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(Stop) burning for biogas. Enabling positive sustainability trade-offs with business models for biogas from rice straw
Abstract
Rice is the main agricultural crop in the Philippines and central to the country's food security. One main challenge of rice farming is the management of the straw after harvest. With limited uses, the rice straw is currently burned or in some cases incorporated with significant environmental impacts. However, it can be an important feedstock for sustainable bioenergy and support energy access in the Philippines. The research was conducted around a 1000 m³ biogas pilot plant in Laguna province, Philippines. The aim of this research was to develop business models and assess their potential for improving energy access, agricultural practices, and empowering local rice-growing communities. Four business models were developed, reflecting energy supply and demand approaches. This was informed by interviews with stakeholders, including farmers, agricultural entrepreneurs, local authorities, and policymakers in the case study location. A multi-criteria assessment was conducted to evaluate synergies and trade-offs between different aspects of the business models. While all business models provided positive environmental, economic, and in particular social sustainability impacts, the farming community showed the most support for approaches that provide wider livelihood benefits beyond renewable energy access, such as diversification of agricultural activities and income generation. This demonstrated that bioenergy has the potential to create a virtuous circle of benefits for local communities in support of sustainable development. To achieve this, it is essential to take a holistic and multi-level approach to the different sustainability criteria to maximise benefits and mitigate negative impacts of bioenergy systems beyond energy technology.
... Their results revealed that the bioethanol yield could reach 145.42 million tons by 2030. However, given food security, agricultural residues, such as rice straw, are the most promising biofuel production feedstock (Röder et al. 2020). ...
... Efficient management of rice straws is a problem in many developing countries, such as China, India, and the Philippines, which meet their energy demand by importing fossilbased fuels (Bhattacharyya et al. 2021). Biogas from rice straw could be a suitable alternative to manage the resourceful rice straw by generating biomethane to meet local energy demands, especially in rural communities (Röder et al. 2020). Biogas is produced by the biological conversion of rice straw in an oxygen-free environment with the help of microorganisms in different steps known as the anaerobic digestion process (Atelge et al. 2020). ...
The rise of global waste and the decline of fossil fuels are calling for recycling waste into energy and materials. For example, rice straw, a by-product of rice cultivation, can be converted into biogas and by-products with added value, e.g., biofertilizer, yet processing rice straw is limited by the low energy content, high ash and silica, low nitrogen, high moisture, and high-quality variability. Here, we review the recycling of rice straw with focus on the global and Chinese energy situations, conversion of rice straw into energy and gas, biogas digestate management, cogeneration, biogas upgrading, bioeconomy, and life cycle assessment. The quality of rice straw can be improved by pretreatments, such as baling, ensiling, and co-digestion of rice straw with other feedstocks. The biogas digestate can be used to fertilize soils. The average annual potential energy of collectable rice straw, with a lower heating value of 15.35 megajoule/kilogram, over the past ten years (2013–2022) could reach 2.41 × 109 megajoule.
... As a consequence bioenergy features heavily in renewable energy and decarbonisation strategies of many countries, providing low carbon options for heat, power and transport fuels and the added potential of negative emissions provided by bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) technologies [2]. Bioenergy can also be a catalyst in developing local and regional economic activities and the bioeconomy, such as through providing new avenues for using products, residues and wastes [3][4][5]. ...
Bioenergy is widely included in energy strategies for its GHG mitigation potential. Bioenergy technologies will likely have to be deployed at scale to meet decarbonisation targets, and consequently biomass will have to be increasingly grown / mobilised. Sustainability risks associated with bioenergy may intensify with increasing deployment and where feedstocks are sourced through international trade. This research applies the Bioeconomy Sustainability Indicator Model (BSIM) to map and analyse the performance of bioenergy across 126 sustainability
issues, evaluating 16 bioenergy case studies that reflect the breadth of biomass resources, technologies, energy vectors and bio-products. The research finds common trends in sustainability performance across projects that can inform bioenergy policy and decision making. Potential sustainability benefits are identified for People (jobs, skills, income, energy access); for Development (economy, energy, land utilisation); for Natural Systems (soil, heavy metals), and; for Climate Change (emissions, fuels). Also, consistent trends of sustainability risks where focus is required to ensure the viability of bioenergy projects, including for infrastructure, feedstock mobilisation, techno-economics and carbon stocks. Emission mitigation may be a primary objective for bioenergy, this research finds bioenergy projects can provide potential benefits far beyond emissions - there is an argument for supporting projects based on the ecosystem services and/or economic stimulation they may deliver. Also given the broad dynamics and characteristics of bioenergy projects, a rigid approach of assessing sustainability may be incompatible. Awarding ‘credit’ across a broader range of sustainability indicators in addition to requiring minimum performances in key areas, may be more effective at ensuring bioenergy sustainability.
... This behaviour has many impacts on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, which is the main combustion product that creates dark clouds, and plays a major role in children's exacerbating asthma. Managing the straw after rice harvest is a critical problem these days, and one of the appropriate solutions is using it as a fuel in gasification-electricity procedures [11,12]. ...
