Impact of Social Governance on e-Governance in Nepal

Abstract

Itihas Journal, India, Vol.9(4),40-48.
Nepal is a developing country and the governance is the major reason for the failure of numbers of institutions. The complaints of the people are always on participation, transparency and need of the people. Thus, this study is aiming to see the position of all the domains of social governance and impact of social governance on e-governance implementation. Population of the study is considered to bureaucrats, IT professionals, academicians, politicians and business persons. Sample was selected purposively. Sample size is 393. Five point Likert Scale Questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using mean, correlation matrix and regression model. The study found the positive and significant relationship between social governance and e-governance practices. It showed that people's awareness regarding technology, relation with the society, participation and knowledge on second language is essential for the effective implementation of e-governance.

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ISSN Number - 2249-7803 (P), ISSN Number - 2456-7302 (O)
Impact of Social Governance on e- Governance in Nepal
Dr. Dhruba Lal Pandey1, Nischal Risal2
1Associate Professor, Central Department of Management, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.
2Lecturer, Nepal Commerce Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.
ABSTRACT
Nepal is a developing country and the governance is the major reason for the failure of numbers of
institutions. The complaints of the people are always on participation, transparency and need of the people.
Thus, this study is aiming to see the position of all the domains of social governance and impact of social
governance on e-governance implementation. Population of the study is considered to bureaucrats, IT
professionals, academicians, politicians and business persons. Sample was selected purposively. Sample
size is 393. Five point Likert Scale Questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using
mean, correlation matrix and regression model. The study found the positive and significant relationship
between social governance and e-governance practices. It showed that people's awareness regarding
technology, relation with the society, participation and knowledge on second language is essential for the
effective implementation of e-governance.
Keywords : e-governance; social governance; political governance and economic governance.
Introduction
Governance encompasses traditions, institutions, and
processes that determine the way of exercising power
to provide voice to citizens. Governance involves in
decisions on issues of public concern. Social
governance provides a moral foundation to the society
(Nzongola-Ntalaja, 2002). Thus, to get good
governance there is a need for social, economic, and
political governance. This reiterates the need for having
a shared vision of stakeholders for providing good
governance through e-governance.
Nowadays, most of the government offices are using
computer technology especially information
communication technology (ICT) in performing their
tasks (Shakya, 2017). The governance is possible only
through the use of information and communication
technology in Nepal because of difficult geography of
the country. Pavilichev and Garson (2004) defined e-
governance as an interaction between providing service
to the public through ICT and participation of people in
decision making using technology. E-governance is
inclusion of society into decision-making processes. E-
public service and e-participation are two major aspects
of successful e-governance that are closely
interconnected and have to be implemented jointly
to achieve the best possible results.
Though some pioneer work had been done by
eminent researchers on good governance in
developing countries including Nepal (Gupta and
Jana, 2003; Saxena, 2005; Acharya, 2010; Sapkota,
2008; and Acharya, 2016), yet there is a need for
comprehensive, integrated and holistic approach for
achieving good governance in Nepalese perspective.
Acharya (2016) found that all of the e-governance
projects in Nepal are still in the infancy stage; hence,
proper information flow for calculating 'return on e-
government' considering tangible and intangible
benefits had not been fully ascertained.
Shakya (2017) found that proper infrastructure
facilities are not available in all the parts of Nepal
because of its difficult geographical condition. As
well, the government's poor priority in ICT sector is
also one of the major problem for implementing e-
governance in Nepal.
Kharel (2015) developed a strategic framework for the
implementation of e-government in Nepal. Researcher
found very low index of e-government. Nepal has
many challenges for the implementation of
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ISSN Number - 2249-7803 (P), ISSN Number - 2456-7302 (O)
the e - government system in Nepal. Low literacy, low
per capita income, poor ICT infrastructure, insufficient
human resources, lack of leadership, leadership's
commitment and insufficient financial resources are the
major constraints and challenges of e-governance
implementation in Nepal. Researcher also found that
used ICT has not been able to provide efficient service.
Saxena (2005) has pointed out that e-governance
initiatives in most countries promised the more
citizen-centric government and reduced operational
cost, yet they had failed in these. It is very important
to evolve the diverse stakeholders' vision on good
governance to propose a strategic framework. Earlier
studies have not attempted to evolve a shared vision
of all the stakeholders.
