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Disability-friendly public space performance

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Sustainable development goals no. 11 mentioned the need for reduced inequalities in disability. However, this equality in urban public spaces is not yet optimal. Public space is not yet sufficient in providing facilities for persons with disabilities. The purpose of this research is to measure the performance of public spaces based on perceptions of persons with disabilities. The approach method uses Importance performance analysis (IPA). IPA is considered a useful tool in examining customer satisfaction. Based on the results of surveys and IPA calculations, the performance of public spaces according to disabilities is generally not in accordance with their expectations. The performance components of public space ranged from 41.28% to 95% of the expectations of people with disabilities. Based on these results, better efforts from the city government and the community are needed to develop more disability-friendly public spaces.
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Disability-friendly public space performance
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ICIEVE 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 830 (2020) 022028
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/830/2/022028
1
Disability-friendly public space performance
E Syaodih* and L P Aprilesti
Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
*ernadysyaodih@gmail.com
Abstract. Sustainable development goals no. 11 mentioned the need for reduced inequalities in
disability. However, this equality in urban public spaces is not yet optimal. Public space is not
yet sufficient in providing facilities for persons with disabilities. The purpose of this research is
to measure the performance of public spaces based on perceptions of persons with disabilities.
The approach method uses Importance performance analysis (IPA). IPA is considered a useful
tool in examining customer satisfaction. Based on the results of surveys and IPA calculations,
the performance of public spaces according to disabilities is generally not in accordance with
their expectations. The performance components of public space ranged from 41.28% to 95% of
the expectations of people with disabilities. Based on these results, better efforts from the city
government and the community are needed to develop more disability-friendly public spaces.
1. Introduction
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is one of the declarations that expects every plan to think about
persons with disabilities. It is written in the SDGs program on Sustainable Cities and Communities,
where the target in Point 11.7 states that by 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and
accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons
with disabilities [1]. But, Hasanvand [2] noted that Today, one of the problems in our cities is
inappropriate urban public spaces in order to use physical disabled persons. The built environment can
contribute to a more equal, inclusive and cohesive society if the places where we live, the facilities we
use and our neighborhoods are designed to be accessible and inclusive [3].
Bandung city is one of the cities where the park's existence is quite high. Parks in the city of Bandung
are made to be public spaces that can accommodate a variety of backgrounds and activities of the
community, balancing the environment, forming a comfortable urban space and building a social sense.
The increase in the number of park developments in the city of Bandung is not in accordance with the
needs of persons with disabilities which in 2018 in the city of Bandung numbered around 1,591 people.
Stephen Carr [4] mentioned that public space is place where anyone has right to be without being
excluded because of economic or social condition. Parks as a public space should be enjoyed by
everyone, including people with disabilities, but not all parks in the city of Bandung can be accessed by
people with disabilities.
Parks in Bandung City are less disability friendly, it is caused by many park components are not
good, such as poor pedestrian conditions, guide strip are not available, poor ramp conditions, parking
areas, play facilities, toilets, signs and road markings are not friendly for disability.
The purpose of this study is to assess park performance and identify the needs of park facilities based
on perceptions of persons with disabilities. It is hoped that this study can provide input for city planners
and related stakeholders in developing disability-friendly public spaces
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2. Methods
The scope of the study area covers the Bandung Wetan District, which is one of 30 (thirty) districts in
the Bandung City area. Bandung Wetan District has an area of 339 hectares with a population of 32,341
people. Data collection is done by distributing questionnaires. To a number of people with disabilities.
The population in this study is the population of people with disabilities in the Bandung Wetan District
with a total of 53 people. Determination of the number of sampling is done by using Slovin's Formula
Sampling Techniques. The questionnaire in this study was distributed to 35 respondents with disabilities,
consisting of 11 deaf people, 12 blind people and 12 disabled people. The questionnaire in this study
uses a Likert scale, which is a tool to measure the attitudes or opinions of a person or a number of groups
towards a social phenomenon [5]. Because there were limitations on the respondents, the questionnaire
was not submitted directly but was guided in the form of interviews.