Rural electrification represents a great worry for developing nations. Isolated microgrids establishment is the brightest solution for this problem. Optimization strategies for mathematical simulation and modelling are accomplished in this research to size an isolated residential microgrid in Egypt consists of wind generators (WG), photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS) and Biomass generator. This paper’s novelty relies on the techno-economic performance comparison of three sizing strategies of isolated microgrid based on renewable sources, considering the sources’ uncertainty. Also, the environmental and economic effects of using rice straw in biomass gasification are introduced to handle the problem of dark clouds from its open-air burning. Three categories with nine combinations of renewable energy sources (RES) are introduced in this paper to select the ideal option. Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimized the systems under both deterministic and stochastic conditions, taking into consideration the uncertainties of solar radiation and wind speed using Monte-Carlo techniques. The obtained results are compared with the results of epsilon multi-objective genetic algorithm (ɛ-MOGA). Simulation outcomes show that PV with BESS is the most economical option for microgrid sizing with a total system cost of $ 4.04 million. Besides, Scenario 6’s hybrid system provides an appropriate ecological-reliable configuration, especially when considering sources’ uncertainties. © 2021. the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
... Bioenergy processes allow scalability [29], and BECCS could integrate with existing bioenergy systems at various scales, such as modular CHP systems or gasifiers [30,31]. This would allow decentralised, demand-focused energy provision and the use of regionally sourced biomass and residues simultaneously, thus offering flexibility and sustainability benefits beyond CDR and energy supply [32]. While this might not support the classical concept of 'economy of scale', further advantages involve lower capital cost per facility and therefore a reduced risk for investors, a higher and faster industrial learning and better adaptability to market conditions [33]. ...
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) technology is expected to support net-zero targets by supplying low carbon energy while providing carbon dioxide removal (CDR). BECCS is estimated to deliver 20 to 70 MtCO2 annual negative emissions by 2050 in the UK, despite there are currently no BECCS operating facility. This research is modelling and demonstrating the flexibility, scalability and attainable immediate application of BECCS. The CDR potential for two out of three BECCS pathways considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios were quantified (i) modular-scale CHP process with post-combustion CCS utilising wheat straw and (ii) hydrogen production in a small-scale gasifier with pre-combustion CCS utilising locally sourced waste wood. Process modelling and lifecycle assessment were used, including a whole supply chain analysis. The investigated BECCS pathways could annually remove between −0.8 and −1.4 tCO2e tbiomass⁻¹ depending on operational decisions. Using all the available wheat straw and waste wood in the UK, a joint CDR capacity for both systems could reach about 23% of the UK's CDR minimum target set for BECCS. Policy frameworks prioritising carbon efficiencies can shape those operational decisions and strongly impact on the overall energy and CDR performance of a BECCS system, but not necessarily maximising the trade-offs between biomass use, energy performance and CDR. A combination of different BECCS pathways will be necessary to reach net-zero targets. Decentralised BECCS deployment could support flexible approaches allowing to maximise positive system trade-offs, enable regional biomass utilisation and provide local energy supply to remote areas.
... In many countries, rice accounts for more than 70% of human caloric intake. In Asia, just over 30% of all calories come from rice [3,4]. Rice is one of the most important crops in Iran. ...
Agriculture, as the oldest activity in the world, has positive and negative effects on the environment. In agricultural activities, the main target is to obtain a food product that can be consumed in human nutrition or to produce raw materials for industry. Humans cannot consume some of the plant organs produced, but their existence is not avoidable. Occupancy of Fields by post-harvest crop residues has often become a major problem for farmers. As a result, they burn the crop residue. Burning is one of the most commonly used methods for removing crop residue including rice straw. Guilan province is one of the most important rice productions center in Iran. In this province, farmer’s burn straw every year between August to November after harvesting rice, this causes extremely air pollution, violent respiratory problems and damage to the paddy fields soil. Straw burning cause reduces microorganisms in the surface layer of soil, loss of minerals, reduces soil permeability and increases its specific gravity. In fact, despite the awareness about the dangers of rice straw burning in paddy fields, based on a misconception, farmers continue to burn. The effects of this action can be seen in the long-time.
... In many countries, rice accounts for more than 70% of human caloric intake. In Asia, just over 30% of all calories come from rice [3,4]. Rice is one of the most important crops in Iran. ...
Agriculture, as the oldest activity in the world, has positive and negative
effects on the environment. In agricultural activities, the main target is to obtain
a food product that can be consumed in human nutrition or to produce raw
materials for industry. Humans cannot consume some of the plant organs
produced, but their existence is not avoidable. Occupancy of Fields by postharvest crop residues has often become a major problem for farmers. As a
result, they burn the crop residue. Burning is one of the most commonly used
methods for removing crop residue including rice straw. Guilan province is one
of the most important rice productions center in Iran. In this province, farmer’s
burn straw every year between August to November after harvesting rice, this
causes extremely air pollution, violent respiratory problems and damage to the
paddy fields soil. Straw burning cause reduces microorganisms in the surface
layer of soil, loss of minerals, reduces soil permeability and increases its specific
gravity. In fact, despite the awareness about the dangers of rice straw burning in
paddy fields, based on a misconception, farmers continue to burn. The effects
of this action can be seen in the long-time.
The current state of the agri-food systems calls for more attention to sustainability. This article explores how diverse business models can contribute to sustainability in food systems, and develops a new business model typology in this domain in which the wider business ecosystem is taken into account. A systematic literature review is done and 37 articles are analyzed according to the business model types, their various sustainability dimensions and roles within the food system. Nine different business model types for sustainable food systems are identified: circular business models, place-based social food networks, new logistics or online food distribution business models, disruptive, sufficiency, inclusive, and family business models, the focal company, and regional food hubs. Collaborative approaches, clear sustainability visions, companies’ values and continuous innovation are important factors for agri-food business models striving for sustainability. More in-depth single-country but also cross-country comparative and cross-disciplinary research is needed for understanding business models and their transitions toward sustainable outcomes within diverse and complex food systems.
