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Quality of Life of Adolescent
(Korean Pop fans)
Nurul Aini Safithri
Faculty of Psychology Tarumanagara
University Jakarta, Indonesia
nurulsafithri@gmail.com
Riana Sahrani
Faculty of Psychology Tarumanagara
University Jakarta, Indonesia
rianas@fpsi.untar.ac.id
Debora Basaria
Faculty of Psychology Tarumanagara
University Jakarta, Indonesia
deborab@fpsi.untar.ac.id
Abstract— One of the phenomena of idolizing celebrities
in adolescents who are widely discussed in Indonesia is Korean
Pop or K-Pop. Based on previous research, high level of
celebrity worship is directly proportional to the decrease in
quality of life. But the current phenomenon shows that
adolescents who become K-Pop fans have a lot of positive
effects instead. This study aims to see quality of life in
adolescents who become celebrity worship of Korean Pop.
Participants in this study were 640 adolescents (11 to 20 years
old) who idolized K-Pop celebrities. Data retrieval uses
purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. This
study uses measuring instruments that is WHOQOL-BREF
Indonesia version adapted from Purba (2016) to measure
quality of life, and also the translated version of Celebrity
Attitude Scale (CAS) from Maltby et al. (2006). The results of
this study indicate that adolescents who become celebrity
worship Korean Pop have relatively good quality of life
(M=50.98-65.24) in each dimensions: physical health,
psychological, social relations, and environment, even though
they are at high level of celebrity worship. Factors such as
positive influence from idolized celebrities and reasons from
idolizing celebrities also influence the results in this study.
Keywords: quality of life, celebrity worship, Korean pop,
adolescent
I.
INTRODUCTION
Quality of life is one of the topics that interesting to
be
studied. Not only experts, but individuals, communities,
and
governments trying to find and maintain ways to
improve
the quality of life along with the rapid
development of the
times [1]. The WHOQOL Group in
The WHOQOL Group
[2] defines quality of life as an
individual's perception of his
life in a cultural and belief
context and deals with their
goals, expectations,
standards and interests. This definition
is a broad concept
that is influenced by physical health,
mental status,
degree of independence, social relations, and
relationships
with prominent aspects of their environment.
However,
unfortunately, research on the quality of life for
adolescents is still relatively small. Wallander et al. in Shek,
Chan, and Lee [3] revealed that of the 20,000 published
research articles, only about 13% discussed teenagers.
Nonetheless in adolescence there were interesting changes
for further research. These changes occur from changes in
sexual function to abstract thinking processes [4].
Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood
to
adulthood which includes major changes in physical,
cognitive, emotional, and social and influenced by
socio-
economic and cultural conditions [5]. In adolescent
life, there
is a trend phenomenon that continues to
develop as times
change. One trend that is closely related
to adolescent life is
music trends. In its development,
music trends among
adolescents have become more than
just fond of music.
Culture, lifestyle, and the way to dress for popular
music
artists are also followed by adolescents as if the
music artist
is their ideal figure [6]. Yue and Cheung
pointed out that
making celebrities as role models is a
natural part of
adolescent development [7]. Adolescents
will always look
for an example that they find interesting
and can make them
get higher self-esteem [8].
This behavior is in accordance with one of the
psychological constructs, that is modeling. Bandura
argues
that modeling is a learning process that involves
observing a
behavior and combining several observations
of the behavior
carried out by the model or figure who is
considered an ideal
figure [9]. Modeling of celebrities is
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 439
Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences
and Humanities (TICASH 2019)
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL.
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not only done by
equating the style of dress or hairstyle.
In a more extreme
example, many adolescents are up to
their daily habits, such
as speaking style, language use
during speech, to body
gestures [10]. This modeling
behavior is a behavior that can
be found in the process
of developing self-identity in
adolescents. This is in line
with Erikson's theory of the main
tasks of adolescent
psychosocial development, that is identity
versus identity
confusion [5].
In Indonesia alone the phenomenon of adolescents'
preference for certain celebrities is no longer a new
thing.
One phenomenon that is quite interesting to study
further is
the phenomenon of Korean pop or better
known as K-pop.
Around 2011, the K-pop industry
began to glance at the
market potential in Indonesia
[11]. A K-pop group, Super
Junior, concert titled Super
Show 4 in April 2012 is a great
momentum that marks
the explosion of K-pop fever in
Indonesia [11]. This K-
pop explosion became an
extraordinary event for
generations whose teenage years
coincided with the
entry of K-pop culture into Indonesia,
which was
around 2011 to 2012.
