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Ethnografische Ansätze in der Genossenschaftsforschung – Felder, Methoden und Erkenntnisinteressen
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über Methoden der qualitativen Sozialforschung sowie deren Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung im Rahmen von umweltsoziologischer Forschung. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt des Beitrags auf ethnografischen Forschungsansätzen sowie auf der Situationsanalyse. Diese beiden Forschungsstile werden jeweils in ihren Kernpunkten beschrieben, bevor Anwendungsbeispiele aus umweltsoziologischen Forschungsprojekten und aktuelle Weiterentwicklungen vorgestellt werden.
Dieser Beitrag dient der Skizzierung eines Forschungsvorhabens zu genossenschaftlichen Gaststätten, in dem die Rolle dieser im Hinblick auf die Regionalentwicklung hervorgehoben und deren Potentiale als Heterotopien und Orte des gelingenenden Miteinanders diskutiert werden. Der Beitrag mündet in einer Typologie genossenschaftlicher Gaststätten sowie einem Ausblick über das weitere Forschungsvorhaben.
Dieses Buch nimmt die Wachstumskritik auf und geht über sie hinaus. Es zeigt die systemischen Zwänge auf, die uns am Wachstumspfad festhalten lassen, und stellt alternative Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten für eine Gesellschaft vor, die nicht auf Wachstum angewiesen ist – für eine Gesellschaft, in der es sich auch ohne Wachstum gut leben lässt. Es will zu einer Diskussion darüber einladen, wie die Zwänge überwunden und neue Perspektiven gewonnen werden können: Perspektiven für eine Postwachstumsgesellschaft. Originaltext vom Verlag; nicht vom SfBS bearbeitet.
This article, inspired by June Nash’s provocative vision of postmodern times in Chiapas, looks at how anthropologists have traced the changing nature of grassroots organizations to suggest that we need to see cooperatives and other local organizations in a new way, as ephemeral associations. Through the example of how the cooperative imaginary has informed different development programs in Mexico’s recent history, from the early cooperative movement in the 19th century to the 21st century, it explores the idea that the institutional arrangements of the recent past have given way to a state of constant flux. A new volatility is at the heart of both the organizations and their surrounding environment, so that local organizations now have to re-invent themselves constantly, to keep up with global and local changes. Through a case study of weavers’ cooperatives in Chiapas, the article points at their internal flexibility and fragility in the current climate of little support for the projects and activities of rural producers and the urban poor.
Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine umfassende Darstellung des ethnografischen Forschungsansatzes. Es führt in die methodologischen Grundlagen, den Forschungsprozess sowie die konkreten Schritte der Forschungspraxis ein. Die Autoren zeigen, wie sich Ethnografen ihrem Feld annähern, Daten gewinnen und wieder auf Distanz zum Feld gehen, wie sie an Protokollen arbeiten, Überraschungen entdecken, Daten sortieren und Themen entwickeln. Es wendet sich an Studierende der Soziologie, der Ethnologie, der Erziehungswissenschaft, der empirischen Kulturwissenschaft und an alle Sozialwissenschaftler/innen, die Ethnografie treiben wollen. Prof. Dr. Georg Breidenstein ist Erziehungswissenschaftler an der Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Prof. Dr. Stefan Hirschauer und Prof. Dr. Herbert Kalthoff sind Soziologen an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Jun.-Prof. Dr. Boris Nieswand ist Ethnologe und Soziologe an der Universität Tübingen.
Vom Gorleben-Widerstand der »Freien Republik Wendland« bis zum ersten Parteiprogramm der Grünen: Die Vision vom guten Leben auf dem Lande machte in den 1980ern wieder Furore. In den 1990ern traten dann Ökodörfer an, die Utopie zu erneuern. Welche Erfahrungen werden im ›Abenteuer Lebensstil‹ kultiviert? Inwieweit gelingt es, damit zu einer Transformation gen Nachhaltigkeit beizutragen? Anhand des bekannten Projekts »Sieben Linden« untersucht Marcus Andreas anschaulich und kritisch die Bemühungen eines Ökodorfes um eine zeitgemäße Positionierung im Wandel.
Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine umfassende Darstellung des ethnografischen Forschungsansatzes. Es führt in die methodologischen Grundlagen, den Forschungsprozess sowie die konkreten Schritte der Forschungspraxis ein. Die Autoren zeigen, wie sich Ethnografen ihrem Feld annähern, Daten gewinnen und wieder auf Distanz zum Feld gehen, wie sie an Protokollen arbeiten, Überraschungen entdecken, Daten sortieren und Themen entwickeln. Es wendet sich an Studierende der Soziologie, der Ethnologie, der Erziehungswissenschaft, der empirischen Kulturwissenschaft und an alle Sozialwissenschaftler/innen, die Ethnografie treiben wollen.
This ethnography of a cohousing organization examines power and expert knowledge in a sustainable intentional community. Intentional communities are forming at a growing rate both internationally and in the United States. Cohousing communities are part of this growing trend of alternative communities that utilize participatory democracy as both their central decision-making process and a core component of their alternative identity. This article analyzes the tensions that evolve as cohousers build a communal housing development in one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States. I identify mechanisms through which the constraints of operating in the highly professionalized field of housing development transform participatory decision making. When group members try to minimize loss of time and capital while competing with experienced for-profit developers, they establish leaders and cede power to those with greater technical expertise. Yet, they continue to model their commitment to consensus decision making despite emerging hierarchies among members. I describe how the use of expert knowledge restructures the conditions governing group interaction and explore what the group's oligarchic organizational practices mean for the study of contemporary collective community organizing.
Die Idee ist denkbar einfach: Will man etwas über andere Menschen herausfinden, geht man einfach zu ihnen hin, bleibt eine Weile, macht das mit, was diese Menschen dort normalerweise treiben, und lernt sie so durch eigene Erfahrung besser kennen. Bewusst in den Dienst der Wissenschaft gestellt wurde diese Idee zuerst von Ethnologen. Lewis Henry Morgan und etwas später auch Franz Boas begannen im späten 19. Jahrhundert mit systematischer und stationärer Feldforschung (Morgan 1870; Boas 1994 – seine Tagebücher aus den 1880er Jahren; zu Boas auch Knötsch 1992). Dazu kam, dass sie sich gegen „Survey Research“ und für „Intense Research“ entschieden (W. H. R. Rivers, zit. nach Kuper 1983). Durch die intensive Teilnahme am sozialen Leben der Irokesen (Morgan) und der Inuit (Boas) gingen sie bei ihren Forschungsobjekten in die Lehre und erforschten sie so zu deren eigenen Bedingungen. Ausführlich beschrieben wurde diese Praxis, als Bronislaw Malinowski im Jahr 1922 in der Einleitung der „Argonauts of the Western Pacific“ ein neues Programm für eine empirische Wissenschaft entwickelte. Für ihn war das Ziel der Ethnographie, ein holistisches Gesamtbild einer fremden Kultur zu liefern. Die teilnehmende Beobachtung war ein Teil der damit verbundenen Methodik, denn um die hoch gesteckten Ziele der Ethnographie im Sinne von Malinowski zu erreichen, muss neben die – Erhebung statistischer Daten und die Sammlung schriftlicher und oraler Texte auch die Beobachtung der „imponderabilia of actual life and of typical behaviour“ treten, die es erfordern kann, „to put aside the camera, notebook and pencil and to join (…) in what is going on“ (Malinowski 1922, S. 20–21).
Discusses the changing roles assigned to agricultural cooperatives in Egypt over the last 80 years. In the early period, capital formation through cooperatives was a nationalist aim, designed to bypass foreigners who controlled the credit system, but before the 1950s most had become "clubs' for the local and national elites. The agrarian reforms of the Nasser period saw the setting up of the modern cooperative system, which eventually came to have a central place within the rural development strategy. Sadat's Open Door Policy was not much concerned with cooperative ideals, and financial scandals rocked the national leadership in 1976. Mubarak's strategy is yet to unfold, but the increasing divisions in Egyptian society may not auger well for the future of the cooperative model. -M.Amos
In recent decades international development has grown into a world-shaping industry. But how do aid agencies work and what do they achieve? How does aid appear to the adults and children who receive it? And why has there been so little improvement in the position of the poor? Viewing aid and development from anthropological perspectives gives illuminating answers to questions such as these. This essential textbook reveals anthropologists' often surprising findings and details ethnographic case studies on the cultures of development. The authors use a fertile literature to examine the socio-political organisation of aid communities, agencies and networks, as well as the judgements they make about each other. The everyday practice of development work is about negotiating power and culture, but in vastly different ways in different contexts and for different social groups. Exploring the spaces between policy and practice, success and failure, the future and the past, this book provides a rounded understanding of development work that suggests new moral and political possibilities for an increasingly globalised world.
