ARABIC-BASED YOUTH LANGUAGE PRACTICES: A PRELIMINARY STATE OF THE ARTS
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The popularity of social networking sites in the Arab world has resulted in a new writing code, Arabizi, which combines Roman letters and numbers to represent the Arabic language. This new code received vehement criticism from Arabic linguists who argued that Arabizi is detrimental to the Arabic language and Arab identity. Arabizi use, however, has been increasing, especially in Saudi Arabia, a highly conservative and religious society. To address this apparent contradiction, this study investigated the reasons why young Saudi Arabians use Arabizi online and their attitudes towards its use. The research was based on 131 questionnaires distributed on social networking sites, and 20 interviews conducted with Saudi users of Arabizi. The findings suggest participants use Arabizi because (1), it is the language of their peers, (2) it is cool and stylish, (3) they have difficulties with the Arabic language, and (4) Arabizi constitutes a secret code, allowing escape from judgements of the older generation. The study concludes that Arabizi is a strong marker of Arab youth identity and group solidarity.
This paper analyzes the changes in the linguistic landscape of Libya during the period between the February 2011 uprising and the death of Gaddafi in October 2011 by examining street art in Tripoli. Here, I treat the street art as painted images and words in public contexts are part of the visual linguistic landscape. There are also multilingual ones, for instance, those combining Arabic with Berber or those including English in them, so those are indeed linguistic landscapes. During the Gaddafi regime, such public expressions referred to and often praised Gaddafi; however, during the uprising, both artists and everyday Libyans took to the streets to express their pro- or anti-Gaddafi sentiments, giving rise to a new form of public debate. In this presentation, I will be analyzing the informative and symbolic functions of some images and writings that were painted in the streets as well as public and private buildings in Tripoli, the capital of Libya. © 2015 Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti. All rights reserved.
This paper aims at providing a linguistic overview of Rendók, an Arabic-based secret language developed by the urban youth of Northern and Central Sudan. Generally speaking, Rendók does not represent a coherent linguistic entity; it rather constitutes a large set of encrypting strategies that vary a great deal in accord to the sociolinguistic background of its speakers. Nonetheless, in the last twenty years a " standard " Rendók has gradually developed by resorting to metathesis and other formalized morphophonemic procedures. The present study is focused on this heretofore un-described countrywide variety of Rendók as spoken in Khartoum and in Kadugli (Southern Kordofan State). The first part of the paper deals with the socio-historical circumstances that led to the development and diffusion of Rendók in urban Sudan. A detailed morphophonemic description of enccrypting procedures follows. Besides and beyond, the morphological analysis delves into the relation between Rendók and Sudanese Arabic morphology with reference to both the formation of new lexemes and to the productive integration of borrowings. In the last part of the paper, the semantic aspects of Rendók (polysemy, homonymy, metaphors, metonymy) are analyzed. In this regard, it is noted that, in the most recent forms of Rendók, semantic abstraction surpasses morphological encoding as en encrypting strategy.
El autor explora algunos de los modos como Internet, en particular el escribir y publicar en un blog, ha abierto nuevas posibilidades políticas en Egipto. El estudio revela que los blogueros políticos en este país (que incluye tanto a islamistas como a laicistas) han creado nuevas formas de lenguaje y nuevos estilos de vídeo con los que vertebrar un espacio de vida política al que se refieren como “la calle”. Los blogueros egipcios hacen visibles y motivo de debate público acciones violentas del Estado que otros medios informativos no pueden divulgar con la misma facilidad. El autor se detiene especialmente en el modo como los blogueros políticos más sobresalientes del país recurren y adaptan las tradiciones relativas a la sonoridad de la lengua árabe y a la conexión que existe en ella entre las formas habladas y las escritas. Asimismo, examina el modo como estas prácticas lingüisticas guardan una similitud visual y oral con las grabaciones de vídeo, de baja resolución, que se hacen con teléfonos móviles y que aparecen después en los blogs políticos. Todas estas nuevas prácticas revelan formas emergentes de acción política y de disidencia en el Egipto actual.