"Hallyu" or "Korean wave" is a term given to the
spread
of Korean pop culture globally in various
countries in the world, including in Indonesia, or briefly
refers to the
globalization of Korean culture [12].
Based on a survey
conducted by Kumparan [13] to 100
K-pop fans. As a result,
around 57 percent of them are in
their teens and early
adulthood, 12-20 years. While 42
percent of fans are 21-30
years old, with one percent
of them aged over 30 years.
Based on the survey, it can
be said that the majority of K-pop
fans in Indonesia are
teenagers and earlyadults.
Fans are individuals who enthusiastically enjoy
something, such as singers, celebrities, or athletes. Fans
come from Latin words, fanaticus which means crazy
inspiration [14]. In Indonesia, K-pop loyal fans have
grown
dramatically, especially among high school
students. The
large number of fans makes them form a
fan base or more
often called fandom. Fandom usually
uses social media to
communicate with each other, they
also have a routine
agenda to meet each other in events
such as gatherings, both
on a small scale and large scale
[15]. Small-scale gathering is
generally attended by 20-70
K-Pop lovers, while large-scale
gatherings can reach 200
people [16].
Activities that favor celebrities are a natural thing
for
adolescents, but can cause problems if they are too
excessive
so that obsessive behavior appears. In the
phenomenon of K-
pop fans, this obsessive behavior can
be seen from buying a
huge number of music albums or
idol merchandise, forcing
yourself to always update the
latest info about his idol
through social media, and stay in
the tent before his idol
concert to get the front line. This
extreme behavior is not
only done by individuals, but
also in a group. One of the
most recent things happened
was when K-pop fans attacked
an Indonesia public figure
who talked bad about K-pop
celebrities by leaving rude
comments on the public figure’s
social media [17].
If it continues, this obsessive behavior can develop into
celebrity worship. Celebrity worship can be interpreted as a
form of abnormal parasocial relations, where individuals
become very obsessed virtually with one or more celebrities
[18]. This obsession is demonstrated through individual
behavior to always be involved in every celebrity's life, so
that it is carried away in everyday life [18]. According to
McCutcheon, there are three levels in the behavior of
celebrity worship. The lowest level is called social
entertainment, the middle level is called intense-personal,
and the most severe level is called borderline pathological
[18].
The lowest level in celebrity worship has social-
entertainment value and includes behaviors such as, "My
friend and I like to talk about the celebrities we like" or "I
like to study the life history of my favorite celebrities." This
level reflects the social aspects of celebrity worship. Stever
in Maltby et al. [18] observed that fans felt attracted to their
favorite celebrities because they had the ability to entertain
and attract fans' attention. The intermediate level in celebrity
worship is characterized by more intense feelings from fans.
This level includes behaviors such as, "I feel my favorite
celebrity is my soulmate" or "I think of my favorite celebrity
over and over again, even though I don't want to think about
it". This level reflects the intense and compulsive feelings of
fans of the celebrities he likes [18]. Meanwhile, the most
extreme level in celebrity worship can be exemplified
through behaviors such as, "If I am lucky to be able to meet
my favorite celebrity and they invite me to do something
illegal, I will gladly do it". This behavior reflects the social
pathology of individuals who experience cases of celebrity
worship [18].
Research shows that the higher the level of
celebrity
worship, the worse the level of individual mental
well-being.
More specifically, individuals who have the
highest level of
celebrity worship, borderline pathological
levels, have higher
levels of anxiety and depression [14]. In
addition to affecting
mental health, a high level of
celebrity worship is also
directly proportional to the
higher levels of individual
negative feelings, such as
higher negative emotions and
stress. This also affects the
lower life satisfaction of
individuals [19].
But not all fans have obsessive behavior and
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produce
negative impacts. Many fans also use their
fandom as a place
for positive activities. One example of
positive fan behavior
is fundraising by one of the K-pop
fandoms in Indonesia to
help a child cancer foundation.
Recently, several K-pop
fandoms even united to
mobilize donations for earthquake
victims in Lombok.
The donations collected have reached 10
million rupiah
and used to buy aids for the victims [20].
Being a K-pop fan in reality doesn't always have a
bad
impact, especially for mental health. Some K-pop
fans have
recently admitted that listening to K-pop
music helps them
deal with the severe stress and
depression they experience.