Bioenergy is widely included in energy strategies for its GHG mitigation potential. Bioenergy technologies will likely have to be deployed at scale to meet decarbonisation targets, and consequently biomass will have to be increasingly grown/mobilised. Sustainability risks associated with bioenergy may intensify with increasing deployment and where feedstocks are sourced through international trade. This research applies the Bioeconomy Sustainability Indicator Model (BSIM) to map and analyse the performance of bioenergy across 126 sustainability issues, evaluating 16 bioenergy case studies that reflect the breadth of biomass resources, technologies, energy vectors and bio-products. The research finds common trends in sustainability performance across projects that can inform bioenergy policy and decision making. Potential sustainability benefits are identified for People (jobs, skills, income, energy access); for Development (economy, energy, land utilisation); for Natural Systems (soil, heavy metals), and; for Climate Change (emissions, fuels). Also, consistent trends of sustainability risks where focus is required to ensure the viability of bioenergy projects, including for infrastructure, feedstock mobilisation, techno-economics and carbon stocks. Emission mitigation may be a primary objective for bioenergy, this research finds bioenergy projects can provide potential benefits far beyond emissions - there is an argument for supporting/promoting/replicating projects based on the ecosystem services and/or economic stimulation they may deliver. Also given the broad dynamics and characteristics of bioenergy projects, a rigid approach of assessing sustainability may be incompatible. Awarding ‘credit’ across a broader range of sustainability indicators in addition to requiring minimum performances in key areas, may be more effective at ensuring bioenergy sustainability.
With the raising awareness of environmental protection, straw burning ban has been implemented to control straw burning phenomenon in China. It has received significant achievement by reducing the fire spots remarkably, but fire spots still cannot be eliminated in farmland. Although considerable papers and reviews on straw burning have been conducted, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic review of exploring the status, obstacles, implications, and motivations of this phenomenon, especially revealing the unique circumstance and experience in China. The review first summarizes the reasons as well as hazards of straw burning in China, and then explores the dilemma of straw burning ban in terms of farmers' endowments. And then, the review discusses the limitations of subsidy from financial expenditure and suggests two alternative innovative incentives: transferred payment from stakeholders and carbon trading. It is hoped that policy suggestion about straw burning and innovative incentives can enlighten researchers and policymakers who intend to implement straw burning ban effectively in the future.
基于 LCA 的湖北省大型生物质能源项目环境影响评价.
Bioenergy has attracted particular interest among renewable energies as a workable strategy for reducing GHG emissions globally. One of the most common methods of biomass valorization is to produce biofuels (e.g., biogas, syngas, and briquette fuel). Focusing on biogas, the most important bioenergy form in China, it was found that the anaerobic digestion (AD) process produces massive amounts of digestate. This digestate leads to the accumulation of heavy metals and pathogens when improperly disposed of or applied directly to the soil. In conjunction with plans to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, digestate was also found to be a strong alternative to biofertilizer production. At the same time, the raw biogas had to be used in more beneficial ways rather than being burned directly. It can be used for combined heat and power production (CHP), burned in a boiler to generate heat, as transportation fuel, or injected into the national grid after upgrading to higher quality biomethane. However, the abovementioned conversion technologies must be environmentally evaluated to quantify their environmental impacts. Therefore, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to evaluate different bioenergy systems. The current thesis contains three main parts as follows:
In the first part, the LCA method was used to compare and quantify the environmental burdens of three rice straw (RS) utilization scenarios for producing biogas, briquette fuel, and syngas. To our knowledge, this is the first study that applies the LCA approach to assess these three bioenergy scenarios in a single study where the main goal was to determine the most sustainable option. A total of 10 mid-point impact categories were investigated. The results indicated that the three scenarios achieved net positive energy and net negative GHG balances. The briquette fuel scenarios had the highest net energy balance (11,115 MJ/tonne dry RS), while the syngas scenario had the highest net GHG (-2,315 kg CO2-eq./tonne dry RS). Moreover, the syngas scenario was the most beneficial to the environment, achieving negative results in 9 out of the 10 impact categories; the largest was marine ecotoxicity (-853,897 kg 1,4-DB-eq./tonne dry RS). The biogas scenario achieved emission savings in 3 out of the 10 categories. Although the briquette fuel scenario had no negative values in the 10 categories, its overall contribution to environmental burdens was relatively low.
In the second part, we focused on the biogas project, as it is the most widespread project in China and has received great attention from the Chinese government, especially in rural areas. The management of digestate generated from the AD process was investigated. Four scenarios of digestate utilization as the first LCA study in Hubei province were compared. The four scenarios included (i) biofertilizer pellets (BFPs), (ii) biocompost (BC), (iii) liquid biofertilizer (LBF), and (iv) powder biofertilizer (PBF). The results showed that the LBF scenario was the best treatment choice, achieving environmental benefits in five out of the ten impact categories examined; the highest was the marine aquatic ecotoxicity category (-141,304.03 kg 1,4-DB-eq./tonne digestate). Contrarily, the scenario with the least environmental benefits was the BC scenario in which it contributed to emissions in five categories; the most notable was the contribution to the global warming category with 23.49 kg CO2-eq./tonne digestate. However, all the studied scenarios achieved environmental gains compared to the chemical fertilizers, and the top three emission reduction categories were marine aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, and human toxicity.
In the third part, focusing on evaluating raw biogas utilization, an LCA was conducted to assess three biogas utilization scenarios for energy production. The three scenarios are (i) biogas combustion in combined heat and power (CHP) unit, (ii) biogas combustion in a steam boiler, and (iii) biogas upgrading using a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit to determine the most sustainable option. The results revealed that the upgrading scenario was the best option, achieving emission savings in 8 out of 10 investigated impact categories. Among them, the emission saving was the highest in the marine aquatic ecotoxicity category (-4,276.97 kg 1,4-DB eq./MJ). The CHP scenario was the second-best option, followed by the boiler scenario (worst option), and both had the most beneficial performance in the ozone depletion potential category with 6.29E-08 and 9.88E-08 kg CFC-11-eq./MJ, respectively. The environmental burdens of the boiler scenario were the highest in the marine aquatic ecotoxicity category (248.92 kg 1,4-DB eq./MJ). Although the CHP and boiler scenarios contributed to environmental burdens in all impact categories, they achieved emission savings compared to fossil fuel-based systems.
