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A review of UV radiation protection on humans by textiles and clothing
Abstract
Purpose
This review deals with the pros and cons of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human beings and the role of textile clothing and the chemicals used for textiles to protect from their harmful effects.
Design/methodology/approach
UV radiation (UVR) which has further divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC. Almost 100% of UVC and major portion of UVB are bounced back to stratosphere by ozone layer while UVA enters the earth atmosphere. Excessive exposure of solar or artificial UVR exhibit potential risks to human health. UVR is a major carcinogen and excessive exposure of solar radiation in sunlight can cause cancer in the lip, skin squamous cell, basal cell and cutaneous melanoma, particularly in people with the fair skin.
Findings
This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the harmful effects of UVR on human skin, factors affecting UV irradiance and factors affecting UV protection offered by textile clothing.
Originality/value
Effect of fiber properties, yarn properties, fabric construction, fabric treatments and laundering has been reviewed along with the identification of gaps in the reported research. A comparison of inorganic and organic UV absorbers has also been given along with different testing and evaluation methods for UV protective clothing.
... The efficiency is primarily dependent upon their various constructional parameters such as density, thickness, mass per unit area, porosity or cover factor of the fabrics, yarn type (multi-or mono-filament), type fabric (weave, woven, or knitted), etc. (Pisitsak et al., 2018;Alebeid and Zhao, 2017;Kan and Au, 2014). Furthermore, in engineering woven fabrics, the fibre composition, colour, stretch, tightness of the weave, and moisture are critical parameters to influence their performance (Dubrovski and Golob, 2009;Khan et al., 2020;Kursun and Ozcan, 2010). The textile finishing quality, as well as the incorporation techniques of some external chemicals that improve the UV-blocking efficiency of the fabrics (such as dyes, pigments, various inorganic nanoparticle UV-absorbers, graphene, etc.), also affects their performance and endurance against UVR (Gong et al., 2019;Ouadil et al., 2017). ...
... However, among the various advantages of organic UV absorbers, there are some technical disadvantages, including poor washing durability, relatively low light fastness, and shorter protective periods than inorganic UV absorbers (Tsuzuki and Wang, 2010). Technically, a variety of natural extraction or synthetically indicated organic components have been applied as organic UV absorbers, like dyes, organic pigments, chemical derivatives, and some natural source-based organic UV-absorbers (Mavri c et al., 2018;Bashari et al., 2019;Sayed et al., 2015;Khan et al., 2020). ...
... Based on these investigations, the most widely used and recommended UV absorbers are derivatives of O-hydroxy benzophenones, hydroxy flavones or xanthones, salicylates, o-hydroxy phenyltriazines, o-hydroxy phenylhydrazines, hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles, etc., as demonstrated in Fig. 14.7 (Bashari et al., 2019;Mavri c et al., 2018;Saravanan, 2007), which formulates using OeHeO or OeHeN bridges between intraphenolic groups. Therefore, triazine and ethylene diamine derivatives are also applied in fabrics due to their UV-absorbing properties (Khan et al., 2020). They are all present in both natural and synthetic organic absorbers. ...
Ultraviolet rays constitute a meagre fraction of the solar spectrum. Still, they influence all living organisms and their metabolisms, and this radiation can cause a range of effects from simple tanning to highly malignant skin cancers if unprotected. Protecting human skin against harmful UV radiation is an acute problem nowadays. Developing textiles with UV protection functionality has been widely researched. Natural fibres have received considerable attention compared with synthetic fibres due to their excellent properties, such as hygroscopicity, air permeability, biodegradability, etc., for making textile goods. The UV-protective properties of textiles depend on several factors, such as fibre content, weave, used dyes, and finishing processes, and the protection factor should be between 40 and 50+, categorize the clothing cotton fabrics with excellent UV protection. This chapter deals with the advantages and disadvantages of ultraviolet radiation on humans, the role of natural source-based textile clothing, and the chemicals used in textiles to protect from their harmful effects.
... Considerable progress has also been made in protective apparel. To provide better protection against UV radiation, high-tech textiles are now made with incorporated [31,54,55,107,202,204] Ecosystem restoration and management of wetlands and forests -Preserving biodiversity and avoiding monoculture [206,209,210,212,213] Technological and engineering solutions Incorporation of UV-blocking additives like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide into coatings, textiles, and plastics [178][179][180] Using of UV stabilisers to stop materials from photodegrading [181,182] Creation of UV-resistant films and coatings for protects surfaces materials [183,184] Use of new organic UV filters like avobenzone and encapsulate sunscreen formulations [192,193,197] Development of UV-blocking high-tech textiles, with ratings for the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) [177,198,199] Use of UV-detection fabric sensors [200,201] Policy and Regulatory measures Development of international agreement like Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement for tackling ozone reduction and other negative environmental effects [87,[214][215][216] Establishment of local and national policies for reducing the negative effects of increased UV radiation [217][218][219] Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
... These textiles frequently have unique weaves or are treated with UV-absorbing chemicals to stop UV rays from passing through. One innovation is the creation of clothing with ratings for the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF), which offers quantifiable and efficient shielding [198,199]. Additionally, wearable technology-like UVdetection fabric sensors-can notify users when their UV exposure is too high, allowing them to take prompt protective action (Table 2) [200,201]. The development of sunscreens and protective clothing has been instrumental in lowering the risk of UV-induced skin damage and other health problems linked to elevated UV radiation. ...
Contrary to the conventional wisdom and practices moderate non-burning ultraviolet (UV) radiation may be beneficial to our existence, but ecosystems and human health are seriously threatened by the rise in UV radiation from ozone layer loss and climate change. Nevertheless, there is less current information on the environmental effects of elevated UV radiation stress. This review looks at the patterns in UV radiation levels today and emphasizes the causes, which include anthropogenic activities and the loss of ozone. With a focus on physiological, cellular, and ecological mechanisms, the effects of UV radiation on the environment, wildlife, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and human health are thoroughly discussed. Various mitigation tactics, such as technological ones like UV-protective materials, biological ones like breeding UV-resistant species, and policy ones like public education and international agreements, are discussed here. This review provides a thorough understanding of the effects of UV radiation and potential mitigation techniques by combining these various strategies. This study provides crucial information that will help protect against the harmful effects of UV radiation on the environment and human health.
... The covering factor is a measure that ranges from 0 to 1.0 and indicates how closely the woven fabric is constructed based on the areal density and the diameter of the yarns. 56 Accordingly, these differences between both jute fabrics presented before, mainly in the weft direction, the breaking load of OJF was less than half of that of CJF ((174.77 ± 33.75) N and (391.92 ± 13.85) N, respectively) due to the lower number of crossed yarns (5 FTC and 8 WTC). ...