Based on one year of fieldwork conducted between September 2015 and March 2018 in the city of Temara, Morocco, this thesis examines the language practices of Moroccan Arabic speakers residing in this city and, through these practices, analyses the social meanings that the speakers themselves attribute to linguistic variation. This work falls within a larger body of literature analysing Moroccan Arabic speakers’ language practices from a sociolinguistic perspective. Among the main concerns of this literature are the processes of convergence and levelling of linguistic features that have been taking place across Morocco – particularly in the cities of the central Atlantic coast – in the last decades. Such processes are strictly related to the immigration of relatively huge amounts of population from other regions of the country, which has profoundly modified the demographic makeup of urban centers. Among the destinations of these immigration fluxes is Temara, a former rural periphery of the municipality of Rabat, which has witnessed a dramatic demographic growth in the last 50 years and was itself declared urban municipality in 1983. Temara’s condition of recently formed city and its specific history of urbanisation make it a particularly interesting subject for sociolinguistic research. As such, this study analyses three linguistic variables: the variation between /q/ and /g/ in a limited set of lexemes, the affrication of /t/ in specific phonetic environments and the alternation between the verbs /dwa/ and /hdərˁ/ to express comparable meanings. The aim of the analysis is to detect the factors that motivate the speakers’ choices vis-à-vis the linguistic features involved and, ultimately, the social values indexed by the variables in the community studied.This thesis starts with a review of existing literature on general and urban sociolinguistics, as well as Arabic sociolinguistics and dialectology (with a focus on Morocco). It then presents the results of an historiographic research that aimed at reconstructing the phases of the urban development and the immigration-related social dynamics that accompanied Temara’s evolution from a small rural community to an urban centre; to this purpose, information was collected from works in rural geography and urban planning, as well as from direct accounts of people who had lived in Temara most of their life and witnessed the changes that the city went through. After that, the methodology adopted in the data collection and analysis is illustrated and justified. Finally, the analysis proper is presented and the results commented.The aim of this thesis is to bring a new contribution to Arabic sociolinguistics in general, and to the sociolinguistic study of Moroccan Arabic in particular. It is also to test theories and concepts elaborated by Western sociolinguistics, verifying which of them may be applied – and to what extent – to the Arabic and Moroccan linguistic and cultural contexts. To this aim, the analysis takes several factors into account, including the informants’ socio-demographic features – such as age and level of education (cfr. research by and in line with that of W. Labov, P. Trudgill, etc.) – discourse features related to information structure and prosody (cfr. eg. Gumperz) and recent theoretical concepts elaborated in the field of anthropological sociolinguistics (cfr. works by A. Agha and M. Silverstein). Another asset of this work is the direct and prolonged contact between the author and the informants that contributed to the data corpus, as it allowed not only a closer look at their language practices, but also the access to a variety of communicational contexts – especially with regards to the younger speakers. Ultimately, it permitted to go beyond the raw data, in the attempt to comprehend why the speakers make a certain use of the linguistic resources, available in their repertoires, when engaging in verbal interactions within their community.
This work is a study in urban dialectology, sociological linguistics, and generative phonology. It takes the form of an urban dialect survey of the city of norwich, England, and is particularly concerned with the correlation between phonetic and phonological aspects of English, as it is spoken in Norwich, and various sociological parameters.
This volume sets out to foreground the issues of youth identity in the context of current sociolinguistic and discourse research on identity construction. Based on detailed empirical analyses, the twelve chapters offer examinations of how youth identities from late childhood up to early twenties are locally constructed in text and talk. The settings and types of social organization investigated range from private letters to graffiti, from peer group talk to video clips, from schoolyard to prison. Comparably, a wide range of languages is brought into focus, including Danish, German, Greek, Japanese, and Turkish. Drawing on various discourse analytic paradigms (e.g. Critical Discourse Analysis, Conversation Analysis), the contributions examine and question notions with currency in the field, such as young people's linguistic creativity and resistance to mainstream norms. At the same time, they demonstrate the embeddedness of constructions of youth identities in local activities and communities of practice where they interact with other social identities and factors, in particular gender and ethnicity.
