM10 in Chattogram city.
Improvement of public transport system and up-
gradation of mass transportation may contribute
to combat air pollution in Chattogram city as be-
cause a number old vehicles largely contribute
to declined overall air pollution in Chattogram
city. Enforcing the existing regulations and poli-
cies, such as the ban of traditional high pollut-
ing kilns or alternative use of re brick such as
sand brick could be effective steps to reducing
the air pollution in Chattogram city. In addition,
Government of Bangladesh should implement
the clean air act as early as possible to combat
this pollution.
Financial supports
This study was supported by Center for Atmo-
spheric Pollution Studies (CAPS).
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Department of Envi-
ronment (DoE), Ministry of Environment. Forest
and Climate Change, People’s Republic of Ban-
gladesh.
Ethical considerations
Ethical issues have been completely observed by
the authors.
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