In fabric-cement composites, the limited impregnation of cementitious matrix products due to thick and twisted yarns leads to premature failure due to poor bonding strength. In addition, cellulosic textile reinforcements have many challenges about durability, appearance of voids at mortar-fiber interface, and rise of microcracks. Textile performances were evaluated in different conditions: coated with micro-silica powder, pretreated, and without any treatment. This study also assessed how textile weave structure and yarn geometry configuration affect the interactions of two different jute textiles (Close Weave Jute Fabric – CJF and Open Weave Jute Fabric - OJT) when used as reinforcement in mortar matrix. Textile characterization and composite analysis (by four-point bending tests, SEM/EDS, and physical tests) were conducted to assess the different textile reinforcements, the mechanical behavior of produced composites, and visual and chemical compounds analysis of the interfacial transition zone between textile and mortar matrix after silica coating. Micro silica powder coating was deemed necessary to address limited impregnation and to avoid telescope pull-off. Weave structure determined the difference between jute fabrics to reinforce mortar matrix, being only OJF (larger interstices in the weave structure) with micro silica coating allowed a better matrix interaction and stood out from the other textiles and achieved the best specific energy of all samples, (4.28 ± 0.91) kJ.m-2. Calcium and silicon inside the yarn interstices and textile-matrix interface indicate the formation of strong bonds by calcium-silicate-hydrate products. The silica coating treatment enhanced formation of strong bonds, which demonstrated future promise for natural fiber application.
... In this case, the objective is to show the influence of a certain characteristic of the surrounded microclimate and/or the self-body activity. For instance, in some studies, shortwave radiation at the surface of the clothing is surveyed [15,16], considering low doses of high-intensity radiation [17], radiative cooling with longwave radiation [18], and the combination of radiation and conduction, considering the air gap between the skin and the cloths as conductive heat transfer [19]. In addition, mass transfer by diffusion trough clothing layers is assessed considering both longwave and shortwave radiation [20,21]. ...
A comprehensive analysis is carried out for achieving hygrothermal comfort by using bidirectional heat and mass fluxes between the human skin and its surroundings during cooling seasons, considering the main characteristics of climate, metabolic rate, and clothing fabrics. As hygrothermal comfort is mainly seen as one-direction heat and mass flux from the close surroundings to the human body, without the emitted heat and mass by the human skin, the purpose of the analysis is to find out proper features of the respective clothing fabric according to the inlet boundary conditions, i.e. heat and mass flux from the human body, and the outlet boundary features, i.e. heat and mass flux due to the climate conditions. Thereby, a novel mathematical modelling is developed for heat and mass transfer, respectively. Then, the software Wolfram Mathematica is applied for the numerical solutions of the model. After the model is validated, a sensitivity analysis is carried out. Thereby, it is found that the sensible heat removal by convection, dependent on both airflow and humidity rates, has a great influence on the hygrothermal comfort. Furthermore, solar reflectivity for shortwave radiation, along with longwave radiation from the skin, have influence on the hygrothermal comfort when both ventilation and sweating are set as minimum. Therefore, if the conditions of temperature and relative humidity are proper, both high conductivity and air permeability clothes are recommended. Nevertheless, regarding the reflectivity, it depends on the presence of shortwave radiation, sweating, ventilation, and longwave radiation to consider light-toned or dark colors.
... However, long-term UV radiation can cause irreversible damage to human health and requires high-standard production conditions, which largely limits its application in industrial production. 26,27 In 2022, Edy Subroto et al. 28 used microwave assisted O 3 to oxidize adlay starch. The combined means created much more O groups and much rougher surfaces over only microwave or O 3 alone. ...
To enhance the performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), it is crucial to establish robust interactions between epoxy and carbon fiber fabric (CFF). Herein, CFF was treated by an optimized H 2 O 2 /H 2 O/O 3 oxidation method. The chemical and physical properties of the treated CFFs were meticulously characterized. For comparison, CFF, O 3 treated CFF, and H 2 O/O 3 treated CFFs were also examined. It was found that H 2 O 2 /H 2 O/O 3 oxidized CFF more effectively than either O 3 or H 2 O/O 3 . Reactive O groups were extensively grafted onto the surface of the H 2 O 2 /H 2 O/O 3 oxidized CFF, leading to an increase in surface energy. Additionally, numerous defects were introduced on the surface of the H 2 O 2 /H 2 O/O 3 oxidized CFF, significantly enhancing its surface roughness. Consequently, the interlaminar shear strength of H 2 O 2 /H 2 O/O 3 oxidized CFF reinforced epoxy composite reached 63.31 ± 2.50 MPa, which is 43.3% higher than that of CFF reinforced epoxy composite. The fracture surface morphology and differential scanning calorimetry studies confirmed the presence of strong interfacial chemical interactions, while the increased surface roughness ensured robust interfacial physical interactions. Based on these findings, the mechanisms of the H 2 O 2 /H 2 O/O 3 oxidized CFF reinforcing epoxy were proposed. The present work aims to give out some ideas for the fabrication of green and advanced CFRP.
Highlights
CFF was effectively oxidized by an optimized H 2 O 2 /H 2 O/O 3 method eco‐friendly.
Improved the interlaminar shear strength of the epoxy composite by 43.3%.
Both the strong interfacial chemical and physical interactions were confirmed.
The reinforcing mechanism is attributed to the robust interactions.
... Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) is a section of the electromagnetic spectrum, which has a wavelength bigger than 100 nm and smaller than 400 nm and it is actually hazardous for health and photochemistry because of energetic photons in this range. The UVR is classified into three parts namely UVA (400-315 nm), UVB (315-280 nm), and UVC (280-100 nm) [7]. Very little UVC reaches Earth's surface due to absorption by the atmosphere. ...
Purpose: The correlation of different samples can be described by analytical models such as random matrix theory. In this study, we tried to describe the correlation of different types of ultraviolet values in different months, weeks, and hours to get a significant relationship of special times, which one needs to get enough intensity of the sun or avoid getting sunburn. Materials and Methods: To this aim, we focused on the hourly and daily mean amounts of ultraviolet A, B, and C intensities of solar radiation in Tabriz urban area were measured during a full year of 2017-2018. We used such ultraviolet values which are measured at the same hour of the day to satisfy the same symmetry criteria which are necessary in random matrix theory. These data are unfolded and classified in different sequences to analyze in the nearest neighbor spacing distribution framework via the maximum likelihood estimation technique. Results: Strong correlation is yielded for daily values of UVA in comparison with the other types of ultraviolet radiations. Also, we considered the dependence of correlation degrees of these three types of ultraviolet to average temperature and humidity at different months. Conclusion: The results propose more correlation of UVA indices in August while such correlation of UVC radiations are yielded in December.
... Outdoor workers' risk increases with increasing ambient solar radiation and using artificial sunbeds Khan et al. (2020) Inorganic: talc, calamine, kaolin, zinc oxide Organic: octocrylene, ensulizole, triazine derivatives ...
Skin exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and pollutants causes several skin disorders, calling for protection methods such as sunscreen application. However, common sunscreen contains chemicals that have displayed toxicity when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, alternatives approaches have been recently developed, such as the use of natural phytochemicals as active ingredients in photoprotection preparations. Here, we review skin protection with focus on the physics of ultraviolet radiation and photoprotection by ultraviolet filters. We present sensors for measuring ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation in ecosystems. We discuss the phototoxicity of drugs, preservatives, personal care products, and pollutants. Photocarcinogenesis, photoallergy, photostability, and toxicity of sunscreen ingredients and their impacts on human health and skin, are also reviewed. We observed that phytochemicals are promising for photoprotection due to their ability to absorb photon energy, and thus act as antioxidants.
