Conference PaperPDF Available

Monitoring changes in cohesion over time in expedition teams; the role of daily events and team composition

Authors:

Abstract

Cohesion is an important part of effective team performance. Previous research has focussed on cross-sectional self-report measures in business settings. However, in extreme environments where contextual factors (e.g., weather conditions) can vary considerably from day to day, micro-variations in cohesion could influence daily performance. In small teams under pressure, such variations may be moderated by personality traits. The current study presents a diary methodology to explore variation in cohesion in five expedition teams-tracking temporal changes in cohesion and daily events over twenty days. Pre-expedition personality measures were used to explore the impact of team composition on variations in cohesion. Findings demonstrated that events significantly predicted fluctuations in cohesion across teams. Having more extraverted team members had a negative impact on cohesion. These results offer valuable insight to how this method can track changes in cohesion over time and subsequently enhance understanding of how to mitigate cohesion breakdowns.
Brown O. et al. -Team cohesion over time in expedition teams
Monitoring changes in cohesion over time in expedition
teams; the role of daily events and team composition

aLancaster University
bUniversity of Manchester
ABSTRACT

  !"#$#
$  %! # &  ' '  '  ' 
   ' (    
'''''!'
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 !      ! #
*!,'!#
!*#
KEYWORDS
Teamwork; cohesion; performance; daily diaries.
INTRODUCTION
$$!*##*
%-./+012345*.5*0126&
#  #* '  $    !!    %. 
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'%>5/011?&='#$
  '   ''     ' !  
%*/.011?&    #   ' 
# $ *! ! #*  ! 
*$!!!%*/.011?4.0122&
-'*%!!*!#&'$
%:7"/52;;@& !  *      #
!5!!#*$ 
+!#*'# *!#,'
%5*5*/.0126&
  ' '!      #  !    %
-#/7!0111&!AB('C
 '  !"  #  !D '  *E%:
.+*/01222@&
$ #* $  #  (-  (%(- (&  
#* %(!"* > /> 0113&  '  
2
Brown O. et al. -Team cohesion over time in expedition teams
*#!!$##  !!%78#*/
(!011F&!#(%!8&
%!&''-%!
!&#*
%--'/=011?&!'
!!%-*-/G0112&'#*$
#%&%!&'
    $ %/  012649' /:
0126&
'!!%'
/ -011;& -! 8  '%0126&   ' 
#*!*'#!(
#!*%/'2;;?&*
*$#
 %-** 2;F;& (      '  # !
% 011H&      *! %G
=/-2;;3&5$'$
  $!   ' !   5   20
! F2 ' * !  *   #  
 * ! ,' *!'
%:7"/52;;@&' !!
!'$*!'#!!!
*!#%2;;2&
!' '  %2;;2&#     
'$ 
    ! *$ '
%=88/5*2;;F&!$
!%-011?&.'
$#'!
      ! %* /. 011?& 
       # $ !   
$%./.01114../*2;;6&*="