Energy outlooks for Africa feature increased use of fossil fuels. However, they widely ignore that a transition from traditional to modern bioenergy can support the increasing commercial energy demand and offer a high level of flexibility and dispatchability. We use energy statistics, resource assessments and demand analysis to show how switching traditional biomass use to more sustainable technologies could practically eliminate unsustainable fuelwood use. Furthermore, mobilising agricultural and forestry residue for commercial use could grow a sustainable biomass industry and offset Africa's projected expansion of fossil fuels. The assessment focuses on feedstocks and potential energy conversion options for selected and most promising bioenergy pathways in Sub-Saharan Africa's growing and economically relevant industries: cement, agricultural processing, livestock, and horticulture. Examples of specific applications are given to support the high-level resource assessment and demand balances in these sectors. Our results indicate that 3317 PJ bioenergy could be utilised in Sub-Saharan Africa. Even with the calculated gap between biomass availability and biomass demand of 5559 PJ in future energy scenarios, bioenergy can contribute to sustainable energy supply and access in SSA. The sustainability mapping highlighted that bioenergy could deliver integral social and economic impacts because of the close integration with agriculture as the main livelihood supporting sector in SSA. Sustainability frameworks and governance structures must consider bioenergy beyond its cost and clean energy potential to maximise positive trade-offs.
The composition of fruit processing waste presents opportunities for its utilization as biorefinery feedstock in the production of renewable energy, biofuels, and high-value compounds. However, commercialization of fruit waste biorefineries is limited, attributable to the unavailability of information on feedstock availability, process design, and scale-up. Consequently, capital and operating cost requirements, associated resource use, barriers to mobilizing available feedstocks as well as the anticipated social and environmental impacts of such systems are poorly understood. This review presents an outline of the current fruit processing trends and utilization of fruit processing waste while proposing potential integrated multi-feed biorefinery schemes that can utilize the waste for co-production of bioenergy and biofuels with low volume high-value compounds (essential oils, pectin, and polyphenols). Multi-feedstock operation is envisaged to enable all-year-round operation of the biorefineries while co-production of bioenergy and bioactives is anticipated to boost the economic and environmental viability. Limitations in technology and process development, coupled with limited availability of information on economic viability and sustainability at industrial scale, are some of the challenges against the adoption of integrated biorefineries. Hence, future work aimed at evaluating the applicability in terms of economic viability and sustainability of integrated multi-feed fruit waste-based biorefineries is recommended.
Many countries encourage the establishment of microgrids to support the spread of renewable energy sources, as it is the best option for dealing with electricity problems and air pollution. In this study, four sizing scenarios of a residential microgrid in a northern Egyptian city surrounded by rural areas are introduced as an interpretative example to explore the optimal scheduling strategy. This paper’s novelty originated from the techno-economic and ecological performance comparison of different sizing strategies for a residential load based on renewable sources, considering load shifting algorithms and using rice straw as biomass fuel instead of its open-field burning. The proposed optimization algorithm illustrates that the PV/WG/Biomass/two-ways-grid-connection microgrid is the best investable-reliable sizing option with a minimum net present cost of about ($ 0.7073 million), which is reduced by ($ 0.1664 million) when 30% demand response participation is applied. Also, the PV/WG/Biomass system has the most significant environmental impact with a CO2 emissions reduction of around (3.465*108 kg).
The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of biogas production implemented by family farmers organized in a cooperative agroenergy condominium. Evidences of changes in socioenvironmental performance were obtained through field observations and queries to the farmers. Observed ‘change coefficients’ were inserted into multicriteria indicators, weighted by their spatial scale of occurrence in the rural establishments, and impact indices were calculated for a set of seven characterization aspects (technological efficiency, environmental quality, productive process, employment, income, health, and management, and administration), integrated in 23 criteria and 123 indicators. The resulting impact indices of the implementation of the cooperative agroenergy condominium pointed out to positive performances in most of the criteria, with occasional transitory negative indices in specific indicators, related to farmers' particular contexts. Statistically significant positive results were obtained for seven of the ten Ecological impact criteria, as follows (i) use of agricultural inputs and resources; (ii) energy consumption; (iii) self-generation, utilization, reuse, and autonomy in the agricultural area; (iv) energy security; (v) emissions to the atmosphere; (vi) soil quality, and (vii) water quality. In the Socioenvironmental impacts dimension, statistically significant positive results were found for the following criteria: (i) productivity; (ii) productive integration in the concept of biorefinery/Ecopark; (iii) training; (iv) qualification and availability of work; (v) income generation; (vi) waste disposal, and (vii) institutional relationship. The agroenergy condominium contributed to reducing environmental impacts, promoting productive efficiency and improving income generation in the cooperating family farms.
Bioenergy is the main renewable energy source and the main primary energy source in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). However, in many cases biomass use is unsustainable and inefficient, resulting in significant environmental and health risks. This short communication synthesises the key findings from 15 research articles published in the Special Issue “Development of modern bioenergy approaches in low- and middle-income countries” published in the journal Biomass & Bioenergy and highlights the overarching research and deployment challenges of bioenergy in a LMIC context. The research presented in the Special Issue shows the relevance of demand-driven and participatory approaches and understanding the technical, environmental, economic and social implications of bioenergy and the synergies with other sectors to enable the full potential of sustainable bioenergy. The findings also show the contribution modern bioenergy systems can make to energy access and human and economic development, underpinning several of the Sustainable Development Goals. While there is large agreement that bioenergy can provide environmental, economic and social co-benefits, research not always capture the full breadth of sustainability and often focuses at the most obvious environmental and economic benefits such as climate change, energy access, related economic development and sustainable production and innovation. Including less visible co-benefits in the evaluation of bioenergy systems would strengthen the analysis of non-monetary values and would support institutional and commercial decision making beyond renewable energy and energy access, underpinning the overarching concept of the SDGS of “leaving no one behind”.