... It is accepted that electromagnetic radiation adversely affects mankind health such as those of animals, birds and trees etc [6,7]. From the last few decades, attempts related to protection against radiation and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) have initiated by researchers [8][9][10][11]. Researchers has also been developed EMI shielding materials with dominant absorption mechanism or as microwave absorber that will reduced the secondary pollution of radiations [12][13][14][15]. Therefore, textile fabric is known as good choice for EMI shielding owing to its ease in availability, low cost, air permeability properties, and flexible nature, etc [16,17]. ...
... UV exposure destroys colour through an oxidation process which causes the decomposition of dye molecules in the fibres [31]. UVA rays have considerable penetration power compared to UVB and UVC and are more likely to cause colour fading [32]. Moreover, the disinfection capabilities of UVA and UVB rays are significantly lower than that of UVC [33,34]. ...
There is an ever-growing need in several industries to disinfect or sanitise products (i.e., to reduce or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms from their surfaces). Gaseous ozone has been widely applied for this purpose, particularly during the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the large-scale deployment of this technology usually involves a manually-operated chamber, into which articles are loaded and subsequently unloaded after treatment-a batch process. Although the development of large-scale, automated and continuous ozonation equipment has hardly been reported in the literature, this has tremendous potential for industries seeking to decontaminate certain articles/products in a rapid and effective manner. In this paper, an overview of the design and implementation considerations for such an undertaking is evaluated. By presenting a case study for a developed automated system for clothing and personal protective equipment (PPE) disinfection, we provide key data regarding the automation procedure/design's considerations, risks, material compatibility, safety, sustainability and process economics. Our analysis shows that the transfer time for garments between successive chambers and the agility of the sliding doors are crucial to achieving the desired throughput. The automated system is capable of effectively treating (20 ppm ozone for 4 mins) 20,000 garments within an 8-hour shift, based on a transfer time of 2 mins and a sliding door speed of 0.4 m/s. The flexibility of the system allows for variation in the concentration or exposure time, depending on the contamination level and the consequent decontamination efficiency desired. This flexibility significantly limits the degradation of the material during treatment. A return on investment of 47% is estimated for this novel system.
Access link: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/3/2216
... Twill and satin materials provide an excellent UPF at 70-80% tightness (Dubrovski and Golob 2009). In addition, the UPF of the different tightness weaves varied, with satin coming out on top, followed by twill and plain weaves among the three weaves important points to consider (Dubrovski and Brezocnik 2009;Khan et al. 2020). In knit construction, the double knit fabric shows higher UV protection than the single knit structure. ...
The ultraviolet rays from sunlight pose a natural hazard to human health and can cause serious health problems. Some medical artificial lights also emit ultraviolet radiation. Unprotected human skin exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light can cause serious health problems, including skin aging, photosensitivity (rash), erythema (redness of the skin), and melanoma (skin cancer). To protect human skin from UV radiation, UV-blocking or protective products are used. According to medical professionals, UV protection products must be safe, chemically inert, non-irritating, non-toxic, and resistant to light, and completely block the replication of UV rays. Sunscreen cream/lotion products are used for UV protection, but these products cannot provide complete protection. According to experts, one of the most efficient strategies to avoid sun damage is to wear protective gear. Researches are going on the manufacture of smart textiles that can be deployed as a protective shield with an adornment look to wear. Therefore, researchers have paid great attention to the development of fibers with anti-ultraviolet function. This review discusses the upshot of UV radiation on textile materials in particular cotton fabrics. It also describes the correlation between ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and the physicochemical and structural properties of cotton fabrics. This review focuses on the manufacturing of UV protective cotton fabrics by applying UV absorbers and nanoparticles, their application process, and effects.
... The rerendering method only shows the rendering effect of the human body from different angles with the change of illumination and position and does not realize the three-dimensional reconstruction of the human body. Based on image modeling, the coordinates of the final 3D object are calculated from the correspondence between the extracted feature points [6]. This method requires small differences between pictures and high limitations. ...
In the era of e-commerce, online clothing sales have grown rapidly, but the differences in clothing size and style details have brought serious problems to consumers’ purchase. At present, as far as online clothing sales are concerned, the most prominent problem is that consumers cannot try on clothes online as they do in the real environment, let alone touch and feel the texture of clothing fabrics. This has seriously affected and restricted the development of online clothing sales. The after-sales service cannot keep up, which is mainly reflected in the consumer return and replacement which is not convenient, and the purchased clothing cannot be received in time and other aspects. 3D garment customization is a hot area of research at present, and there is a wide range of needs to implement a software that can be customized for users. As a depth sensing technology, it strengthens the ability of video sensors for target recognition and brings new advances in sensing and processing deep vision tasks. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a modern clothing design scheme based on human 3D somatosensory technology. The designed scheme focuses on the acquisition of human size data and the personalized combination process of clothing components in the process of clothing design. In the scene where the human body changes greatly or the human body moves rapidly, the real-time limb coverage of the clothing fabric is higher, and the posture matching degree is higher. Applicable clothing types and human body pose types are more abundant, with a higher sense of reality. The clothing perception model fused with profile and girth features can match the dimensional changes of key parts of the human body. Through personalized clothing design, the combination of clothing parts is used to provide more choices of clothing styles, colors, and sizes. Using this solution, the time of clothing design can be greatly shortened, and the user’s satisfaction with the clothing design can be improved.
... Melanoma has been considered a severe skin cancer in humans worldwide for decades, and the number of deaths increased year by year. As the public has realized the damage of excessive UV rays, the use of sunscreens to protect from UV has also huge increasing (Khan et al. 2020;Lohézic-Le Dévéhat et al. 2013). ...
Enodolichenic fungi (ELF) are considered a promising bio-resource since they produce a variety of novel secondary metabolites with bioactivities. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight containing UVA and UVB can cause acute and chronic skin diseases, and the demand for UV protectants in sunscreens has been increasing. Such situations evoke the strong interest of researchers in seeking effective UV protectants from natural products. In this study, we obtained partially purified 7-hydroxy-2-octenoic acid-ethyl ester (7E) from the secondary metabolites of ELF000548, which has UVA absorption activity. The antioxidant properties were performed by in vitro tests. The superoxide anion scavenging activity and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation of the 7E mixture were higher than ascorbic acid (ASA) and butyl hydroxyl anisole (BHA). Furthermore, the compound recovered the damage caused by UVB irradiation and inhibited melanin synthesis. Additionally, the 7E mixture exhibited no cytotoxicity toward the mouse melanoma cell lines, B16F1 and B16F10, except for the normal cell line, HaCaT. In general, these results are the first report about bioactivities of 7E, and those demonstrated that this compound might be a UV protectant to go further study.