Through a fourteen-month ethnography of a cohousing community, this study explores how community members reexamine and redefine their collectivist values in an attempt to develop their ideal community. Cohousers voice distaste for the isolation of contemporary U.S. residential arrangements and collaboratively plan neighborhoods that promote common space, increased social interaction, and collective decision making. Despite these organizing principles, I find that the conditions for social cohesion in one cohousing community are based primarily on concessions to autonomy and privacy, and emphasis on personal rewards for individual members. I demonstrate how this occurs in “Sunrise Place” as the group’s members (1) develop spatial arrangements that emphasize domestic privacy and (2) practice consensus decision making in ways that prioritize individual self-reflection over group debate. I show that cohousers’ apparently contradictory focus on the individual actually aids their collectivist agenda by buttressing members’ investment in the project during a prolonged development process; however, the community they develop is physically and spatially insulated, reproducing aspects of domestic privatism they seek to subvert.
This article reflects on the methodological challenges and opportunities of 20 years of research on Chinese migrants abroad against a shifting background of global politics and academic institutions. It suggests that, while ethnography is always implicitly comparative, juxtaposition rather than comparison in time and space, within and outside the ‘field’, may be a better way of describing the cumulative working of ethnographic research. I reflect on three ethnographic moments whose significance only became clear in hindsight, with the benefit of juxtapositions with other experiences, both academic and non-academic.
Focusing on shepherds' cooperatives in Sardinia, Italy, I show how cooperatives have borrowed incessantly from other types of businesses, including private capital businesses, and have provided models for those businesses and other organizations. In order to highlight the place of these organizations within a common institutional environment, “corporations” here are corporate bodies—including firms, trade unions, and political parties—and the cooperatives are also a type of corporation. The Italian state and the market are key institutions in the organizational context and climate within which cooperatives in general, and Sardinian cooperatives in particular, function. The emergence and consolidation of the European Community has added a new layer of complexity to the organizational environment as it tries to regulate in all European countries the ways in which capitalist businesses and cooperatives operate.
In this paper I develop an understanding of organizational ethnographic research as revealing the complexities of everyday organizational life through a focused orientation on paradox. Both empirical and theoretical findings often stem from a basic wonder about seeming contradictions and irrationalities. Solving these imagined puzzles calls for a paradoxical stance on the part of the field worker, who tries to develop an intimate familiarity with the situation while simultaneously preserving ironic distance. I explore some of the ways in which ethnographic and related interpretive methods access the intricacies of ordinary, mundane aspects of organizational life - combining actor- centered research and context-sensitive analysis, observing both front-stage appearances and back- stage politics, among other things - thereby leading to a fuller, more grounded and practice-based understanding of what organizations are about and how they may be studied.
Multi–Sited Ethnography has established itself as a fully–fledged research method among anthropologists and sociologists in recent years. It responds to the challenge of combining multi–sited work with the need for in–depth analysis, allowing for a more considered study of social worlds. This volume utilizes cutting–edge research from a number of renowned scholars and empirical experiences, to present theoretical and practical facets charting the development and direction of new research into social phenomena. Owing to its clear contribution to a rapidly emerging field, Multi–Sited Ethnography will appeal to anyone studying social actors, including scholars within human geography, anthropology, sociology and development and migration studies.
This review surveys an emergent methodological trend in anthropological research that concerns the adaptation of long-standing modes of ethnographic practices to more complex objects of study. Ethnography moves from its conventional single-site location, contextualized by macro-constructions of a larger social order, such as the capitalist world system, to multiple sites of observation and participation that cross-cut dichotomies such as the “local” and the “global,” the “lifeworld” and the “system.” Resulting ethnographies are therefore both in and out of the world system. The anxieties to which this methodological shift gives rise are considered in terms of testing the limits of ethnography, attenuating the power of fieldwork, and losing the perspective of the subaltern. The emergence of multi-sited ethnography is located within new spheres of interdisciplinary work, including media studies, science and technology studies, and cultural studies broadly. Several “tracking” strategies that shape multi-site...