Questionnaire contains questions of respondents' opinions on the performance and expectations of
city park components such as pedestrian (sidewalks), guide strips, ramps, parking areas, toilets, signs
and park markings, and park supporting facilities. The results of the questionnaire are then processed
quantitatively by the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The concept of IPA was
introduced in 1977 by Martilla and James. Essentially, the idea of IPA comes from the theory of
customer satisfaction as a function of the expectation on important attribute and the judgment of attribute
performance.
3. Results
3.1. Pedestrian performance
Sidewalks according to FHWA [6] should have a minimum clearance width of at least 1.5 meters (5
feet). They should be paved with a smooth, durable material. Sidewalks should be kept in good
condition, free from debris, cracks, and rough surfaces.
The results obtained by the assessment of disability on pedestrian performance as follows pedestrian
availability 99.26%, pedestrian conditions 98.04%, hospitality 96.63%, security 95.92%, comfort
93.33%, pedestrian width 94.12%, Value pedestrian average performance of 95.9%.
Table 1. Level of conformity between performance and pedestrian expectations.
Variable
Level of Conformity
%
X (
performance
) Y (
Expectations
)
Pedestrian Availability
136
99,26
Pedestrian Conditions
100
102
98,04
Hospitality
86
89
96,63
Security
94
98
95,92
Comfort
70
75
93,33
Pedestrian Width
96
102
94,12
pedestrian average performance
95,90
135*: number 135 is obtained from the respondent's answer multiplied by the
Likert scale value Source: Analysis Results, 2019
3.2. Guide strip performance
A guide strip is a line means constructed in or on the road surface to facilitate orientation for sightless
pedestrians in the following manner. Guide strips should be laid in a simple and logical manner and
should not be located close to manholes or drains to avoid confusing sightless people. Guide strips
should have a color which contrasts with the surrounding surface for the benefit of people with sight
problems [7].
Based on the research, the results of the disability assessment of the guide lines is obtained as follows:
the availability of the guide lines is 55%, conditions are 47.18%, clarity is 40.51%, the average value of
the performance of the guide lines is 47.56%.
ICIEVE 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 830 (2020) 022028
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Table 2. Level of conformity between performance and guide lines expectations.
Variable
Level of Conformity
%
X (
performance
) Y (
Expectations
)
Availability
88
160
55
Condition
67
142
47,18
Clarity
64
158
40,51
average
47,56%
Source: Analysis Results, 2019
3.3.
Road ramp performance
Ramps are defined as locations where the grade exceeds 5 percent along an accessible path. Longitudinal
grades on sidewalks should be limited to 5 percent, but may be a maximum of 1:12 (8.3 percent), if
necessary. Long, steep grades should have level areas at intermittent distances (every 30 ft.), since
traversing a steep slope with crutches, artificial limbs, or in a wheelchair is difficult and level areas are
needed for the pedestrian to stop and rest [6].
Based on the research, the results of the disability assessment of the ramp performance are as follows
the availability of road ramp 56.76%, ramp width 60.69%, ramp slope 56.82%, availability of handrail
40.26%. The average value of road ramp performance is 53.63%.
Table 3. level of conformity between performance and road ramp expectations.
Variable
Level of Conformity
%
X (
performance
) Y (
Expectations
)
Availability
84 148 56,76
Ramp Width
88 145 60,69
Ramp Slope
75 132 56,82
Availability of Handrail
62 154 40,26
Average
53,63
Source: Analysis Results, 2019
3.4. Parking area performance
Each standard handicapped parking and van space must be 96 inches wide. The standard handicapped
space should have a minimum of a 60-inch aisle. The van space should have a 96-inch aisle adjacent to
the passenger side. A minimum overhead clearance of 98 inches is required to accommodate specially
equipped vehicles [8]. Based on the research, the results of the disability assessment of the performance
of the parking area obtained as follows the distance from the gate 66.19%, free parking space 57.46%,
parking sign 42.2% and sidewalk ramp for the disabled 38.46% The average value of the performance
parking area is 51.08%.