... Specific sunscreens and clothing with a protection factor against UVA/UVB radiation have been researched and developed as they are essential to prevent extracellular, collagen degradation in the human body, DNA damage, chemical and histological changes in the epidermis and pathway activation of intracellular signaling involved in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis [5,6]. The degradation of the extracellular matrix results from the UVA radiation-induced production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and activation of intracellular pathways in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. ...
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can result in several skin problems, such as accelerating aging, burns, blemishes, or even cancer. Even when wearing clothes, there is still a risk that the user will be exposed to UV radiation and suffer skin damage. Therefore, it is necessary to apply anti-UV treatments to the clothes and fabrics used, so that users become safe. Nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQD) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are materials that have a broad spectrum of UV absorption and are promising candidates to be applied in functional finishing in use on textile materials, giving textiles property anti-UV. The aim of this research is to evaluate the synergy effect between N-GQD and TiO2 NPs in getting a nanocoating that can be applied on a cotton fabric, add photoluminescent and anti-UV properties. The nanocoatings obtained were applied via industrial discontinuous method, the high-pressure and high-temperature exhaustion process to the cotton fabric using polyvinyl alcohol as a binding agent. According to the UV protection assessment, it was observed that both materials are excellent UV absorbers and their ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) are highly dependent on the concentrations used in the nanocoated cotton fabrics. Thus, nanocoated cotton with TiO2, N-GQD and TiO2/N-GQD revealed an UPF of +50, which established their effectiveness in protecting against UV radiation. They also withstand up to 20 wash cycles with no change in UPF.
... The nose and forehead receive the highest radiation followed by the oral region [11,13]. Thus, protection against UV exposure such as hats, protective clothes, lipstick with sunscreen, and sunscreen is recommended [11][12][13][14]. ...
... Furthermore, the UV region can be categorized into three as very high energy UV-C rays, high energy UV -B rays, and low energy UV -A rays [16]. The high-energy UV -C rays do not reach the earth's surface while a small amount of UV -B rays reach the earth and able to cause acute and chronic illnesses including erythema, photocarcinogenesis, and photoaging [17][18][19][20]. ...
Background: The zinc oxide nanostructures have been used in the textile industry since the early 2000s. However, the efficiency of dye removal, antibacterial and UV protection were enhanced by researchers using different techniques. Objective: This review focuses on the latest research of dye removal, UV protection and antibacterial activity with mechanisms, to discover the most efficient methods to apply ZnO nanostructures effectively for the textile industry. Findings: The photocatalytic activity and photosensitivity of ZnO nanostructures were enhanced by doping materials such as Cu, Fe2O3, Co, Ce, Al, and Mn. The UV protection of ZnO nanostructures was efficient even with
low loading percentages and effectively retained in the textiles. However, the dye removal efficiency was increased with pH due to the high concentration of hydroxyl radicals in the media. Although the UV protection ability of ZnO nanostructures in the textile industry was hindered by photocatalytic activity, scientists had overcome this issue by doping impurities such as SiO2, cobalt, and manganese. The antibacterial properties of ZnO nanostructures were changed according to the loaded amount of zinc oxide nanostructures on the
textile surface. In most of the research, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms to study the antibacterial property of ZnO nanostructures. The green synthesis of ZnO nanostructures is more favorable for all applications due to their nontoxicity and eco-friendly nature.
Keywords: Zinc oxide; Nanomaterials; Antibacterial; UV protection; Dye
removal; Textile industry
This work presented an overview of greener technologies for realizing everyday fabrics with enhanced antibacterial activity, flame retardancy, water repellency, and UV protection. Traditional methods for improving these qualities in textiles involved dangerous chemicals, energy and water‐intensive procedures, harmful emissions. New strategies are presented in response to the current emphasis on process and product sustainability. Nanoparticles (NPs) are suggested as a potential alternative for hazardous components in textile finishing. NPs are found to efficiently decrease virus transmission, limit combustion events, protect against UV radiation, and prevent water from entering, through a variety of mechanisms. Some attempts are made to increase NPs efficiency and promote long‐term adherence to textile surfaces. Traditional wet finishing methods are implemented through a combination of advanced green technologies (plasma pre‐treatment, ultrasound irradiations, sol‐gel, and layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly methods). The fibrous surface is activated by adding functional groups that facilitate NPs grafting on the textile substrate by basic interactions (chemical, physical, or electrostatic), also indirectly via crosslinkers, ligands, or coupling agents. Finally, other green options explore the use of NPs synthesized from bio‐based materials or hybrid combinations, as well as inorganic NPs from green synthesis to realize ecofriendly finishing able to provide durable and protective fabrics.
Recently, there has been a pronounced escalation of human skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as microbial contamination due to the continued atmospheric ozone layer decay and the increased social engagements, respectively. With the growing concern of health issues relating to these factors, functionalized textiles with the help of nanotechnology have gained considerable scholarly attention. Apart from the conventional finishing techniques, titanium, silver, and zinc nanoparticles used in nanofinishing can offer immense potential for blocking UV rays and inhibiting microbial proliferation due to their large surface area, high surface energy, easy ionization, and toxic nature. This chapter reviews the latest amelioration in nanofinishing technology for textiles intended for protection from UV rays and microbial infestations. The target-based nanomaterials, their properties, and mechanisms to work with, application approaches, durability, sustainability, and contemporary and future research direction are comprehensively discussed.
The integration of functional textiles production approach, correlated with organic synthesis and computational
elaboration of synthesized anthraquinone-based pyrimidine dyes, makes a significant contribution in multidisciplinary research. The central focus of this project is the production of multipurpose chemical moieties,
addressing the current imperative to reduce the human consumption and mitigate the depletion of natural resources by employing cost-effective methods. The present study is focused to synthesize some new molecules as
dyes having antibacterial and UV-protection ability. These synthesized dyes were characterized by UV, FT-IR, 1
H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis that confirmed the structures of targeted molecules. These targeted dyes
were applied to fabric and their colorfastness properties were checked according to ISO recommended procedures. The fastness results supported efficient fixation and fading resistance. The Ultraviolet Protection Factor
(UPF) studies were conducted to measure the UV-protection ability of the dyed fabric. Furthermore, antibacterial
ability of dyes was also checked, and experimental results were compared through molecular docking study. Dyes
were screened for their absorbance under solvents of different polarity, and these were further analyzed by TDDFT and DFT analysis.
This research work investigates the chemical modification of cotton cellulose with a cationizing agent (CHPTAC, 3-chloro-2-hydroxylpropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), which resulted in the enhanced dye uptake and increased color strength (K/S) on the dyed cotton fabric in the absence costly auxiliaries, such as sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. The modified and unmodified cotton fabric samples were dyed using the exhaust dyeing method on a high-temperature dyeing machine with several reactive dyes of the Remazol class in different shade depths. The dyed samples were washed, dried and tested for K/S and colorfastness properties (washing, rubbing, and light), using standard test protocols. The results revealed that the color strength and the colorfastness properties of the modified dyed cotton fabric were significantly better than those of unmodified cotton. Thus, this study attempted a sustainable approach in cotton dyeing without using salt and alkali.