This article reviews the empirical literature about gender and productive uses of energy, focusing on electricity, to answer three research questions: do men and women obtain different benefits from the Productive Use of Electricity (PUE)?; which gendered constraints affect women’s chances to benefit from the PUE; and which interventions work to achieve gender equity in the PUE? We find that PUE literature has so far considered gender mainly at the household level, by looking at the labour supply effects of access to electricity. However, the role of enterprises as labour absorbers and income generators, has been devoid of gender considerations. This omission is significant because women tend to operate in smaller and less energy intensive enterprises, and hence can draw less benefits from PUE interventions. The wider literature on gender and labour markets offers valuable insights about the constraints that explain performance differentials between male and female led enterprises. However, this literature is dominated by experimental and quasi-experimental approaches unable to capture the complexity in which gendered PUE interventions would operate. We draw from the insights provided by these different strands of literature, but further recommend a mixed methods approach to advance the research agenda about gender and PUE.
Off-grid, renewable based electricity systems are becoming increasingly competitive for remote rural communities. When the electricity supplied is used productively by micro and small enterprises (MSE), it has the potential to contribute to income generation and poverty reduction. MSE are prevalent in rural Kenya to complement agricultural activities. However, most of them struggle to survive and they provide insufficient income to escape poverty. This paper investigates if the provision of electricity through solar mini-grids could contribute to improving business performance in rural Kenya. We use a difference-in-differences approach to compare business outcomes before and after electrification in regions with and without mini-grids. Outcomes include opening hours, number of enterprises, profits, sales, and expenses. Our results show that nearly two years after the implementation of mini-grids, these have not had the intended effect of improving business performance. Electricity consumption has remained low and demand for the products and services sold by local businesses has not picked up after the arrival of mini-grids. We recommend adjusting the size of the systems to the actual demand and implementing complementary measures to improve agricultural productivity and access to external markets.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—including 17 interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets—is a global plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. SDG7 calls for action to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Here we characterize synergies and trade-offs between efforts to achieve SDG7 and delivery of the 2030 Agenda as a whole. We identify 113 targets requiring actions to change energy systems, and published evidence of relationships between 143 targets (143 synergies, 65 trade-offs) and efforts to achieve SDG7. Synergies and trade-offs exist in three key domains, where decisions about SDG7 affect humanity’s ability to: realize aspirations of greater welfare and well-being; build physical and social infrastructures for sustainable development; and achieve sustainable management of the natural environment. There is an urgent need to better organize, connect and extend this evidence, to help all actors work together to achieve sustainable development.
Open-burning of rice straw residues pollutes the air and contributes to global warming through emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Although burning of straw residues emits large amounts of CO2 , this component of the smoke is not considered as net GHG emissions and only concludes the annual carbon cycle that has started with photosynthesis. Hence, we focused on emissions of CH4 and N2O from open-field burning against a baseline of straw incorporation. The experimental approach combined a newly designed combustion chamber for the collection of smoke followed by chemical analysis (Exp. A) as well as field observations of soil-borne emissions for different straw treatments (Exp. B). At constant straw moisture of 10%, the mass-scaled Emission Factors (EF m) were 4.51 g CH 4 and 0.069 g N2O per kg dry weight (kg-1 dw) of straw. In Exp. B, we conducted field trials over two seasons with the following straw management practices: SRt - straw retained including stubbles and incorporated, PSRm - partial straw removal only stubbles incorporated, CSRm - complete straw removal including removal of stubbles, and SB - straw burned followed by incorporation of ash and unburned residues. Soil-borne emissions were recorded with a closed chamber approach whereas straw burning was computed indirectly using the EF from Exp. A. As metrics for comparison, we have used the GWP contributions of CH 4 and N 2 O for the different straw management practices over two cropping seasons in the field. On an annual basis, SRt had the highest total GWP (8023 kg CO2eq ha-1). SB entailed a GWP of 4913 kg CO2eq ha-1 that was almost identical to the GWP of PSRm (4531 kg CO2eq ha-1). CSRm had the lowest GWP (3470 kg CO2eq ha-1) that was significantly lower than that of SRt. However, full GHG accounting of straw removed from the field will depend on the ensuing utilization of straw and the off-field emissions involved - which was outside of the boundaries of this study. The quantification of open field burning in this study can be instrumental for diverse purposes by providing data of an important component in emission inventories and carbon footprint analysis of rice.
This study assessed the environmental consequences of burning and other rice straw management practices in terms of non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and evaluated the cost-effectiveness of selected rice straw management alternatives. On a per-hectare basis and considering a time horizon of five years, incorporating stubble more than 30 days before crop establishment, and incorporating composted rice straw in the field yielded the lowest cumulative CH4 and N2O emissions. Considering the associated costs and secondary benefits, the most cost-effective option for farmers is to incorporate stubble and straw in the soil more than 30 days before crop establishment. Rapid straw composting and incorporation of rice straw compost entails much higher additional cost but it also significantly mitigates GHG emission, hence it is the next most cost-effective option. Incorporating rice stubble and straw less than a month before crop establishment and removing rice straw for use as animal feed, on the other hand, appear to result in a net increase in ton CO2-eq given the assumed time horizon. The results underscore the impacts on the environment of small changes in straw management practices entailing minimal costs. Cost-effectiveness analysis considering rice straw for power generation and bio ethanol production is recommended. Further study on water management and tillage practice as mitigation options is recommended for a broader perspective useful for farmers, policy-makers, and other rice stakeholders.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is of growing importance within the UK as it can make an important contribution to the countries energy and climate change targets. With the growth of the sector, discussions about competing land uses are likely to increase. For a better understanding of the synergies between agricultural land, its role and bioenergy the perception of the different stakeholders will play an important role. The perception of stakeholders related to AD, feedstock and energy crop production was investigated through interviews and a stakeholder workshop. The results indicated that from an AD operator and feedstock producer perspective, on-farm AD is more an additional activity integrated into existing agricultural systems than a renewable energy technology. The risk of a shift in agricultural practices and large areas to grow energy crops for AD is seen as low for the UK. Nonetheless, land use and related challenges need to be considered as the demand for AD feedstocks increases with the fast growth of the sector. Considering the synergies between bioenergy and agriculture as well as the motivations and benefits perceived by stakeholders will play an important role in a successful policy design to provide the required emission reduction in both sectors without subverting sustainability.