Over the last decade, anthropologists have become much more involved in development questions. The review focuses on their involvement in the deliberately planned bilateral, multilateral, and private efforts to foster economic development and social change in low income countries since the last world war.-J.Sheail
Cooperatives are promoted by national and regional governments around the world because of their perceived potential for heightening efficiency in the manufacturing and commercialization of small producers' output, and also because the cooperative concept itself rings with an overtone of social solidarity and democracy. 1 Oftentimes, however, cooperatives fail to live up to the planners' expectations, since they do not achieve any of the objectives initially set out for them. Richard Huntington suggests, 2 reflecting on development programs that have been implemented in Africa over the years, that those projects which aim to promote and sustain cooperative associations have failed because they are simultaneously antithetical to traditional cultural systems, marginal to the market economic system, and incidental to the functioning government bureaucracy. 3 This paper focuses on the shepherds' production cooperative, Su Cuile Mannu, in Sardinia, Italy. 4 Here, I want to re-take Huntington's idea in a reverse manner to suggest that Su Cuile Mannu has succeeded exactly because it is seen by government officials as being antithetical to traditional cultural systems (that is, to pastoralist production as practiced in the last couple of centuries in Sardinia, so that there has been great political interest on the part of the government to make it work, even at times when sheep's cheese prices are depressed in the international market. Unlike the planners' perception, the cooperative does, in fact, rest on cultural understandings about work and behavior that prevail outside the association itself. The shepherds in Su Cuile Mannu are
Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications. In Part I of the book, "Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis," the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data," the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, "Implications of Grounded Theory," Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory. The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.
Die Befremdung der eigenen Kultur. Ein Programm
- Klaus Amann
- Stefan Hirschauer
- K Amann
Zur Krise der Genossenschaften in der Entwicklungspolitik
- Eberhard Dülfer
- E Dülfer
Anthropological approaches to the study of cooperativs, collectives, and self-management
- June Nash
- Nicholas S Hopkins
- J Nash
The cooperative workplace: potentials and dilemmas of organizational democracy and participation
- Joyce Rothschild
- J Allen Whitt
- J Rothschild
Zur Entwicklungsfunktion des Genossenschaftswesens unter Berücksichtigung vorgegebener Sozialstrukturen
- Paul Trappe
- P Trappe
Two blades of grass: Rural cooperatives in agricultural modernization
- Peter Worsley
- Ann Allen
- P Worsley
Teilnehmende Beobachtung
- Miriam Cohn
- M Cohn
Locating the field: Space, place and context in anthropology
- Simon Coleman
- Peter Collins
Die Genossenschaft als Unternehmungstyp, 2., durchges. Aufl
- Georg Draheim
Organizational ethnography. In Qualitative research. Issues of theory, method and practice, Hrsg. David von Silverman
- Thomas S Eberle
- Christoph Und
- Maeder
- TS Eberle
Popular participation in social change: cooperatives, collectives, and nationalized industry: (9th International congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences
- June Nash
- Jorge Dandler
- Nicolas S Und
- Hrsg Hopkins
Einheimische Genossenschaften in Afrika: Formen wirtschaftlicher Zusammenarbeit bei westafrikanischen Stämmen
- Hans Seibel
- Michael Dieter
- Koll
Action research, 3. Aufl. Los Angeles
- Ernest T Stringer
- ET Stringer
Imperiale Repräsentationen. Vom kolonialen zum Entwicklungsdiskurs
- Aram Ziai
Constructing the field: Ethnographic fieldwork in the contemporary world
- Vered Amit
Between class and the market: Self-management in theory and in the practice of worker-recuperated enterprises in Argentina
- Maurizio Atzeni
- Marcelo Vieta
- M Atzeni
Writing ethnographic fieldnotes
- Robert M Emerson
- Rachel I Fretz
- Linda L Shaw
- RM Emerson
Introduction to action research: Social research for social change, 2. Aufl
- Davydd J Greenwood
- Morten Und
- Levin
- DJ Greenwood
Soziale Innovationen für eine zukunftsfähige Lebensweise
- Iris Kunze
- I Kunze
Ethnographic fieldwork: An anthropological reader, 2. Aufl
- Antonius C G M Robben
- Jeffrey A Und
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