The current study provides the first review of alizarin, a natural dye, in terms of its historical aspects and its potential for functional applications in textiles. The review begins with a brief overview of natural alizarin and its occurrence in Rubiaceae family plants, followed by a discussion of alizarin acquisition from its botanical sources through conventional and advanced extraction methods. A special emphasis of this study is on the identification of natural alizarin colourants in archaeological and cultural textiles by using analytical methods based on reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chromatographic profiles. In addition, the functional properties of natural alizarin, including its antimicrobial activity, anti‐oxidant activity, insect repellence and ultraviolet protection, are analysed. This paper summarises the methods for obtaining alizarin for coloration, as well as advanced techniques for detecting alizarin in historical textiles, and potential applications of natural alizarin as a functional textile dye.
Photoswitchable fluorescent polymers (PFPs) are emerging as a class of promising systems for photowritable pattern, optical anti‐counterfeiting, and information encryption. They typically use harmful UV light as the stimulus, which often leads to inevitable photobleaching and poor reversibility. To address this issue, visible‐light‐driven PFPs by copolymerization of novel negative photochromic spiropyran monomer and methyl acrylate are developed. The obtained copolymers display bright red fluorescence, which can be reversibly turned off by visible light irradiation. Many appealing features are observed in this system, including fast photo‐responsibility, prominent photo‐reversibility and photostability, simple preparation process, and processability. Their applications in photorewritable patterns, optical anti‐counterfeiting, and information encryption are also demonstrated.
Purpose
The textile sector is one of the sectors where competition is intense and requires the production of high-value-added products. This study aims to conduct patent analysis to find the technology status, recent trends, applications and technological evaluations of protective textile technologies in practice.
Design/methodology/approach
More than 36,840 patent documents related to protective textile technologies are available for researchers, patent examiners and patent researchers. Patent analysis is conducted to report the technology status, recent trends and applications of protective textile technologies. This analysis provides insights into the possible future directions of protective textile technologies in practice. Additionally, association rule mining (ARM) is performed to find the hidden patterns among protective textile technologies.
Findings
The development of protective textile technologies is revealed by the technology evaluation in this study. In addition, the sub-technology classes affecting protective textile technologies are examined using the cooperative patent classification (CPC) codes of the patent documents. Technology status and recent trends of protective textile technologies are provided in detail. The results of this study show that (1) protective textile technologies are constantly being developed, (2) the working areas of medical protective textiles are increasing, (3) there are frequent studies on fabric structures for saving lives within the framework of human needs and (4) there are four technology classes, namely A41D, Y10T, B32B and A62B impacting the other technology classes related to textile technologies such as D10B, Y10T, F41H, A62D, D04H, Y10S and D10B.
Originality/value
To have a competitive advantage in the marketplace, evaluation of textile technologies is critical in developing “functionalized” and “technologized” textile products. In particular, evaluating technologies in developing protective textile products is extremely important to meet customer demands and present competitive products in the market. Examining these patents for technology developers, decision-makers and policymakers is an urgent and necessary job. However, studies examining the development of protective textile technologies with patent analysis are very limited in the literature. To fill this gap, technology status, recent trends and applications of protective textile technologies are reported based on patent analysis and ARM in this study.
Mosquito-borne diseases are a great concern for human health, and an increment in urbanization causes a rise in the population of mosquitoes. The efficient methods and products for countering mosquito bites are the urgent need of the hour. To protect against mosquitoes, mosquito repellent textiles are an attractive substrate. An impartment of simultaneous dyeing and finishing effects on nylon is an urgent requirement as it can enhance its applicability in various technical applications. The present study reports the preparation of a mosquito repellent-cum-UV protective nylon using a novel reactive dye. The synthesis of dye involves the reaction of cyanuric chloride with H-acid (sodium 4-amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalene disulfonic acid) to generate cyanuric-H-acid, which was further reacted with diazotised 4-amino-N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET-NH2) to synthesise a novel cold brand reactive dye. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), elemental analysis (CHN analyser), UV–vis spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterise the synthesised dye. The colouration of nylon was done in an infrared lab dyeing machine. The exhaustion and fixation of dye on nylon and the colouration properties (L*, a*, b*, C*, K/S) of dyed nylon were explored. Functional properties (mosquito repellency and UV protection) were evaluated even after laundering treatments. The dyed fabrics were also characterised using TGA and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. An outstanding mosquito repellency (100 %) and good UV protection were achieved.
In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were deposited on cotton fabric to improve its UV protection property. This was carried out by in situ preparation of ZnO on cotton fabric using zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) as ZnO precursor. After padding and drying, the fabric impregnated with precursor was subjected to a hydrothermal treatment at 110 °C for a period of 2 h. FESEM images confirmed the deposition of ZnO on fabric in a uniform manner. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and ICP-MS techniques were used to measure the amount of zinc content deposited on fabric. The prepared fabric samples were tested for the UV protection property using UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV-2000F, labsphere, USA). On the basis of recorded data, UV protection rating of the fabric was carried out as per AATCC 183:2010 standards. The study concludes that the uniformly deposited ZnO nanoparticles on cotton fabric impart a very good UV protection property in the fabric, which is able to sustain its effectiveness even after 5 washes. Other important physical properties like tensile strength, air permeability and whiteness index of the treated fabric was also examined to compare the changes with respect to the untreated fabric. The experimental results show that no considerable change occurred in the physical properties on the fabric after the deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on it.
By examining the requirements of tunnel workers, a multifunctional tunnel protective clothing was proposed in this study. The traditional tunnel protective clothing was redesigned from the perspective of improving clothing structure and fabric. A safe and protective clothing system, incorporating a harmful gas detection module, position monitoring module and data transmission module, was developed. Objective evaluation tests were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed protective clothing. During the medium-intensity exercise phase, the average skin temperature and humidity of the participants who wore the new protective clothing were 1.0725 °C and 2.6% lower, respectively, than those who wore the conventional protective clothing (P<0.05). Furthermore, the new protective clothing system exhibited a highly sensitive and complete feedback mechanism. The positioning error could be controlled within ±10 cm, when the horizontal spacing distance of the base station was set to 200 m.
The present research develops a novel in‐situ synthesis method to produce a high performance nanocomposite coating on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric as an enhanced UV‐protective textile. Reduced graphene oxide‐silver (rGO‐Ag) multi‐layer nanocomposite was in‐situ synthesized on the PET fabric through the direct redox reaction between the Ag⁺ ions and GO sheets by using ultrasonic and thermal treatment. The X‐ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscope confirmed that the well‐synthesized Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded on PET fabric in presence of the GO sheets by using ultrasonic waves without reducing and capping agents. In this research, GO sheets were used as reducing and capping agents along with the ultrasonic treatment at low temperature condition. The final average size of the synthesized AgNPs in solution, on the PET surface and in the freestanding film is lower than 100 nm. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of the PET fabric incorporating multi‐layer rGO‐Ag nanocomposite as a UV blocking system could reach to 6145.66, up to the 183‐fold higher than uncoated PET fabric (UPF 33.63). In addition, the final fabric demonstrates a good air permeability and antibacterial properties due to the effective coating of rGO‐Ag nanocomposite on PET surface.