Table 4. Level of conformity between performance and parking area expectations.
Variable
Level of Conformity
%
X (
performance
) Y (
Expectations
)
distance from the gate
94
142
66,19
free parking space
77
134
57,46
parking sign
65
154
42,20
sidewalk ramp
60
156
38,46
average
51,08
Source: Analysis Results, 2019
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 830 (2020) 022028
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/830/2/022028
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3.5.
Toilet performance
According to AusAID, the toilet needs for disabilities are the availability of handrails with the correct
height. Provide sufficient room around toilet bowls and wash basins to allow easy maneuverability by
people in wheelchairs [9]. Based on the research, the results of the disability assessment on the
performance of toilets are as follows: availability of toilets for disabilities 42.58%, signage for
disabilities 32.29%, sufficiency of space 39.24%, availability of handrails 35.24%, layout of disability
needs 49.38 %, floor condition 47.71%, door condition 53.65%, emergency sound button 30.18%. The
average value of toilet performance is 41.28%.
Table 5. Level of conformity between performance and toilet expectations.
Variable
Level of Conformity
%
X (
performance
) Y (
Expectations
)
Availability
66
155
42,58
signage for disabilities
52
161
32,29
sufficiency of space
62
158
39,24
availability of handrails
56
159
35,24
layout of disability needs
80
162
49,38
floor condition
73
153
47,71
door condition
88
164
53,65
emergency sound button
48
159
30,18
Average
41,28
Source: Analysis Results, 2019
3.6. Signs and marks performance
Disability assessment of the completeness of signs and markers, including the level of suitability of
performance and expectations of disability to the availability of raised / braille signs for the blind, clarity
of signs and park markings, completeness of signs and markers for disabilities. Based on the research,
the results of the assessment of disability on the performance of park signs and markers as follows the
availability of embossed / braille signs for blind people 59.62%, clarity of signs and park markings
48.63%, completeness of signs and park markings for disabilities 49.66%. The average performance
value of signs and park markings is 52.64%.
Table 6. Level of conformity between performance and signs expectations.
Variable
Level of Conformity
%
X (
performance
) Y (
Expectations
)
availability of embossed /
braille
signs
93
156
59,62
clarity of signs and park markings
71
146
48,63
completeness of signs and park markings
73
147
49,66
Average
52,64
Source: Analysis Results, 2019
3.7. Performance supporting facilities parks
Disability assessment of the completeness of park supporting facilities includes the level of suitability
of performance and expectations of disability to the availability of chairs for disabilities, the availability
of tables, playing facilities, audio visual, vegetation according to disability needs. Based on the research,
the results of the disability assessment of the performance of park supporting facilities are as follows:
the availability of chairs for disabilities is 100%, the availability of tables is 77.48%, the playing
facilities are 52.38%, the audio visual is 33.55%, the vegetation is according to the disability needs
41.46%. The average value of the performance of park supporting facilities is 61.79%.
ICIEVE 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 830 (2020) 022028
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/830/2/022028
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Table 7. Level of conformity between performance and supporting facilities expectations.
Variable
Level of Conformity
%
X (
performance
) Y (
Expectations
)
availability of chairs
153
147
104,10
availability of tables
117
151
77,48
playing facilities
77
147
52,38
audio visual
52
155
33,55
vegetation
68
164
41,46
Average 61,79
Source: Analysis Results, 2019
4. Discussion
Disabled citizens should have the equal right of access to public spaces as all other citizens.