The negative effects of open-field rice straw burning on the environment and human health are well documented in local and international literature. This research project assesses the environmental consequences of rice straw burning and other straw management practices in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly that of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). It also evaluates the cost-effectiveness of adopting selected rice straw management alternatives. On a per hectare basis, considering a time horizon of 5 years with associated assumptions on cost savings and secondary benefits, incorporating stubble more than 30 days before crop establishment and incorporating composted rice straw in the field yielded the lowest cumulative CH4 and N2O emissions. The study found that the most cost-effective option for farmers is to incorporate stubble and straw in the soil more than 30 days before crop establishment. This option is followed by rapid straw composting and incorporation of rice straw into the field. The study recommends looking for alternative uses of rice straw and finding ways to reduce the cost of collection and transportation of rice straw, coupled by the strict enforcement of laws banning rice straw burning.
In less than a decade, biofuels transitioned from being a socially and politically acceptable alternative to conventional transport fuels to a deeply contested solution. Claims of land grabs, forest loss and food riots emerged to undermine the sustainability rationale that originally motivated their adoption. One of the early controversies to hit biofuels was that of food versus fuel. This framing drew attention not only to the competing uses of land i.e. for food or for fuel, but also to the impacts of consumption on marginalised people, particularly in the global South. While the debate has provided a useful hook on which to hang criticisms of increased demand for biofuels, it also masks a more complex reality. In particular, the multifaceted and global linkages between the stewardship of land, the food sector, and global energy policies. In this paper, we use the debate on food versus fuel as a lens to examine the interdependencies between the multiple end-uses of feedstocks and the multifunctionality of land. Revealing a more nuanced understanding of the realities of agricultural networks, land use conflicts and the values of the people managing land, we argue that the simplification achieved by food versus fuel, although effective in generating public resonance that has filtered into political response, has failed to capture much that is at the heart of the issue.
Biomass can deliver significant greenhouse gas reductions in electricity, heat and transport fuel supply. However, our biomass resource is limited and should be used to deliver the most strategic and significant impacts. The relative greenhouse gas reduction merits of different bioenergy systems (for electricity, heat, chemical and biochar production) were examined on a common, scientific basis using consistent life cycle assessment methodology, scope of system and assumptions. The results show that bioenergy delivers substantial and cost-effective greenhouse gas reductions. Large scale electricity systems deliver the largest absolute reductions in greenhouse gases per unit of energy generated, while medium scale wood chip district heating boilers result in the highest level of greenhouse gas reductions per unit of harvested biomass. However, ammonia and biochar systems deliver the most cost effective carbon reductions, while biochar systems potentially deliver the highest greenhouse gas reductions per unit area of land.
Rice residues are important natural resources, and recycling of these residues improves the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Management of rice straw is a major challenge as it is considered to be a poor feed for the animals due to high silica content. This paper reviews the potential of rice residues and its management options, residue effects on soil properties and crop productivity. On the basis of reported research results by different researchers, an analysis has been made. A rice-wheat sequence that yields 7 t ha-1 of rice and 4 t ha-1 of wheat removes more than N 300, P 30 and K 300 kg ha-1 from the soil; the residues of rice and wheat amount to as much as 7-10 t ha-1 yr-1. South Asian farmers need to manage 5-7 t ha-1 of rice residues and overcome the problems for planting wheat. Management options are: burning, incorporation, surface retention and mulching, and baling and removing the straw. Despite some advantages like killing of deleterious pests and clearing the piles before wheat planting, burning results huge losses of N (up to 80%), P (25%), K (21%) and S (4-60%), air pollution (@ CO2 13 t ha-1) depriving soils of organic matter (SOM). This loss of SOM is one of the recognized threats to sustainability. Incorporation leads to build up of SOM, soil N, P and K. The major disadvantage of incorporation is the immobilization of inorganic N. However, N at 15-20 kg ha-1 as starter dose with straw incorporation increases yield of wheat and rice compared to burning. Surface retention of residues increases soil NO3- by 46%, N uptake by 29%, and yield by 37% compared to burning. Residue management practices affect soil physical properties viz. soil moisture, temperature, aggregate formation, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity. Soil temperature is influenced through the change in radiant energy balance and insulation. Rice crop residues are highly siliceous, and have the potential of transforming electrochemical properties of acidic soils that reduces P fixation; improving base retention and increasing the soil pH. Rice straw incorporation coupled with organic manure increases grain yield of wheat and improves soil physical condition. Residue incorporation results more microbial activity than residue removal or burning. Thus, if residues are managed properly, then it can warrant the improvements in soil properties and the sustainability in crop productivity.
This report reviews the literature on the links between energy access, welfare, and gender in order to provide evidence on where gender considerations in the energy sector matter and how they might be addressed. Prepared as a background document for the 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development, and part of the Social Development Department's ongoing work on gender and infrastructure, the report describes and evaluates the evidence on the links between gender and energy focusing on: increased access to woodfuel through planting of trees and forest management; improved cooking technologies; and access to electricity and motive energy. The report's main finding is that energy interventions can have significant gender benefits, which can be realized via careful design and targeting of interventions based on a context-specific understanding of energy scarcity and household decision-making, in particular how women's preferences, opportunity cost of time, and welfare are reflected in household energy decisions. The report focuses on the academic peer-reviewed literature and, although it applies fairly inclusive screening criteria when selecting the evidence to consider, finds that the evidence on many of the energy-gender linkages is often limited. There is thus a clear need for studies to evaluate interventions and identify key design elements for gender-sensitive project design.