The wave of uprisings and mass protests that took place in Egypt since January 25th 2011 has determined the rise of a new dimension of social freedom and the flourishing of graffiti could be considered as an aspect of this newly conquered freedom and a mark of a contentious appropriation of public space. The writings on the streets of Cairo are just one of the elements of a vibrant, youth managed and relational protest art that has its point of departure in the recent social and historical context. The political and social changes the Arab World underwent are accompanied by a re-setting of national identity representations, an ongoing process reflected in context specific artistic products and graffiti is a very productive example in the contemporary Egyptian context. Graffiti, has been defined as a medium of communication, situated at the intersection of art and language with style, color, placement and form acting as “visual modifiers” (Philips 1999: 39). This article analyses how symbols and colors are used as modifying elements in the graffiti of revolutionary Cairo, within a process of memorialization and reinterpretation of identity. © 2013, Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti. All rights reserved.
A handbook on recent advancements and the state of the art in array processing and sensor Networks Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks provides readers with a collection of tutorial articles contributed by world-renowned experts on recent advancements and the state of the art in array processing and sensor networks. Focusing on fundamental principles as well as applications, the handbook provides exhaustive coverage of: wavelets; spatial spectrum estimation; MIMO radio propagation; robustness issues in sensor array processing; wireless communications and sensing in multi-path environments using multi-antenna transceivers; implicit training and array processing for digital communications systems; unitary design of radar waveform diversity sets; acoustic array processing for speech enhancement; acoustic beamforming for hearing aid applications; undetermined blind source separation using acoustic arrays; array processing in astronomy; digital 3D/4D ultrasound imaging technology; self-localization of sensor networks; multi-target tracking and classification in collaborative sensor networks via sequential Monte Carlo; energy-efficient decentralized estimation; sensor data fusion with application to multi-target tracking; distributed algorithms in sensor networks; cooperative communications; distributed source coding; network coding for sensor networks; information-theoretic studies of wireless networks; distributed adaptive learning mechanisms; routing for statistical inference in sensor networks; spectrum estimation in cognitive radios; nonparametric techniques for pedestrian tracking in wireless local area networks; signal processing and networking via the theory of global games; biochemical transport modeling, estimation, and detection in realistic environments; and security and privacy for sensor networks. Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks is the first book of its kind and will appeal to researchers, professors, and graduate students in array processing, sensor networks, advanced signal processing, and networking.
L'article présente un extrait d'un corpus enregistré à Juba en 1984. Il s'agit d'un dialogue entre deux jeunes de 16 ans qui pratiquaient un argot de quartier. L'article présente les principales charactéristiques de cette variété et la compare à d'autre formes de 'parlers jeunes' relevés dans plusieurs capitales africaines et arabes.
This article highlights an as yet overlooked consequence of the expansion of computer-mediated communication in the Arab world, the emergence and extensive use of a new language (e-Arabic). This is a language that mixes, borrows and adapts, uses numbers, Roman letters, Arabic script characters, emotions and words from other languages (English and French) to engage not only with the globalized discourse, but also to examine the specific ways in which the local frames the global. Using an analysis of the language used in e-literature (novels) such as Nessyane Com (2009), 'Ayza atgawiz (2008) and Banat al-Riyadh (2005), this article explores whether globalization processes have changed modern standard Arabic (MSA) and colloquial Arabic at the level of the single word, compound and phrase levels, while also examining the metaphorical language that has emerged.
Humankind is a languaging species. This means that as human beings we use language to achieve our goals. Every time we use language, we change the world a little bit. We do so by using language with other human beings, language is in other words social. In this paper we challenge one of the most widely held views of language as a social, human phenomenon, namely that "language" can be separated into different "languages", such as "Russian", "Latin", and "Greenlandic". Our paper is based on a recently developed sociolinguistic understanding that this view of language can not be upheld on the basis of linguistic criteria. "Languages" are abstractions, they are sociocultural or ideological constructions which match real-life use of language poorly. This means that sociolinguistics – the study of language as a social phenomenon -must work at another level of analysis with real-life language use. The first part of our paper presents such analyses of observed language use among adolescents in superdiverse societies. We show that the level of a linguistic feature is better suited as the basis for analysis of language use than the level of "a language". In the second part of the paper we present our concept of polylanguaging which denotes the way in which speakers use features associated with different "languages" – even when they know very little of these "languages". We use the level of (linguistic) features as the basis for understanding language use, and we claim that features are socioculturally associated with "languages". Both features individually and languages are socioculturally associated with values, meanings, speakers, etc. This means that we can deal with the connection between features and languages, and in the analyses in the first part we do exactly that. Introduction Humankind is a languaging species. Human be-ings use language to achieve their goals, and with a few exceptions by using language to other hu-man beings. It is a widely held view that language as a human phenomenon can be separated into different "languages", such as "Russian", "Latin", and "greenlandic". This paper is based on the recently developed sociolinguistic understand-ing that this view of language can not be upheld on the basis of linguistic criteria. "Languages" are sociocultural abstractions which match real-life use of language poorly. This means that sociolin-guistics must apply another level of analysis with observed language use. The first part of our pa-per is based on analyses of observed language use among young languagers in superdiverse so-cieties. We show that the level of feature is better suited as the basis for analysis of language use than the level of language. In the second part of the paper we present our concept of languaging, in particular polylanguaging. We use the level of (linguistic) features as the basis for understand-ing language use, and we claim that features are socioculturally associated with "languages". Both features individually and languages are sociocul-turally associated with values, meanings, speak-ers, etc. This means that we can deal with the connection between features and languages. In the paper we do so.