Discrimination occurs when they are not treated equally with others. The built environment can
contribute to a more equal, inclusive and cohesive society if the places where we live, the facilities we
use and our neighbourhoods are designed to be accessible and inclusive [10]. The results of the
evaluation of the performance of public spaces according to disabilities in the city of Bandung are
generally not good. The average performance of public space services in the city of Bandung based on
the opinion of the disability is between 41.28 - 95.90% of the disability expectations.
The results of that study, in line with the results of Widanan's research [11] in the Taman Lumintang
area of Denpasar which states that public space has not been independently accessible to people with
disabilities. According to Masruroh [12] public facilities generally only provide limited access and
facilities for persons with disabilities. Even the green open spaces in the form of city parks are still not
friendly to the existence of persons with disabilities. the park does not accommodate the accessibility of
persons with disabilities. This is in line with the results of Setiawan's research [13], who conducted
research in the three city parks in Surakarta, it can be said that the provided facilities are not accessible
for disability.
Dewang [14] in his research in Jakarta, one of the reasons for the lack of public space services for
persons with disabilities is due to the lack of awareness of government officials to meet the needs of
people with disabilities in the provision of public space. Limited knowledge of government officials
about disability needs, and lack of funds allocated to provide disability accessibility. According to
Mulazadeh [15] human culture has a profound influence on the construction of built environments and
the lack of accessibility. Creating the built environment as such, is a key variable in enabling or disabling
impaired people with regard to access to public space.
A United Nations [16] expert meeting identified a set of universal design principles appropriate to
countries:
Equitable use: the design is useful and relevant to a wide group of users;
Flexibility in use: the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities;
Simple and intuitive use: the design is easy to understand regardless of the knowledge,
experience, language skills or concentration level of the user;
Perceptive information: the design communicates information effectively to the user regardless
of the ambient condition or the sensory abilities of the user;
Tolerance for error: the design minimizes the hazards and adverse consequences of unintended
actions by the user;
Low physical effort: the design can be used easily, efficiently and comfortably with a minimum
of fatigue;
Size and space: the size and space for approach, reach, manipulation and use should be
appropriate regardless of the body size, posture or mobility of the user.
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6
Functionality (designing which incorporates all types of individuals), contextual sensibility (harmony
with the surrounding environment) and the impact of fairness to “reduce social and human impact on
the most vulnerable members of the society” [17].
5. Conclusion
Research on disability-friendly public spaces in the city of Bandung shows unfavorable results because
it is below the disability expectation that is between 41.28 - 95.90% of the disability expectations. The
results of the study in the city of Bandung are in line with the condition of public spaces in the City of
Denpasar [11], Jakarta [12,14], and Surabaya [13]. The poor condition of public spaces for disabilities
shows the lack of stakeholder attention in providing disability-friendly public spaces.
Recommendation to the government and related stakeholders is the need to increase the development
of parks based on the concept of Access for All so that it can be accessed by everyone included people
with disabilities. In addition, it is necessary to increase the priority of developing park facilities and
public spaces according to the needs of the disability.
References
[1] United Nation nd Sustainable Development Goals [Online] retrieved from:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org
[2] Salman H 2014 Improving Of Urban Public Spaces Safety In Order To Using Physical Disabled
Persons International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management
1(2) 47-56
[3] Inclusion by Design–Equality, Diversity and Built Environment/2008/CAB [Online] retrieved
from: http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/inclusion-by-
design.pdf
[4] Stephen C 1992 Public Space USA: Cambridge University Press
[5] Sugiyono 2010 Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif Bandung: Alfabeta.
[6] FHWA US nd course on bicycle and pedestrian transportation
[7] UN, Accessibility for the Disabled, A Design Manual for a Barrier Free Environment,
[8] www.stc.utk.edu/STCresearch/PDFs/ped.pdf, pedestrian facilities for individuals with
disabilities, a brief look a guidelines and practices used.
[9] AusAID 2015 Accessibility Design Guide: Universal design principles for Australia’s aid
program, Blue Star Print, Canberra.