->%0111&!$$''!
F36#!'#$#
   $    !!   '      
$!$5'!
$   '
#!##*%&
       # '
%*.#/-2;;?&!%'/
#012H&
'#'!'!
$!$''$$
!!   ''
#$$
!
METHOD
Participants
   62 %@H ## & #      !
     '! 8 !   4 = -! 
7'!'8$01'%nI;&%n IF0&
!!#2300'%S.D IH3&+ $,
#F?@0'31 $,
Procedure
+#!   ##    $ 
#   ! # #     
0
Brown O. et al. -Team cohesion over time in expedition teams
 #   *! $ # 
 #  # ''  # *  
$ ,  ! ' '     '   $  
#* $,
Materials
 $ ,,! %! !&'
'##('-%((&%=!
#/.#011H&!##
!F %-2;;2&
%-0123&''#
!%./.012?&(06'
%  0& # 2? !  %!“delay due to weather conditions”)  ;   %!
“enjoyment of the environment”)#*$'$
''%-2;;2& $,
!!( $,
#*!
Data Analysis
5'     #$! -9 $ 9 
' #   $    #!  $ 
!!!#$$#!
$'''%0120&@
%-/*0120&#     $  '  $ #
!'!<!!$
8%012?&"#$'
#'%-!.!7'/+012@&$
 06 '  #  ! #  C  %! =&   '  
$ ' # %' 2 01&    #  
('!##'$
       #  <   ' 
' #'*#,!
#,
RESULTS
Questionnaire: Personality composition
 '   # '!!!!   '
   $ ,   %- =!
5!/ 7* 012;&-9#   ' 
!  #    ,      #   #
$#'!#!#'
$%.2&
Table 1.'
 $ !  ' #
$
-!2 @?6 321 @?? 360 3H2
-!0 @;F @;1 33@ @63 32?
7'!'82 @1? @?1 3@2 31? 3F0
7'!'80 @6H 322 3H? @;0 36H
=
Total
@1?
4.74
301
5.022
3H2
5.29
@??
4.86
361
5.50
Questionnaire: Personality composition and change in cohesion
!!!'#!!#
$!C$''
  #! %F%@@H& I @H2F p I 113& R2adjusted  00 !00J 
!$''"#
''$!'!%KI 3HpI110&
H
Brown O. et al. -Team cohesion over time in expedition teams
Questionnaire: Cohesion scores before and after the expedition
#!#*  $
,5'#' 
$ # #' $9#$  
   $  !  F %2?F&I
0203 ηp0I 01 p I L112 "%1 033;H2& I1332 #  !'!  $
%M=FH1S.DIF6&%MI3612@S.D IF6&#!
! ##' ! #  
$  F%@?F& I H63 ηp0 I 23 p I 116     '   
!' -!0%pI12;"%1 3H6&I133& =%p I
L112 "%1 HF63& I 133&     !% +! 2  
=-!0&
Figure 1.
Diary
,''#“Enjoyment of Environment”(n IF1?&,
#“Dispute with the leader” (n I3@&.!#5!#
'!'%nI2?&%nI;&#
,'%3;@J  &5 #   
$  $ , #!   !  
during$M0%2&I26@ pI2;'#''
   ' !  %. 0& 
!'# r %?1?&I?2p IL112
'$'$' 
''#!M0%2&I@3; pI1H!
''1FN113F$'
# !   '   '   ! !       0
(!'BSatisfaction in making good progress today”  “Satisfied that I am able to cope with the
challenges of the expedition” # !'  #    (  “Problem
with digestion” #  #      !' “Feeling of
camaraderie/closeness with team mates”, My team mates approached the expedition today with a good
attitude”, BFeeling I could rely on my team mates to work effectivelyE # # 
#BConcern about how effectively my team and I are working together”, “Feeling down/low
because my team mate is/are feeling that way”  “Tension or argument with team mate(s)” # 
!'#
Table 2.O''!!
5' +,'