Jana and Gupta (2003) had conducted the qualitative
analysis of benefits which was highly subjective and
would differ from person to person, but the overall
evaluation could be ascertained in the broader framework.
In the line with this, the framework for the study had
developed to provide the direction for consideration of the
evaluation of e-governance projects in the future.
Information and communication technology (ICT) has
been recognized as the engine for growth and a source of
energy for the social and economic empowerment of the
country. Today, government are empowering masses
through ICT to prove to be effective short-cut to higher
levels of equity in the emerging global digital networked
information economy. The research would be an effort to
identify whether the modern information and
communication technologies can make a significant
contribution to the achievement of good governance. If
the contribution of ICT is found positive, the policy
framework would be required. Utter need has been viewed
to carry out the study in this direction in Nepalese
environment to take a picture of possible barriers in the
implementation of e-governance and to workout
alternative policy framework to remove these barriers.
Collating the Nepalese citizen's experience about various
government services on the basis of frequency of use,
perception over the level of corruption, inefficiency,
harassment
or difficulty encountered and their understanding about
the priority for improving the service through IT/e-
governance attempted in the present study. The study
would help in identifying the gap between perception
and real experience to some extent. The study had
aimed at identifying the factors causing pain and
harassment for different stakeholders, including the
bureaucrats and politicians, and remedying these
through the appropriate policy interventions. Finally,
the study would help to formulate the framework for e-
governance on the basis of comprehensive analysis by
the use of information and communication technology.
The aim of the study is to assess the position of e-
governance and social governance in Nepal and
examine the impact of social governance on e-
governance.
Statement of Problems
The use of technology in the public sector is an essence
because of wide spread development of information
and communication technology. The use of technology
leverages effectiveness in service discharged by the
government to the public. The use of technology helps
to reduce corruption and inefficiency and increase the
effectiveness (Adam and Fazekas, 2018). The use of
technology can deliver expected service when the
structural arrangement is made in using ICT effectively
(Kharel, 2015). It means e-governance is a technique
that helps to leverage the proper use of ICT in the
public sector. Government of Nepal has launched ICT
in the government sector with the aim of discharging
effective service to the people of the nation but
complains of the people is in the same level as it was
before the ICT implemented (Ghimire, 2008). Science
and Technology Act permulgated and implemented in
Nepal has emphasized to the use of ICT in Nepal but
position of use of ICT in private sector is not
encouraging. Other studies related to e-governance
conducted in Nepal considering awareness level and
requirement of e-governance for gaining sustained
competitive advantages (Acharya, 2010; Sapkota,
2008; Ghimire, 2008; Acharya, 2016; and Bartaula,
2009). There are no studies as per the researchers'
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ISSN Number - 2249-7803 (P), ISSN Number - 2456-7302 (O)
knowledge, have been found on assessing the position
of e-governance practices and strategies related to e-
governance implementation in Nepalese context. The
robust study to assess the e-governance practice and to
identify the factors essential for the effective
implementation of e-governance in Nepal is essential.
The study has assessed the level of e-governance
practice and developed a framework for the effective
implementation of e-governance in public sector.
E-governance
The use of information and communication technology
in governance is e-governance. The government
services, hospital services, educational services,
bureaucracy services become efficient, accessible and
convenient through the proper use of ICT. The online
citizen participation, digital services, and responsive
institutions are the major outcome of the e-governance
practices. The employees, citizens, business
professionals, academicians, students and even the
government get benefit from the e-governance. E-
governance is no more and no less than governance in
an electronic environment. It is both governance of that
environment and governance within that environment,
using electronic tools.
Nagle (2019) concluded that within France, the
regulation led to the 0.6 percentage to 5.4 percentages
yearly increment in the use of open source software
(OSS), the 9 percentages to 18 percentages yearly
increment in the number of IT-related startups, the 6.6
percentages to 14 percentages yearly increased in the
number of individuals employed in IT related jobs, and
the 5 percentages to 16 percentages yearly decrease in
the software related patents. All of these outcomes
helped to increase productivity and competitiveness at
the national level.