Research on crossing and stylisation among young people in multi-ethnic urban areas of Britain during the 1980s and 1990s pointed to the emergence of new ethnicities with social class underpinnings, and these mixed language practices have now been a feature of the urban landscape for at least 30years. But how far are they confined to youth? Are they really only transient age-specific phenomena, as terms like ‘youth language’ imply? Focusing on post-adolescent and middle-aged informants during 2008 and 2009, this paper points to their enduring significance, considers their place in individual repertoires, and attempts to settle some of the terminological dispute, using Agha’s theory of ‘register’ to reposition the notion of ‘vernacular’.
Norway has sometimes been described as a sociolinguistic paradise with its abundant linguistic heterogeneity — both written and spoken. Dialect diversity has been and is still considerable and dialects are used in practically all social domains. However, dialects in Norway are changing. In this article I will discuss the historical background for the linguistic situation in Norway, and I will take a closer look at present-day developments and discuss the structural, sociocultural, and psychological mechanisms behind them. The question is whether the dialect situation in Norway remains very different from most other parts of Europe, or if at least some areas of Norway may be experiencing similar developments.
The treatment of social meaning in sociolinguistic variation has come in three waves of analytic practice. The first wave of variation studies established broad correlations between linguistic variables and the macrosociological categories of socioeconomic class, gender, ethnicity, and age. The second wave employed ethnographic methods to explore the local categories and configurations that inhabit, or constitute, these broader categories. In both waves, variation was seen as marking social categories. This article sets out a theoretical foundation for the third wave, arguing that (a) variation constitutes a robust social semiotic system, potentially expressing the full range of social concerns in a given community; (b) the meanings of variables are underspecified, gaining more specific meanings in the context of styles, and (c) variation does not simply reflect, but also constructs, social meaning and hence is a force in social change.
One of the first accounts of social variation in language, this groundbreaking study founded the discipline of sociolinguistics, providing the model on which thousands of studies have been based. In this second edition, Labov looks back on forty years of sociolinguistic research, bringing the reader up to date on its methods, findings and achievements. In over thirty pages of new material, he explores the unforeseen implications of his earlier work, addresses the political issues involved, and evaluates the success of newer approaches to sociolinguistic investigation. In doing so, he reveals the outstanding accomplishments of sociolinguistics since his original study, which laid the foundations for studying language variation, introduced the crucial concept of the linguistic variable, and showed how variation across age groups is an indicator of language change. Bringing Labov's pioneering study into the 21st century, this classic volume will remain the benchmark in the field for years to come.
A linguistic corpus gathered from recordings of spontaneous exchanges between young single men in Tripoli, reveals everyday language as it is evolving, which serves to speak about sexuality as well as events that are not sexual in nature. Taboo words are recurrent in the sociolect studied. The terms zəbb, zəbr, kāțu “cock” et dlāwəz “balls” are used in interjective, adverbial and adjectival locutions. The noun gaḥba “whore” is used in interjective locutions. Related verbs (gəḥḥəb and tgəḥḥəb) are desemanticized and grammaticalized. The verb nāk “to fuck” is also grammaticalized and changes categories from simple verb to support verb to serial verb.
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