Purpose
– Despite the growing pressure to encourage new ways of thinking about research methodology, only recently have interview methodologists begun to realize that “we cannot lift the results of interviewing out of the contexts in which they were gathered and claim them as objective data with no strings attached”. The purpose of this paper is to provide additional insight based on a critical reflection of the interview as a research method drawing upon Alvesson's discussion from the neopositivist, romanticist and localist interview perspectives. Specifically, the authors focus on critical reflections of three broad categories of a continuum of interview methods: structured, semi‐structured and unstructured interviews.
Design/methodology/approach
– The authors adopt a critical and reflexive approach to understanding the literature on interviews to develop alternative insights about the use of interviews as a qualitative research method.
Findings
– After examining the neopositivist (interview as a “tool”) and romanticist (interview as “human encounter”) perspectives on the use of the research interview, the authors adopt a localist perspective towards interviews and argue that the localist approach opens up alternative understanding of the interview process and the accounts produced provide additional insights. The insights are used to outline the skills researchers need to develop in applying the localist perspective to interviews.
Originality/value
– The paper provides an alternative perspective on the practice of conducting interviews, recognizing interviews as complex social and organizational phenomena rather than just a research method.
This paper explores the most common methods of data collection used in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. The paper examines each method in detail, focusing on how they work in practice, when their use is appropriate and what they can offer dentistry. Examples of empirical studies that have used interviews or focus groups are also provided.
Forest-based bioenergy plays an important role in climate mitigation for limiting global mean temperature increase to below 2 °C. The greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of three forest-based bioenergy systems from the USA, Canada and Spain supplying wood pellets for electricity in the UK were evaluated by conducting lifecycle assessments and forest carbon modelling of the three forest systems. Cumulative emissions were analysed by calculating the forest carbon stock change and net GHG emissions balance of the forest-based bioenergy electricity. The analysis considered both the replacement of the existing electricity mix with bioenergy electricity and forest management with and without bioenergy use. The supply chain emissions and forest carbon balances indicated that GHG emission reductions are possible. However, the cumulative net GHG balance at forest landscape scale revealed that the reduction potential is limited, potentially with no GHG reductions in fast growing forests with shorter rotations, while slow growing forest systems with longer rotations result in greater GHG reductions. This means that the maximum climate benefit is delivered at a different point in time for different forest systems. To evaluate the climate change mitigation potential of forest-based bioenergy it is therefore necessary to consider the management, utilisation and relevant ounterfactual of the whole forest and its products. In terms of climate change mitigation potential and minimising possible negative impacts that would require multi-level governance.
Considering the urgent need to shift to low carbon energy carriers, waste wood resources could provide an alternative energy feedstock and at the same time reduce emissions from landfill. This research examines the climate change impacts and related emission uncertainties of waste wood based energy. For this, different grades of waste wood and energy application have been investigated using lifecycle assessment. Sensitivity analysis has then been applied for supply chain processes and feedstock properties for the main emission contributing categories: transport, processing, pelletizing, urea resin fraction and related N2O formation. The results show, depending on the waste wood grade, the conversion option, scale and the related reference case, that emission reductions of up to 91% are possible for non-treated wood waste. Compared to this, energy from treated wood waste with low contamination can achieve up to 83% emission savings, similar to untreated waste wood pellets, but in some cases emissions from waste wood based energy can exceed the ones of the fossil fuel reference - in the worst case by 126%. Emission reductions from highly contaminated feedstocks are largest when replacing electricity from large-scale coal and landfill. The highest emission uncertainties are related to the wood's resin fraction and N2O formation during combustion and, pelletizing. Comparing wood processing with diesel and electricity powered equipment also generated high variations in the results, while emission variations related to transport are relatively small. Using treated waste wood as a bioenergy feedstock can be a valid option to reduce emissions from energy production but this is only realisable if coal and landfill gas are replaced. To achieve meaningful emission reduction in line with national and international climate change targets, pre-treatment of waste wood would be required to reduce components that form N2O during the energy conversion.
The United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has, in Goal 7 on sustainable energy, highlighted increased use of renewables. These, however, face social and environmental challenges. Of particular interest are wind and solar projects – among the most promising energy sources in developing countries. Using the energy justice lens, our study explores current and potential injustices linked to such projects in Chile, India, Kenya and Mexico as well as ways to combat them. We argue that, to achieve Goal 7 without leaving anyone behind, energy justice considerations need to be included when designing and implementing renewable energy policies and developments. We conclude with recommendations.
The South African sugar sector is making important contributions to the national economy in terms of income, employment, land reform and rural development. With fluctuating world market prices for sugar and sharp price increases for electricity the sector is facing several challenges. There is a recognised need to switch to more low carbon and renewable energy carriers and sugarcane residues are becoming of increasing interest. This paper presents exploratory research on community energy demand of integrating bioenergy from sugarcane residues into the sugar value chain. These have been identified during farm visits and stakeholder meetings in Nkomazi, District of Mpumalanga, South Africa. From these, four potential bioenergy integration pathways were highlighted and evaluated. While the pathway with centralised bioenergy generation can provide benefits to the national energy supply, local community-scale bioenergy integration can directly target the development and empowerment of communities and improve their energy security. Assessing the pathways identify that it is necessary to consider carefully: (1) what are the desired outcomes of integrating bioenergy, (2) what are the trade-offs between different sustainability aspects, and (3) who will receive the benefits. This shows the importance of considering context specific and wider socio-economic aspect to identify possible benefits and challenges.