The results had revealed that the changes in technology
policy that favor OSS could have the positive impact
on both global social value and domestic national
competitiveness. The use of e-governance decreases the
level of corruption, level of inefficiency, level of
harassment and level of difficulty encountered from
the government organizations. The e-governance
initiatives could help in reducing corruption and also in
fostering so under government-citizen relationships in
developing countries. While e-governance initiatives
could not cure all the structural factors that breed
corruption in state and societal activities. The strategic
implementation of such initiatives could help improve the
critical variable in combating corruption and government
citizen relationships (Pathak; Singh; Belwal; Naz; and
Smith, 2008). Mistry (2012) had found that the critical
role of accounting and accounting information systems
was highlighted by examining selected e-governance
initiatives that enhanced transparency and accountability
in dismantling corruption. The reduction of the
discretionary power of bureaucrats, enforced
consequences, and the demand for accountability had
enabled equal access to information and public goods and
services that could result in a bridging of the economic
activities devised in a developing country like India.
Baniamin (2015) stated that e-governance was gaining
popularity as the tool for improved public service
delivery in developing countries. The e-governance has
reduced corruption risks through improving monitoring
of public officials and by reducing the need for citizen
interaction with gatekeepers for key services. The e-
governance could potentially improve monitoring of
public services, whether it was depend on the
effectiveness of related law enforcement efforts, among
other factors. E-governance could be the effective tool
to detect corruption given its ability to trace the work
process. It could establish whether or not procedures
were performed based on established rules and
regulations.
Thilakasiri (2016) explained that the reform in the public
administration system in the government institutions was
felt necessary to meet the greater demand of the citizens
rapidly. The technology had played the significant role in
reforming public administration and the process of the
government owned institutions.
Irfan (2017) revealed that the challenges arose from
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lack of interpersonal and fully fledged computer users,
absence of goodwill of politicians and bureaucrats,
inadequately functioning e-government infrastructure and
implementation capacity, constantly changing political
environment, failure of ICT policies, lack of legal
framework etc., If all these are improved, they may
change in awareness and proper training would help to
create environment for effective implementation of e-
governance. Strengthening mobile government, ensuring
website information in major languages, policy makers to
ensure user friendly and congenial policy implementation,
strengthening stakeholders and citizen feedback,
strengthening the Public Private Partnership (PPP) may
help to increase in use of ICT.
Singh, Chander and Kumar (2011) found that people
are facing corruption and harassment. The e-
governance may increase the transparency and
efficiency. The services could be delivered very
efficiently through information technology to far
away. It may work as tool of social and economic
change in lives of rural people. In Punjab, the police,
agricultural, electricity, public distribution services
were used frequently and found corruption indulged
maximum, therefore people prioritized these services
for improvement. There was no doubt that
government was eager to provide services through e-
governance but some deficiencies remained in the
system during implementation because of it, public
had to face harassment.
Albert (2009) declared that it was difficult to evaluate
e-engagement and to make sense of its contributions to
governance. The citizens of African states were equally
not able to boost the state of e-governance in their
societies largely because many of them were still
bugged down with how to ensure daily survival in the
harsh social, economic, and political environments
under which they have lived. The efforts made by
nongovernmental organizations to open websites to
promote deliberative democracy led to different types
of problems. The study declared that the problems
could be solved by dismantling of the secret State, the
democratization of the concept of national security,
and the integration of the e-democracy processes
within broader constitutional structures and debates
of African states.
All those issues raised the impact on service
delivered the government agencies. But the robust
study is required to know the impact of awareness,
leadership and participation of people through ICT.
Social Governance
The e-governance played the critical role in building
inclusive, resilient societies both before and in response to
disasters (United Nations). The citizen centered public
sector information technology approach becomes the
indicator of good governance. The use of technology
helps in transforming the workings of government
organizations and their relationships with citizens,
businesses and other government bodies. Gokmen (2010)
had revealed that the e-government becomes the resources
of internet in order to deliver the public services to
citizens and enterprises. The use of information
communication technology has facilitated to enhance
access, transparency, efficiency and quality of public
administration. The e-governance might be failed in
developing countries due to incompetence in
implementation, lack of expertise, reluctance of senior
administrators, the absence of necessary procedures.