[10] Rozafa B 2015 Disability and Public Space – Case Studies of Prishtina and Prizren International
Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ 2(3)
[11] Widanan 2018 Studi Aksesibilitas pada Ruang Terbuka Publik Terhadap Penyandang Disabilitas
di Taman Kota Lumintang Denpasar, UNDAGI: Jurnal Ilmiah Arsitektur 6(2) pp 60–65
[12] Masruroh 2015 Kajian Arsitektural Taman Yang Mengakomodasi Aksesibilitas Difabel Studi
Kasus Taman Tribeca Central Park Mall, Taman Menteng Dan Taman Ayodia Jurnal
Arsitektur NALARs 14(2) 145-167
[13] Setiawan 2017 The Accessibility for the Difables at City Park in Surakarta International Journal
of Recent Engineering Science (IJRES)
[14] Dewang 2010 Aksesibilitas Ruang Terbuka Publik Bagi Kelompok Masyarakat Tertentu Studi
Fasilitas Publik Bagi Kaum Difabel Di Kawasan Taman Suropati Menteng-Jakarta Pusat
Jurnal PLANESATM 1(1)
[15] Mulazadeh 2016 Design of the Built Environment and the Integration of Wheelchair Users in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, JoDD Journal on Development Disabilities
[16] UN 2013 Accessibility and Development: environmental accessibility and its implications for
inclusive, sustainable and equitable development for all
[17] Goltsman S 2007 The Inclusive City: Innovative Solutions for Buildings, Neighborhoods, and
Urban Spaces (MIG Communications) Berkley USA: CA
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability and accessibility level of city park facility in Surakarta. The objects of this study was three city parks in Surakarta. They are Banjarsari park, Balekambangpark, Cerdas park. There are sevenfasicities which is observed. They are parking areas, guiding block, toilets, stairs, RAM, signs, and sink. The research method that used is evaluation approaches, that assess the extent of an object has been achieved in accordance were analyzed by using statistical descriptions by comparing field data with the standard provisions. The results showed that there is no accessible facility for difable, but one facility has reached the 57% accessbility level for stairs. Citypark is one of public facilities for people including difable. Therefore, public facilities in city park need to be upgraded so it can be useful for everyone, especially difable.
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Independent movement is a precondition for independent living and full participation of disabled citizens, which is guaranteed by the United Nations Convention and applicable laws of the Republic of Kosovo. Disabled citizens should have the equal right of access to public spaces as all other citizens. Discrimination occurs when they are not treated equally with others. Denial or restriction of access to public spaces represents limitation of basic human rights. This research is part of a broader study on public space and accessibility for disabled and aged persons in Prishtina and Prizren, which final purpose is setting principles and guidelines for designing future inclusive public spaces that offer basic conditions for disabled and aged population in cities in Kosovo. To date, the focus on the matters related to disability and accessibility was centred on isolated buildings. With this research, among other things I would like to shift the focus to issues related to accessibility and public spaces and the city design in general. The present article focuses on a research which objective is to identify the major problems arising from bad planning, design and management of the city, that results in manifold barriers disabled people confront on daily basis when trying to access and navigate public spaces in Prishtina and Prizren. For the purpose of research two surveys identifying physical barriers that impede the movement of different disability groups in public spaces in Prishtina and Prizren were conducted in November and December 2013. The methodology of the survey is based on walking along the trail of ~ 1.5 km with representatives of seven different categories of disabled persons in Prishtina and 12 categories in Prizren. All through the movement through the selected paths, the encountered physical barriers in public spaces were marked on the map, analysed in terms of spatial and physical characteristics, presented graphically and quantified based on the typology of disability. As a result of these two surveys, two maps containing barriers and illustrations of various obstacles disabled people met during the survey. Analysis of the results of two surveys helped in drawing some general recommendations that have to be taken in consideration when planning and designing inclusive public spaces.
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