Ultraviolet radiation is extremely harmful to humans and often occurs in high-temperature weather. The development of intelligent textiles based on UV protection and thermal regulation is paramount. In this research, we use coaxial electrospinning technology to prepare anti-ultraviolet smart thermo-regulating nanofiber membranes. The zinc oxide (ZnO) and octadecane were incorporated into nanofibers with the polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/ZnO as sheath and the octadecane as core successfully. The composite nanofibers have excellent comprehensive properties, the highest melting enthalpy is 111.38 J/g, and the UPF value is 86.21. This multifunctional nanofiber membrane has broad prospects in outdoor products, electronic component protection, and military products.
Clothing is recognized by leading health agencies as a primary method to protect against the harmful effects of photodamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and visible light. The photoprotective capacity of clothing is commonly measured as the ultraviolet protective factor (UPF). While the technology driving photoprotective clothing has been well‐established, there continues to be efforts to discover new materials to improve the UPF of clothing. Here, we show increased Google searches for photoprotective clothing over the last decade, suggesting a high level of public interest in photoprotective clothing. In addition, we investigate the frequency of UPF‐graded photoprotective clothing sold by large retail stores featured in Fortune 1000. We review factors that alter the UPF of clothing and describe emerging textile technologies used to increase clothing’s photoprotective capacity. Finally, we compare how photoprotective clothing is regulated among different countries, the importance of photoprotective clothing in occupational health, and research in visible light and clothing photoprotection.
Nowadays, textiles and fashion products are designed, manufactured, circulated, retailed, and used worldwide revealing its major influence on the environment. Over the past few decades, the textile industry has grown so far by polluting and creating environmental toxicity by using environmentally harmful techniques, chemicals, and processing methods. To overcome these problems, green chemistry has proved the use of fundamental scientific methodologies in the protection of human health, textiles, as well as the environment in an economically beneficial way. In this regard, green synthesis of nanomaterials has come as a boom in all the industries especially for textile modification in the form of antibacterial applications, ultraviolet–visible protection, etc. This chapter presents the green synthetic approach for nanomaterial synthesis, their role in textiles, and applications of these in textile industry for the alternative of harmful textiles to eco-friendly textiles.
Harmful effects of ultraviolet rays and protection against them have been long discussed. Numerous synthetic dyes, finishes, UV absorbers and Optical brightening agents (OBAs) are present in the market for decades for achieving UV protection through textiles. However, due to environmental impacts of these chemical agents, textile industry is looking for alternatives. In this regard, some natural dyes and plant extracts have shown promising results. However, use of colorless plant extracts as UV protective finishes is still rare. In this study, UPF rating of bleached cotton fabric has been improved by the application of plant extracts with minimal change in fabric's colour. For this purpose, two medicinal plants i.e. Solanum nigrum and Amaranthus viridis were selected and bleached cotton fabric was treated with their methanolic and aqueous extracts. Fabrics treated with both extracts exhibited excellent UPF ratings.
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UV radiations are high energy radiations present in sunlight that can damage human skin. Protection against these radiations becomes vital especially in those areas of the globe where UV index is quite high that makes the inhabitants more prone to dangerous effects of UV radiations. Clothing materials are good blockers of UV radiations, particularly when the fabric cover factor is high and/or the fabrics contain suitable UV blocking finishes. In this study, effect of application of aqueous and methanolic extracts of two different plants i.e. Achyranthes aspera and Alhagi maurorum on UV protection properties of cotton fabric was investigated. The results showed that the fabric samples treated with extracts of both the plants have excellent UV protection properties as indicated by their Ultraviolet Protection Factor. It was concluded that both the aqueous and methanolic plant extracts are very effective in blocking UVA and UVB radiations, when applied on cotton fabrics. The UV protection performance of Achyranthes aspera extracts was much better as compared to that of Alhagi maurorum, and methanolic extracts of both the plants outperformed the aqueous extracts in term of UV protection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Natural zeolites are aluminosilicate crystals with unique absorption and catalyst properties. In medicine they are attributedanticancerogen, antiallergic, antiseptic, antireumatic and other properties. They also exert a strong influence on blood circulation improvement. Addition of zeolite nanoparticles in different textile pretreatment and treatment phases is a novelty in textile finishing for multifunctional protection effects. Zeolites make a contribution to UV protection since they disperse UV radiation unlike other agents which absorb it and prevent their transmission. If zeolites are added to azalides in textile finishing, they increase their efficacious antimicrobial action. The paper describes cotton knitted fabric mercerized and bleached with addition of activated zeolite, clinoptilolite nanoparticles and treated with azalide to achieve multifunctional protection. Clinoptilolite was added into baths for cotton pretreatment, treatment and modification. Properties of the treated cotton were determined by international standards (EN, ISO, AS/NZS, AATCC).
The functional properties of bamboo/polyester blended knitted fabrics, intended to be used for summer clothing, have been studied. It is observed that with increasing bamboo content the yarn hairiness and unevenness increase and the tenacity decreases. It is also found that the increase in bamboo content in the blend increases the ultra-violet protection factor, water vapour permeability and wickability. On the other hand, with the increase in bamboo content in the fabric there is a decrease in bursting strength, air permeability and thermal resistance. The fabrics loose their anti-bacterial property when bamboo is gradually replaced by polyester. The findings of the study suggest that polyester/bamboo blends must contain more than 80% bamboo fibres in order to retain sufficient anti-bacterial property of bamboo fibres in the fabrics.
The increasing incidence of skin cancer in the populations of Australia and North America provided the impetus for developing educational programs about the risks of sun exposure and for developing sunscreens and sun protective clothing. In an effort to develop better fabrics for sun protective clothing, scientists have completed many studies investigating various factors influencing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) transmission through fabrics. Little research, however, has focused on the effect of repeated home launderings on UVR transission through fabrics. In this study, eight types of summer-weight fabrics were subjected to 20 home launderings using detergents with and without an optical brightening agent (OBA). Results showed that OBAs used in laundering improved the UVR-blocking ability of cotton fabrics and cotton/polyester blend fabrics, but not fabrics comprised entirely of polyester and nylon. The implication of the study is that a PLF rating determined for a new cotton or polyester/cotton blend fabric can not only be maintained, but can be significantly enhanced by repeated laundering of the garment in a detergent containing an OBA.
The synthesis and characterization of nanosized zinc oxide particles and their application on cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics have been studied for the protection against UV radiation. The nanoparticles are produced in different conditions of temperature (90° or 150°C) and reaction medium (water or 1,2-ethanediol). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry have been used to characterize the nanoparticles composition as well as their shape, size and crystallinity. The effectiveness of the treatment is assessed using the standardized tests, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the calculation of the ultraviolet protection factor both before and after washing of the treated samples. It is found that the performance of ZnO nanoparticles as UV-absorbers can be efficiently transferred to fabric materials through the application of ZnO nanoparticles. The UV tests indicate a significant improvement in the UV absorbing activity in the ZnO-treated fabrics.