.! !


#!,!!!, 2F@ 
'!# 20; 
!# 02F 
1'#''!%0112&
@
Brown O. et al. -Team cohesion over time in expedition teams
<' F1? 
.,#*!' @0H 
.*!!!' @06 1H0 P23
.(#! @@1 1H; P22
'(' ?F 
# !' 032 
!#'%& 2;2 106 2H
5# 0F; 
+!Q# 30; 12H P2@
+!#Q#'Q!#' ;2 10 2;
+!(''#*' @0H L112 P03
#''(#*!! ?; L112 @H
-'$'#! 36@ L112 P03
.# @@6 
Q# 3@ 
#! F3 12F 01
" ?6 
:* H2? 
-< 01F 
'!%#!& 06? 
:*'Q 2FH 
+!< 22; 
:* 263 
'Q 221 
DISCUSSION
'#'!'$#*
*!$#
' $     !  5 !
'!!%#$
  !& #  #    '   
$ %. / . 01114 . 7* ' / . 0126& !   $!
'$%*/.011?&
( !   $,   #  
'!'#!#
!!!'%-*
0112& '!   !    
      $ ! !   
%(!2;;;&(#!'!$##$
!#!#'#
  $  # !  !!!  '       
'$!$
'+'
$#'!!
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$#'#$
$%*0111&,
!!  '     $  !!
''! $  ! !
!!! '
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  $   ' !  $  '  
''
!,'#BEnjoyment of the environmentE
3
Brown O. et al. -Team cohesion over time in expedition teams
 !  $!   $       
%.0111&$*!%.012?&#!
 # ! #  
' *   #   $!  
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  , #  !  #  '  ' #  
''#
$!#$
 !!###$%
2;;2& !! ' '
!!!#
*#$#!(
'!#'#!$#'
!
'#'!'
. #  '.  %012?&  ! '
!'!!.# 
#$A$Bcamaraderie with team mates”     
Bfeeling concerned about the effectiveness of the team”!
!!#*$
##'#'
!#! *# !B feeling satisfied to cope
with the challenges of expedition” Bfeeling satisfied with the progress of the expedition”   
   !! $!  % !
#!&!!%!!$&
     #*   #    ' !!! 
  ! !  ' #       
%. / # 0112& ' '  # $'  #*
!'  # ! #!
#!'<!!
#!213 '%.'99<0122&
'!!  '!'*
''!#$''4
$#'!
$  !'#!
!*##*!
CONCLUSION
5!$''!!'
$'#$
 '  ''  #   
    #!    !     '  
$!  #$!  $'' 
!$!!!%!
#* &  ! #!
!#!$
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 'Journal of Applied Psychology, 88%F&;?; 211@
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#$Journal of Management44%6&06@1 06F3
-!=.!>7'>5/+>-%012@&"##'!S
!8F0@$'
# Methodology, 10%2&2 22
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A:!
'">=/#%012H&'
A"#!RSmall Group ResearchR44%F&
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*-.#=:->/--7%2;;?&!''
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... Broadly, the findings from this literature show significant heterogeneity in the repertoire and effective use of coping strategies that, among other things, buffer environmental and social stressors, and in so doing shape team cohesion and performance (Bell et al., 2018;Brown, Barrett, and Power, 2019). This work suggests potential connections to the entrepreneurship literature, in particular recent studies that document factors such as self-control and affect regulation in overcoming avoidance-related emotions in the individual entrepreneurial journey (De Cock, Denoo, and Clarysse, 2020;Lomberg, Thiel, and Steffens, 2019;Van Gelderen, Kautonen, and Fink, 2015). ...
... Although much of the prior work on new venture teams has treated emergent states as final outcomes (Breugst, Patzelt, and Rathgeber 2015;Watson, Ponthieu, and Critelli, 1995;West, 2007) and occasionally as primary inputs that influence team conflict (Ensley et al., 2002;Francis and Sandberg, 2000) the adjacent literature on teams in ICE environments demonstrates that a team's emergent states are dynamic-they are cyclical, and may change over time as a result of either exogenous stressors (such as an equipment malfunction, a sudden change in weather conditions, or a lack of critical supplies) or endogenous stressors, in particular changes in team processes and emergent states (Bell, Brown, and Mitchell, 2019;Brown et al., 2019;Kozlowski, 2015). In the new venture teams literature, prior work tends to study these mechanisms independently. ...
... The insights generated from this work are nuanced and illuminating. For example, recent studies in the composition of extreme teams found that individual regulatory strategies moderate the stressors generated from working in teams Brown et al., 2019). ...
Article
Why do some individuals thrive during the process of new venture creation, while others experience the dark side of the venturing process? This paper contributes to a growing literature on entrepreneurial well-being by connecting it to the literature on entrepreneurial teams. We begin with two persistent findings from the entrepreneurship literature: first, that individual well-being is critical to venturing outcomes; and second, that entrepreneurship is most often a team sport. Building on self-determination theory and recent research on extreme teams, we argue that the satisfaction and thwarting of an entrepreneur’s basic needs is, fundamentally, socially situated—and, consequently, team dynamics are a critical, but relatively undertheorized, input to individual well-being in entrepreneurial settings. We further argue that an individual’s regulatory strategies shape the relationship between entrepreneurial team dynamics and individual well-being. Our work contributes to an emerging literature on the well-being of entrepreneurs, illuminating the critical role team dynamics and individual coping strategies play in the well-being of entrepreneurs.
... Bayesian analyses have been applied to a number of methods from t-tests through structural equation modeling (Brown et al., 2019;McNeish, 2016). For ETs, it could be applied to existing methods (e.g., using a t-test to compare two sets of SNA across phases of a simulation) to identify significant effects that may have been masked by small sample sizes. ...
Article
Extreme teams (ETs) work in challenging, high pressured contexts, where poor performance can have severe consequences. These teams must coordinate their skill sets, align their goals, and develop shared awareness, all under stressful conditions. How best to research these teams poses unique challenges as researchers seek to provide applied recommendations while conducting rigorous research to test how teamwork models work in practice. In this article, we identify immersive simulations as one solution to this, outlining their advantages over existing methodologies and suggesting how researchers can best make use of recent advances in technology and analytical techniques when designing simulation studies. We conclude that immersive simulations are key to ensuring ecological validity and empirically reliable research with ETs.
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