Banday and Masood (2013) concluded that the
collaboration, participation, and empowerment attracted
governments to use in governance for bringing together
service delivering agencies, citizens, agencies' work and
information. The persistent, pervasive and aggressive
threats were faced by government information systems
which got intensified through the environment created by
social media as it involved risks on multiple fronts
including those related to behavior, ergonomic
configuration, regulation and technology. When e-
governance is used, social media might also posed risks of
isolation, exclusion, violation of privacy, misuse of
information and security threats. Therefore, governments
has devised comprehensive frameworks, policies,
guidelines and best practices to serve as key
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enabler for government organizations for the use of
social media in governance.
Taliento, Favino and Netti (2019) concluded that the
sustainability disclosure and performance of firms
could be boosted by the consideration of ESG
(Environmental-Social-Governance) results. The
researchers concluded that, despite the absolute level
of the individual ESG scores not being impactful; the
distance from the industry average normal figures
(excess or abnormal ESG performance) was
positively relevant, collaterally revisiting the notion
of competitive advantage in sustainability terms. The
social, environmental and governance responsibility
(to all stakeholders) were appeared to be important
as the competitive factor of the modern firm.
To get good governance there is a need for social
governance. This again reiterates the need for having a
shared vision of stakeholders for providing good
governance through e-governance. Social governance
provides a moral foundation (Nzongola-Ntalaja, 2002).
ICTs can promote governance goals by enabling
distance education, tele-medicine, reduce the costs,
better functioning of democracy, and environmental
management, strengthening of participatory approaches
and the creation of new jobs and so on.
E-administration, e-citizens and e-society are the major
contributors of e-governance. All these would help not
only to improve governance, but also to assist in
achieving developmental goals as well.They had also
worked for identifying the factors regarding the
experiences of the citizen about the level of corruption,
inefficiency, harassment, and difficulty encountered in
getting services from various government institutions
and setting priority for removing these through the use
of ICT/e-governance. Analyzing the expectations of
stakeholders in terms of: citizens' prioritization;
barriers and pain points and service preferences are also
important to explore thus the conceptual framework has
been framed to address the stated issue.
UN (2010) identified that the social governance is
related with employees, customers, suppliers and
communities, avoiding conflict of interest, no undue
favorable treatment and not engaging in illegal
practices. All these factors of social governance
would help to make e-governance more efficient and
effective.
E- Governance in Nepalese Perspectives
History of corporate practice in Nepal has not been
very long. Previously the companies were operated
in ad hoc basis. Recently the issue of good
governance got priority emphasizing it by Science
and Technology Act. Nepal still is in infancy period
in terms of use of ITC. Thus, government and private
sectors are using ICT recently in their activities.
Thus, the concept of e-governance in Nepal is new.
E-governance Developments in Nepal
E-governance process initiation started in
final e-
government master plan (eGMP) consulting
report
published
on
Nov, 2006
in collaborative initiation
involving
High Level Commission for Information
Technology
(HLCIT), National Information and
Technology Center (NITC), Ministry of Environment
Science and
Technology (MoEST), Ministry
of
Industry
and Commerce
(MoIC), Ministry
of
General
Administration (MoGA) and Ministry of
Finance (MoF). EGMP was carried out by Korea IT
Industry Promotion Agency (KIPA), which laid the
ground work for e-government transformation.
The Government of Nepal (GoN) has prepared e-
government Master Plan, 2006 to establish vision,
strategy and framework of e-governance in Nepal
(Pariyar, 2007). This master plan focused mainly in
eight sectors: formulation of Government Enterprise
Architecture (GEA) & Nepal e-Governance
Interoperability Framework (NeGIF), establishment
of Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC),
National ID, Land Records Information Management
System (LRIMS), Smart driving license, Broadband
internet services to district level, Human Resource
Development in IT, Online application system for
Public Service Commission (PSC) (HLCIT, 2006).
The project was supported and funded by Asian
Development Bank.
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In order to enhance the capability of E-governance,
Government of Nepal revised and brought new
policies and regulations in practice to further
strengthen the E-governance implementations in
Nepal. The different regulatory policies that were
developed are depicted in the Table.
Table-1: E-governance Regulatory Policy
Development in Nepal
Act/Policies/Regulations
Year
National Communication
1992
Policy
Telecommunication
1997
Regulations
Telecommunication Act
1997
Copyright Act,
2000
IT Policy in Nepal.