This research was concerned with dye extraction from the leaves of eucalyptus and with the application of this dye for silk and wool fabric dyeing by the exhaustion process. Optimal results were achieved when dyeing at 90 °C for 40 minutes and at pH 4. Silk and wool fab- rics dyed in a solution composed of eucalyptus extract from leaves in combination with a mordant compound showed a shade of yellowish-brown. An exception was when the fabrics were dyed with FeSO4 mordant, resulting in a shade of dark grayish-brown. The colour fastness to light and rubbing after dyeing the silk and wool fabrics treated with the mordant was investigated, the results of which showed fair to good fastness, whereas the colour fast- ness to washing was at a good to very good level. The results confirmed that natural dyes from eucalyptus leaf extract have potential applications for fabric dyeing and producing ultraviolet (UV) protective silk and wool fabrics.
The alkaline fractions of banana peel (Musa, cv. Cavendish) of fruits have been used as a natural dye for cotton fabrics. In the current study, banana peel was evaluated as a multi-functional antibacterial and UV protective agent on the cotton substrate. The extracted solution using 0.1% NaOH was analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis technique. The extracted dye was applied to the premordated bleached and mercerized Egyptian cotton fabrics made from Giza 89 and Giza 80 cotton varieties. Ferric sulphate was used as mordent. Antibacterial activity was analyzed qualitatively in terms of zone of inhibition and quantitatively in terms of percentage reduction in bacteria. Dyeing performance in terms of color parameters K/S, L*, a*, b* and ∆E were studied. Effectiveness of banana peels against ultraviolet radiation was evaluated in terms of ultraviolet protection factor value (UPF). The data obtained showed that the mercerized fabrics have excellent antibacterial activity, high dye uptake with high UV protection properties among the control and the unmercerized cotton fabrics. The data obtained revealed that Giza 89 had the higher antibacterial activity, dye uptake with high ultraviolet (UV) protection properties than Giza 80. These results are very important for industrial application with the production of a natural dye, antibacterial, and UV protected as an inexpensive source from waste banana peel as a by product. The optimum treatment and dyeing conditions were applied on 620 g fabric (about 5 m) and matched results were obtained to the research samples.
The barrier properties of model fabrics as a protection against UV radiation have been examined by measuring the UV absorbing capacity of polymers of selected fibres containing dulling agents and optical brightening agents.
Antibacterial activities and UV-blocking properties of polyethylene terephthalate (polyester) containing fabrics are easily achieved by surface modification via alkaline hydrolysis, to generate surface carboxyl groups on polyester component, followed by treatment with certain basic dyes, metal salts, or antibiotic. The results showed that the improvement in antibacterial activities and anti-UV-B protection properties are governed by the type of substrate (polyester > polyester/viscose > polyester/cotton), the pretreatment history (alkali-treated > untreated), and type of basic dye (C.I. Basic Blue 9 > C.I. Basic Red 24). On the other hand, the extent of improvement in both the antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and the UV-protection properties are governed by the nature of loaded metal ion and followed the decreasing orders (Zn > Cu) and (Cu > Zn), respectively. Additionally, the results proved that post-treatment of modified substrates with Doxymycin® antibiotic brings about a significant enhancement in antibacterial activity along with an improvement in the UV-blocking properties regardless of the used substrate. After 10 washing cycles, the imparted functional properties show some reduction. Possible reaction mechanisms have been given.
The protection provided by clothing against ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been the subject of considerable recent research. However, a lack of investigations concerned with the influence of yarn properties on UV protection capabilities of fabrics seems to be present. This study investigated the influence of yarn twist and surface geometry on these properties of fabrics. The gray-state plain cotton knitted fabrics were produced from yarn differing in twist level under controlled conditions, so as to obtain as similar as possible construction of the fabrics. These plain knitted (single jersey) fabrics were spectrophotometrically assessed and UV protection factor was calculated. The results obtained indicated that yarn twist to a great extent influenced the UV protection properties of the knitted fabrics through the influence on yarn compactness and surface properties, which in turn influenced the open porosity of the fabric. The results were also interpreted as the consequences of minimal differences between knitted fabrics' construction (different stitch density), which could not be avoided because of the yarn twist differences.
This study examined an innovative approach to functional finishes of linen-containing fabrics. Modification of surface properties along with creation on new interactive site onto the fabrics surfaces, i.e., —COOH or —NH2 groups, using oxygen-or nitrogen plasma followed by subsequent treatments with selected ionic dyes, certain metal salts, nano-scale metal or metal oxides, quaternary ammonium salt or nominated antibiotics were carried out to obtain linen-based textiles with upgrade UV-protection and/or antibacterial functions. The results detailed in this paper demonstrate that: (i) post-basic dyeing of oxygen plasma-treated substrates with C.I. Basic Red 24 brings about a significant improvement in the UV-protection and antibacterial activity against the G +ve (Staphylococcus aureus) and G —ve (Escherichia coli) bacteria, (ii) post-reactive dyeing of nitrogen plasma-treated substrates with C.I. Reactive violet 5, results in a remarkable improvement in both UV-blocking and antibacterial properties. (iii) the extent of improvement in the above-mentioned properties of the obtained dyeings is determined by the type of substrate, kind and concentration of the ionic dye, (iv) loading of the metal ions onto the preactivated fabric surfaces upgraded their UV-protection valued as well as their antibacterial efficiency, and the extent of enhancement is governed by the kind and concentration of metal salt as well as type of bacteria, (v) loading of nano-scale Ag, TiO2, or ZrO onto the plasma-treated substrates brings about a remarkable improvement in their functional properties, (vi) loading of the used antibiotics or choline chloride onto the plasma-treated substrates gives rise to better antibacterial ability, (vii) both the UV-protection ability and the antibacterial activity of selected samples were retained even after 10 laundering cycles, and (viii) the options described here for attaining linen-containing fabrics with high functional properties are effective, simple and applicable.
Fibrous textiles have been increasingly used in a variety of industries. In these applications, the surface properties of textile materials play a very important role. The surface properties of textile materials can be modified by various techniques. Copper (Cu) nanocomposite textiles are prepared by magnetron sputter coating. The nanocomposite textiles with different thickness of coatings are investigated by atomic force microscope (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and opto-electrical tests. The AFM observations reveal the growth of the Cu nanostructures formed on the fiber surface as the sputtering time increases. The surface conductivity of the textiles coated with Cu nanostructures shows a significant increase compared to the uncoated ones. The increased coating thickness leads to better electrical conductivity. The coated textiles also show considerable improvement in UV and visible light shielding, examined by UV/Vis spectrometer.
Context
High nevus density is a risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Melanocytic nevi originate in childhood and are largely caused by solar exposure.Objective
To determine whether use of broad-spectrum, high–sun protection
factor (SPF) sunscreen attenuates development of nevi in white children.Design
Randomized trial conducted June 1993 to May 1996.Setting and Participants
A total of 458 Vancouver, British Columbia, schoolchildren in grades
1 and 4 were randomized in 1993. After exclusion of nonwhite children and
those lost to follow-up or with missing data, 309 children remained for analysis.