The lyrics of K-pop songs
make the fans feel there is
someone who understands
what they feel, some also say if
the K-pop song lyrics
become their motivation to continue to
live their lives
[21]. There are also fans who reveal that
hearing and
understanding the lyrics of K-pop songs makes
them
more confident and love themselves more [22].
Based on the negative and positive effects of the
phenomenon of K-Pop fans that have been presented,
questions arise about the effect on quality of life of
adolescents who become K-pop fans. World Health
Organization establishes four major dimensions of quality
of
life which are then published in WHOQOL-BREF.
The four
dimensions are physical, psychological, social
relationships,
and environment [23]. Physical health
consists of aspects of
energy and fatigue, pain and
discomfort, and sleep and rest.
The second dimension,
psychological, consists of five
aspects, namely bodily
image and appearance, negative
feelings, positive
feelings, self esteem, and thinking,
learning, memory,
and concentration. The third dimension,
social relations
has three aspects, namely personal
relationship, social
support, and sexual activity. While the
fourth
dimension, environment, has seven different aspects,
including financial resources, freedom, physical safety
and
security, health and social care, home environment,
opportunities for acquiring new information and skills,
participation in and opportunities for leisure, physical
environment, and transport.
If reviewed based on previous research, adolescents
who
become celebrity worship celebrities have lower
mental well-
being and have an effect on decreasing
quality of life [19].
But the current phenomenon shows
that many adolescents
who are celebrity fans, especially
K-pop, claiming that
idolizing K-pop idols help overcome
mental health problems
that they experience and make
them more confident [21]
[22]. Therefore, aspects of
the quality of life of adolescents who are K-pop fans need
to be examined further.
But research in the field of psychology about the quality
of life of adolescents is currently more about physical and
mental health. Therefore, the concept of quality of life is
more measured in adolescents who experience problems
physically and mentally, such as being obese [23], are
transgender [24], receiving donor liver [25], has ADHD [26],
and is a cancer patient [27]. This shows the need for research
on adolescents with more diverse problems, one of which is
like celebrity worship. So, this study aims to see quality of
life of adolescents who become celebrity worship of K-Pop.
II.
RESEARCH METHOD
A.
Research Participants
The participants of this study were adolescents who
idolized K-Pop celebrities. Participants were obtained using
purposive sampling and snowball sampling method. Data
collection is done using online questionnaire (e-form) and
physical questionnaire. Data from physical questionnaire
were collected at fans gathering and some high schools.
While the online questionnaire distributed through social
media such as Twitter and Instagram.
A total of 640 participants between 11 to 20 years old
(M= 17.42, SD= 1.97), an age criteria of adolescent based on
Papalia and Martorell (2014), completed the questionnaires.
Among the sample of this study, there were 622 (97.2%)
female participants and 18 (2.8%) male participants. Most of
the participants is resided outside Jakarta, such as in
Bandung, Yogyakarta, Serang, etc. (43.6%). Their
educational background is elementary school 0.2%, junior
high school 6.7%, senior high school 42.0%, vocational high
school 7.5%, Diploma 1 (D1) 0.2%, Diploma 3 (D3) 1.3%,
Diploma 4 (D4) 0.3%, Undergraduate student (37.7%), and
medical co-ass student 0.3%.
B.
Measuring Instruments
The measuring instrument used to measure the quality of
life is the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF
(WHOQOL-BREF), a short version of the WHOQOL-100,
which developed by WHO [28]. This study used the version
which has been adapted in Indonesian and revised by Purba
in 2016 [29]. WHOQOL-BREF consists of 26 items, 2 items
measure individual quality of life and health in general, and
24 items measure the four dimensions of quality of life:
physical health (N= 7), psychological (N= 6), social relations
(N= 3), and enviroment (N= 8). Each item is scored in a
scale of 1 to 5 then transformed into a linear scale between 0
and 100. Before the invalid item was deleted, the Cronbach’s
αs in physical health dimension was 0.661 (N=7), after
deleting the invalid item the Cronbach’s αs for physical
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health was 0.738 (N=6). There’s no invalid items for
psychological, social relations, and environment
dimension,
so there’s no item being deleted. The
Cronbach’s αs were
0.734 for psychological, 0.648 for
social relations, and 0.846
for environment.