2000
Electronic Transaction &
2000
Digital Signature Act
Telecommunications Policy
2004
National Strategy Paper on
ICT (National Planning
2002
Commission)
Electronic Transactions Act
2008
and Digital Signature Act
Cyber Law
2007
New IT policy in Nepal
2010
Private organizations played a vital role in the
development of ICT enabled services and E-
governance practices. The major initiations of
private sector included introduction of tele-services
including telephone and internet services, Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) 21 in number, six VSATs
(Very Small Aperture Terminal), eight radio paging
service provider and some 35 software-developing
companies. These technological inputs by the private
organizations paved way for many small and vital
activities to strengthen E-governance practices.
Currently, out of the total of 26 ministries, 22 ministries
have already introduced web and email IDs, while only
around 50 percent of the government departments have
the web presence. It is further noted that only few
websites keep themselves updated anda majority of them
are having outdated information. The website
is generally static and has very less interaction quotient
in them. The information in some cases is of no
importance but only depicts poor management of E-
governance capabilities. Software development and
computer system infrastructure development became a
primary activity in all ministries and the use of specific
computer software took up a major trend.
Table-2: Computer Applications Specific to
Main Functional Areas
Functional Areas
Financial Controller General Office (FCGO)
Inland Revenue Department (IRD)
Election Commission
Custom Offices
Department of Health – HMIS
Department of Land Information & Archives
Immigration Office at Airport
E--Approval application at MOGA
General Post Office
Company Registration
Nepal Police
Research Methodology
The study has adopted descriptive and correlational
research design as it intended to present facts
concerning the nature and status of e-governance
situation. The descriptive research also concerned the
relationships and practices that has existed, believed
and processed that were ongoing. Correlational design
is used to see the relationship between social
governance and e-governance. The primary
questionnaire and checklist has been used to collect the
data. Questionnaire covered the various dimensions of
social governance and level of corruption, level of
inefficiency, level of harassment and level of difficulty
encountered as the e-governance domains and e-
citizen, e-society and e-administration. Thus, the study
was qualitative in nature. The social governance has
been taken as the major variables for the study. The
study has considered the factors contributing good
governance, success factors, policy framework, e-
governance priorities, pain and harassment. The mean
has been used to assess the position of e-governance in
practice and correlation and regression models has
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ISSN Number - 2249-7803 (P), ISSN Number - 2456-7302 (O)
been used to assess and degree of effect of
independent variables on dependent variable. All the
concerned persons related to ministries, universities,
business organizations and government offices are
considered as population, especially, all the
academicians, bureaucrats, politicians, business
personalities and IT professionals. Purposive and
convenience sampling techniques have been used to
select samples. 393 samples have been taken for the
further analysis. As per the suggestion of Cochran
(1963), sample size is calculated considering 95
percent level of significance and proportion of
positive and negative response is fifty percent then
the sample size has been confirmed to 385.
The SPSS version 20 has been used as the statistical
package for tabulation and analysis of the data. The
study has intended to assess the level of e-governance
practices. For this purpose, mean was used. To identify
the principle components of corporate governance and
develop the strategic framework regression model has
been used. The Cronbach's alpha value has been
calculated to analyze the reliability of the data. The
reliability analysis measured the internal consistency.
The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) has been calculated to
test the multicollinearity. Multicollinearity would exist
when there was correlationbetween predictors (i.e.
independent variables) in the model. The
presence of multicollinearity could adversely affect the
regression results and Kolmogorov Smirnova test was
run to assess the normality of data in distribution.
Data Analysis
Position of use of e-governance in Nepal is not
satisfactory because mean value of its use based on
perception of respondent is 3.3048. Social governance
practice in Nepal is comparatively satisfactory because
the mean value is 3.7290 but not encouraging.
Table-3: Relationship between Social
Governance and e-governance Practices
EGP
SG
EGP
1
0.852
(0.000)
SG
1
Table shows that social governance significantly
associated to e-governance practices. It means
knowledge of language, networking, meet the need
of the people like e-police, e-health and e-education,
high level of awareness on ICT and robust use of
ICT and e-democracy are prerequisites for the
adoption of e-governance effectively and efficiently.