The Triple Layered Business Model Canvas is a tool for exploring sustainability-oriented business model innovation. It extends the original business model canvas by adding two layers: an environmental layer based on a lifecycle perspective and a social layer based on a stakeholder perspective. When taken together, the three layers of the business model make more explicit how an organizations generates multiple types of value - economic, environmental and social. Visually representing a business model through this canvas tool supports developing and communicating a more holistic and integrated view of a business model; which also supports creatively innovating towards more sustainable business models. This paper presents the triple layer business model canvas tool and describes its key features through a re-analysis of the Nestlé Nespresso business model. This new tool contributes to sustainable business model research by providing a design tool which structures sustainability issues in business model innovation. Also, it creates two new dynamics for analysis: horizontal coherence and vertical coherence.
In-depth, semi-structured interviews are verbal interchanges where one person, the interviewer, attempts to elicit information from another person by asking questions. Even though interviewers tend to prepare a list of predetermined questions, in-depth, semi-structured interviews usually unfold in a conversational manner offering participants the chance to pursue issues they feel are important. In-depth, semi-structured interviews are a commonly used method in geographical research. Sometimes researchers rely upon in-depth, semi-structured interviews as a stand-alone method; sometimes they are used in conjunction with other methods. In-depth, semi-structured interviews are useful for investigating complex behaviors, opinions, and emotions and for collecting information on a diverse range of experiences. They do not offer researchers a route to ‘the truth’ but they do offer a route to partial insights into what people do and think. In-depth, semi-structured interviews have made an increasingly significant contribution to geographic research as debates about meaning, identity, subjectivity, politics, knowledge, representation, and power have gained momentum. The popularity of in-depth, semi-structured interviews has been driven at least in part by a growing awareness in the discipline of issues such as researcher positionality and reflexivity.
Liberalized energy markets do not take account of the climate change impacts of fossil fuels, so energy policy interventions are necessary to achieve greenhouse gas reductions. Bioenergy systems can contribute to these reductions, but deployment is generally low. The application of traditional energy policy instruments to bioenergy systems is complicated by the fact that greenhouse gas emissions are incurred in the supply chain rather than at the point of use, by competing uses for the raw materials and the requirement to minimize other significant negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts. This work examines the policy options for delivering desirable bioenergy systems.
Decision-making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives to find the best solution based on different factors and considering the decision makers’ expectations. Every decision is made within a decision environment, which is defined as the collection of information, alternatives, values and preferences available at the time when the decision must be made. The difficult point in decision-making is the multiplicity of the criteria set for judging the alternatives.
Rice residues are important natural resources, and recycling of these residues improves the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Management of rice straw is a major challenge as it is considered to be a poor feed for the animals due to high silica content. This paper reviews the potential of rice residues and its management options, residue effects on soil properties and crop productivity. On the basis of reported research results by different researchers, an analysis has been made. A rice-wheat sequence that yields 7 t ha-1 of rice and 4 t ha-1 of wheat removes more than N 300, P 30 and K 300 kg ha-1 from the soil; the residues of rice and wheat amount to as much as 7-10 t ha-1 yr-1. South Asian farmers need to manage 5-7 t ha-1 of rice residues and overcome the problems for planting wheat. Management options are: burning, incorporation, surface retention and mulching, and baling and removing the straw. Despite some advantages like killing of deleterious pests and clearing the piles before wheat planting, burning results huge losses of N (up to 80%), P (25%), K (21%) and S (4-60%), air pollution (@ CO 2 13 t ha-1) depriving soils of organic matter (SOM). This loss of SOM is one of the recognized threats to sustainability. Incorporation leads to build up of SOM, soil N, P and K. The major disadvantage of incorporation is the immobilization of inorganic N. However, N at 15-20 kg ha-1 as starter dose with straw incorporation increases yield of wheat and rice compared to burning. Surface retention of residues increases soil NO 3-by 46%, N uptake by 29%, and yield by 37% compared to burning. Residue management practices affect soil physical properties viz. soil moisture, temperature, aggregate formation, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity. Soil temperature is influenced through the change in radiant energy balance and insulation. Rice crop residues are highly siliceous, and have the potential of transforming electrochemical properties of acidic soils that reduces P fixation; improving base retention and increasing the soil pH. Rice straw incorporation coupled with organic manure increases grain yield of wheat and improves soil physical condition. Residue incorporation results more microbial activity than residue removal or burning. Thus, if residues are managed properly, then it can warrant the improvements in soil properties and the sustainability in crop productivity.
Crop residues, usually considered a problem, when managed correctly can improve soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient cycling, thereby creating a rather favorable environment for plant growth. The intelligent management and utilization of crop residues is essential for the improvement of soil quality and crop productivity under rice-based cropping systems of the tropics. Viable option is to retain residue in the field; burning should be avoided. The major issue is adapting drills to sow into loose residues. Strategies include chopping and spreading of straw during or after combining or the use of disc-type trash drills. Residues rich in lignin and polyphenol contents experience the lowest decay. Decomposition of crop residues occurs at a rapid rate—about 80% of crop residue C is lost in the first year—under the warm and humid conditions of the tropics. Factors that control C decomposition also affect the N mineralization from the crop residues. Decomposition of poor-quality residues with low N contents, high C:N ratios, and high lignin and polyphenol contents generally results in microbial immobilization of soil and fertilizer N. Nutrient cycling in the soil–plant ecosystem is an essential component of sustainable productive agricultural enterprise. Although during the last three decades, fertilization practices have played a dominant role in the rice-based cropping systems, crop residues—the harvest remnants of the previous crop still play an essential role in the cycling of nutrients. Incorporation of crop residues alters the soil environment that in turn influences the microbial population and activity in the soil and subsequent nutrient transformations.
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