Maltby et al. [30] developed Celebrity Attitude
Scale
(CAS), a measurement tool used to measure the
level of
celebrity worship. CAS is a Likert scale format
with 1 being
equal to “strongly disagree” to 5 being
equal to “strongly
agree”. CAS consists of 34 items,
assessing three dimensions of celebrity worship:
Entertainment Social (7 items; e.g., “It
is enjoyable just
to be with other who like my favorite
celebrity”), Intense
Personal (13 items; e.g., “The successes
of my favorite
celebrity are my successes too”), and
Borderline
Pathological (6 items; e.g., “I have frequent
thoughts
about my celebrity even when I don’t want to”), the
rest of
the items can be considered as filler items to distract
the
participants for the purpose of thisstudy.
The measurement was originally in English then
translated in Indonesian by a sworn translator. This
study
also did a try out to made sure the measurement
had good
realibilities after being translated. Before the
invalid item
was deleted, the Cronbach’s αs in the
Entertainment Social
was 0.639 (N= 7), after deleting
the invalid item the
Cronbach’s αs for Entertainment
Social was 0.670 (N= 6). In
Intense Personal, before the
invalid items were deleted, the
Cronbach’s αs was 0.706
(N= 13), after deleting the invalid
item the Cronbach’s
αs for Intense Personal was 0.765 (N=
12) and for Borderline Pathological the Cronbach’s αs
was
0.706 (N= 6), because there’s no invalid item being
deleted
in this level.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A.
Research Results
Life quality variables are measured using
WHOQOL-
BREF measuring devices and only produce
scores from four
dimensions of quality of life, so there
is no score total or
combination of four dimensions.
Scores generated from the
four dimensions of quality of
life are raw scores so that they
need to be transformed
first on a scale of 0-100 according to
WHOQOL-BREF
score scoring: Introduction,
administration, assessment,
and generic versions of
assessment (1996). Referring
to the use of the scale, the
hypothetical mean of
quality of life is 50. After the
calculation, empirical
mean for each dimension of quality of
life are in between
50.98 - 65.24. The empirical mean for
physical health
dimension is 50.98, for psychological is
57.45, for social
relation is 55.71, and for environment is
65.24. Based on the research data that has been
obtained,
the assessment of the quality of life variables
can be seen
in table 1.
TABLE I. PARTICIPANT’S QUALITY OF
LIFE
This study uses categorization based on scores from
a
scale of 0-100 which is then interpreted using criteria
that refer to Nisfianoor [31]. The four categories are low,
moderate, good, and excellent. The overview of
categorization for participants’ quality of life score in
each
dimension can be seen in the following table.
TABLE II. CATEGORIZATION FOR
PARTICIPANTS’ QUALITY OF
LIFE
SCORE IN EACH
DIMENSION.
Scor
e
Catego
ry
0-25
Low
26-50
Moderate
51-75
Good
76-100
Excellent
This study also gave an overview of participants’ quality
of life based on celebrity worship levels. For participants
who were in the level of Entertainment Social (N= 226),
environment dimension had the highest mean (M= 65.22)
and the lowest mean was in the physical health dimension
(M= 51.16). Participants who were in the level of Intense
Personal (N= 192) had the highest mean in the environment
dimension (M= 65.74) and the lowest mean in the physical
health dimension (M= 52.22). Participants who were in the
level of Borderline Pathological (N= 222) also had the
Quality of
Life
Dimensio
n
ta
in- ment
Social
Inten
se
Perso
nal
Borderli
ne
Patholog
ical
Physical health
66.74
63.89
62.32
Psychological
59.05
59.15
55.24
Social relation
57.58
55.74
54.88
Environment
67.16
64.97
65.00
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774
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highest mean in the environment dimension (M= 64.84)
and
the lowest mean in physical health dimension too
(M=49.73). The detailed results of the overview of
participants’ quality of life based on celebrity worship
level
can be seen in the following table.
TABLE III. PARTICIPANTS’ QUALITY OF
LIFE
BASED ON THE
CELEBRITY WORSHIP LEVELS
Celebrity Worship Level Enter
B.
Discussion
Based on the results obtained in this study,
participants
who are fans of K-Pop celebrities have good
quality of life
on the four dimensions of quality of life.
This result is in
accordance with the current
phenomenon, which is many
adolescents who are
celebrity fans, especially K-pop,
claiming that idolizing
K-pop idols make themselves better,
especially in terms
of mental health [21][22]. The
psychological dimensions
in this study also proved to be the
second dimension that
had the best results among other
dimensions of quality
of life. Because according to the phenomena that occur,
the results of this study are not in
accordance with
previous studies regarding celebrity
worship. Based on
previous research, adolescents who
become celebrity
worship of celebrities are said to have
lower mental
well-being and have an effect on decreasing
quality of
life [19].