Test of Multicollinearity
To assess the multicolinearity, social governance
has been regressed to e-governance practices. Result
has been derived analyzing VIF.
Table-4: Test of Multicollinearity
UnstandaridizedCoefficien
StandarizedCoefficien
Collinearity
Statistics
Model
t
t
t
Sig.
Toleranc
VIF
B
Std. Error
Beta
e
Constant
1.247
.188
6.64
.00
5
0
Social
.354
.058
.365
.280
.00
.250
1.98
governanc
0
2
e
As per the theory of statistics if the VIF value is less
than 5, it is assumed that those independent variables
are not strongly correlated. It means there is no
multicollinearity. While observing the results,
independent variable has less than 5 VIF value. So,
there was no strong multicollinearity.
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Table-5: Test of Normality
Kolmogorov- Smirnov
Statistic
Sig
Social
.065
.092
governance
Table shows that the social governance is insignificant
at 5 percent level of significance. It accepts null
hypothesis. It means data is normal. Thus, it is claimed
that the data is normally distributed and parametric test
can be used in such normally distributed data.
Regression Analysis
This study has used the regression model to examine
the impact of social governance on e-governance
practices. The result of regression model has been
presented in table.
Table-6: Impact of Social Governance on
e-Governance Practices
Variables
Coefficient
t-value
P-value
F-value
Constant
2.482
2.109
93.70
SG
0.354
2.177
0.000
(.000)
DV: EGP
Table showed the value of beta coefficient, p-value,
t-value and F-value. The E-Governance Practices
(EGP) has been regressed with Social Governance
(SG) The SPSS version 20 has been used to regress
the independent variables with dependent variable.
The bivariate linear regression analysis was used to
assess the impact of independent variables on e-
governance practices. The produced result expressed
in the model was as follows;
Y=a+B1X1+u
Y= 2.482+0.354SG + u
(0.000)
The model was found significant at five percent level of
significance. The t-value greater than two and significant
F-statistic indicates that the regression model is fit for use.
The beta coefficient for SG was found
0.354 at five percentages level of significance. It
indicated that social governance was significant and
positively related with e-governance practices in
Nepal. One percentage change in social governance
lead to 0.354 percentages increased in e-governance
practices. The small change in social governance
valued in e-governance practices. The regression
analysis concluded the importance of social
governance. The e-governance was most for good
governance through social governance in Nepal.
Discussion and Conclusion
The social governance might lead to decrease on fraud,
corruption and harassment and increase efficiency. It is
consistent with the findings of Kalsi & Kiran; 2015 and
Baniamin; 2015. It may be so because governance
makes every activity transparent and responsible to
everyone. Thus, it reduces fraud, corruption and
harassment and make responsible to the people so the
efficiency increases. Social governance increases the
awareness of the public and helps to implement e-
governance in the country. It helps to get support from
the public to implement e-governance.
Nepal is still in infancy period in terms of implementing
e-governance. This study found that the computer
illiteracy, lack of quality HR, language and political
issues are the major challenges to implement e-
governance. Thus the government should implement
programs in development of technical manpower and
awareness in the general public in computer operation
then only e-governance can be implemented effectively.
Government should simplify the procedures and processes
pertaining to e-governance implementation.
In conclusion, the e-governance practices significantly
relates to e-governance. This finding is consistent with
the findings of John; 2014 and Zoppe; 2018.The
findings are similar because every country requires
moral foundations, social awareness, meeting need of
the society and connection with concerned stakeholders
to implement e-governance.
ITIHAS The Journal of Indian Management | October - December 2019 | 47

Implications
Managerial Implications
Government of Nepal can formulate plan and take
decision considering the findings of the study to make
e-government more effective which is prioritized by
prevailed Science and Technology Act of Nepal.
Government has launched e-government programs in
most of the government offices but the complaints of
the general people are on slow service delivery. Thus,
the government can take decision based on the study
findings and improve in the e-government services.
Future Research Implications
Future researchers can extend their areas of the study
to make a study more robust and can find out more
concrete results. Future researchers can consider
large number of samples and confirm the findings of
this study. This study could be the milestone to step-
up the further research. Future researchers can focus
on the provisions of Science and Technology Act
while conducting research and help to improve in e-
government practices that help in discharging public
services effectively and efficiently.
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