In addition, previous research also said that the higher
the
level of celebrity worship, the worse the level of
individual
mental well-being. More specifically,
individuals at
borderline pathological level had higher
level of anxiety and
depression [14]. These results are not
in accordance with the
results of this study which proves
that fans at borderline
pathological level have good
psychological well-being
conditions. This can happen
because not all fans at this level
really do extreme and
obsessive behavior on their idols. Most
fans only think
about the behavior but don't necessarily do it
in real life.
In addition, good psychological well-being for
participants at borderline pathological level can also be
caused by the influence of the K-Pop celebrities they
idolize.
This is related to the psychosocial development
of
adolescents, that is the search for identity and also
related to
modeling constructs. The process of making
celebrities as
role models is closely related to modeling
theory that can be
found also in the process of finding
one’s identity. This also
affects the high psychological
well-being of adolescents even
though they are at the level
of borderline pathological.
Because celebrities who are
used as role models have a
positive influence, the
results of the modeling process are
also positive, so that
it doesn’t adversely affect the quality of
adolescents' lives,
especially for their psychological
dimension. This is also
supported by participants' statements
in this study
regarding the reasons they idolize K-Pop
celebrities.
The reasons underlying teenagers becoming fans of
K- Pop celebrities are very diverse. In this study, as many
as 90
participants had reason to like K-Pop celebrities
because they
can inspire them to be better. While as
many as 67
participants like K-Pop celebrities because
they are
considered capable of providing motivation or
encouragement. If K-Pop celebrities are considered able
to
provide motivation to face identity crisis, then it is not
possible to achieve the results of a good quality of life.
Meanwhile, this study used a quality of life
measuring
instrument with 26 questions. On one item
there is a
question, "How satisfied are you with your
sexual life?".
During the data collection process in the
field, many
teenagers did not understand the meaning of
the question.
Most of them are teenagers who are still in
junior and senior
high school. In addition, this study also
requires qualitative
aspects such as interviews with
participants during data
collection. It is intended that
the results obtained further
illustrate how quality of life in
adolescents.
IV.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the results of research on the quality of life
of
adolescents who become Korean Pop celebrity
worship, it
can be concluded that adolescents who become
Korean Pop
celebrity worship in general have a good
quality of life in all
four dimensions of quality of life,
Dimension
Mi
n.
Max.
Mea
n
Std
Deviat
ion
Physical health
6.0
81.00
50.9
11.7
0
8
5
Psychological
6.0
94.00
57.4
14.8
0
5
6
Social relation
0.0
100.0
55.7
17.1
0
0
1
2
Environment
0.0
100.0
65.2
13.8
0
0
4
0
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775
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 439
namely physical health, psychological well-being, social
relations, and the
environment . If seen based on
statistical calculations
regarding the dimensions of
participants' quality of life, it
can be concluded that
the environmental dimension is a
dimension which is
perceived to have aspects that are the
best in terms of
the other three dimensions. Meanwhile, if the
participant
is viewed from the level of celebrity worship,
social
entertainment, intense personal, and borderline
pathological, the environmental dimension is still the
dimension that is perceived to have the best conditions
among the other three dimensions.
Suggestions for further researchers to pay more
attention
to the items in the quality of life measurement
tools that
discuss sexual activity to be adapted to better
suit the
subjects to be studied. Then, researchers also
suggest that for
further research it is better to use
qualitative methods and
refer to the WHOQOL-100
measurement tool because the
WHOQOL-BREF
measuring instrument only measures the
quality of life in
general and can make further observations
to eliminate
the factors of faking good or faking bad in
research .
Suggestions for adolescents, namely to be able to
sort out
which behaviors are reasonable in idolizing
someone,
as well as which behaviors have entered the
obsessed
stage. Because obsession behavior not only
endangers
idolized celebrities, but can endanger yourself. In
addition,
in idolizing teen celebrities can know the limits to
which a
fan can participate in the life of his idol. There are
personal things that a fan should not ignore just because
they
idolize a celebrity. Although the results of this study
indicate
that the level of borderline pathological has a good
quality of
life, but it does not rule out the possibility if done
in the long
run, will adversely affect the quality of one's
life.
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