Each child's nevi were enumerated at the start and end of the study in 1996.Intervention
Parents of children randomly assigned to the treatment group (n=222)
received a supply of SPF 30 broad-spectrum sunscreen with directions to apply
it to exposed sites when the child was expected to be in the sun for 30 minutes
or more. Children randomly assigned to the control group (n=236) received
no sunscreen and were given no advice about sunscreen use.Main Outcome Measure
Number of new nevi acquired during the 3 years of the study, compared
between treatment and control groups.Results
Children in the sunscreen group developed fewer nevi than did children
in the control group (median counts, 24 vs 28; P=.048).
A significant interaction was detected between freckling and study group,
indicating that sunscreen use was much more important for children with freckles
than for children without. Modeling of the data suggests that freckled children
assigned to a broad-spectrum sunscreen intervention would develop 30% to 40%
fewer new nevi than freckled children assigned to the control group.Conclusions
Our data indicate that broad-spectrum sunscreens may attenuate the number
of nevi in white children, especially if they have freckles.
This article describes ultra violet (UV) light shielding behaviour of Australian grown bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Optical reflectance showed that untreated bamboo plant has UV absorption properties. To reveal the origin of the UV absorption property, its chemical components were extracted using several polar and non-polar solvents. The extracts in most of the polar and non-polar solvents showed UV absorption property. Protic polar solvents showed better ability to extract UV absorbing chemicals than aprotic and non-polar solvents, except hexane. The chemical components of bamboo were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy and the findings were correlated with the UV absorbance characteristics. The results confirmed that the UV absorption ability of bamboo originates from nothing but lignin. It is thus indicated that the conventional methods to manufacture bamboo fibres, such as complete degumming or viscose methods, that involve the removal of lignin, cannot retain the unique UV absorption property of bamboo plant in bamboo fibres.
A natural dye extracted from eucalyptus leaves was applied to a silk fabric using two padding techniques, namely the pad‐batch and pad‐dry techniques, under different conditions. It was observed that with an increase in the dye concentration, the ultraviolet (UV) protection factor (UPF) values ranged between good and excellent for the silk fabric. In addition, a darker colour, such as that provided by a FeSO4 mordant, gave better protection because of higher UV absorption. A silk fabric dyed in a solution containing the eucalyptus leaf extract showed a shade of pale yellowish‐brown. The exception was when the fabric was dyed with the FeSO4 mordant, resulting in a shade of dark greyish‐brown. The colour fastness to washing and rubbing of the silk fabrics treated with the mordant after dyeing was investigated and the results showed good fastness, whereas colour fastness to light was at a fair level. The results confirmed that natural dyes from eucalyptus leaf extract with metal mordants have potential applications in fabric dyeing and in producing UV‐protective silk fabrics.
Zinc oxide–soluble starch nanocomposites (nano-ZnO) synthesized using water as a solvent and soluble starch as a stabilizer is impregnated onto cotton fabrics to impart antibacterial and UV-protection functions. Nano-ZnO synthesized by reacting zinc nitrate with sodium hydroxide in the presence of soluble starch absorbed strongly at 361 nm due to the quantum confinement effect. The average size of ZnO nanoparticles is estimated to be 38 ± 3 nm using a transmission electron microscope (TEM); this was confirmed by x-ray diffraction analysis and the effective mass approximation method. The starch content in synthesized nano-ZnO was estimated to be 37.57% using thermo-gravimetric analysis. The nano-ZnO impregnated cotton fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram negative). Also, nano-ZnO impregnation enhanced the protection of cotton fabrics against UV radiation in comparison with the untreated cotton fabrics.
In the last decades the media have highlighted the ozone depletion as major environmental problem resulting in an increase in ultraviolet radiation (UVR)reaching the earth's surface. Besides the beneficial effects of human exposure to UVR, this radiation is capable of causing damage to human population. The healthy lifestyle is becoming widely accepted by the public, and the UV protection provided by clothing becomes the significant subject of interest of the producers and consumers of textile fabrics. Natural cellulose fibres are commonly used in summer clothing due to their excellent comfort properties. However, these fibres have very poor UV protection ability. In this project, the UV protection property of textile fabrics made of natural and regenerated cellulose fibres have been compared and analysed in order to highlight the potential of hemp fibre for the development of more sustainable and healthy functionalized (UV protective)textile products. A group of homogeneous and blended cellulose textile fabrics were manufactured in a knitwear factory, evaluated in terms of the structure, and spectrophotometrically assessed to indicate their UV protection ability. The knitted fabrics merited sun protection ratings of “good” for pure hemp, through “very good” for viscose containing fabrics to ”excellent” UV protection category for cotton based fabrics. Relatively high values of the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF)of the cellulose materials resulted from the interaction of fibre type, yarn geometry, fabric properties and common processing techniques. The increased UVR transparency of the pure hemp fabric, which resulted from hemp elasticity limitations, overcame by blending with other softer and more elastic cellulose fibres (cotton, viscose). The engineering approach proposed in this study was confirmed as an effective way to create more sustainable (more sustainable resource, pollution prevention, energy and cost savings)textile products with high level of UV protection at the knitting production stage avoiding the use of any additional mechanical and chemical treatments. These results revealed that the future application of hemp fibres in textile products with high added-value are promising. A co-ordinated effort of different subjects of the agro- and textile-industry production chain need to continue so as to overcome the limitations associated with hemp production and fibres properties.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of materials, three dimensional (3D) structure and number of fabric layers on ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), air permeability and thickness of fabrics.
Design/methodology/approach
Total 24 fabrics samples were developed using two 3D structures and two weft materials. In warp direction cotton (CT) yarn and in weft direction polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET) were used. Air permeability, thickness and UPF testings were performed and relationship among fabric layers, air permeability, thickness and UPF was developed.
Findings
UPF and thickness of fabrics increases with number of fabric layers, whereas air permeability decreases with the increase in number of fabric layers. Furthermore, change of multilayer structure from angle interlock to orthogonal interlock having same base weave does not give significant effect on UPF. However, change of material from polyester (PET) to polypropylene (PP) has a dominant effect on UPF. Minimum of three layers of cotton/polyester fabric, without any aid of ultraviolet radiation (UV) resistant coating, are required to achieve good. Cotton/polyester fabrics are more appropriate for outdoor application due to their long-term resistance with sunlight exposure.
Originality/value
Long-term exposure to UV is detrimental. So, there is need of proper selection of material and fabric to achieve ultraviolet protection. 3D fabrics have yarns in X, Y as well as in Z directions which provide better ultraviolet protection as compared to two dimensional (2D) fabrics. In literature, mostly work was done on ultraviolet protection of 2D fabrics and surface coating of fabrics. There is limited work found on UPF of 3D woven fabrics.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to prepare coloured superhydrophobic and ultraviolet (UV) protective nylon fabrics using nanosilica copper oxide coating.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, brown coloured superhydrophobic nylon fabric exhibiting UV protective properties was prepared by step-wise deposition of silica nanoparticles, copper oxide and sodium stearate. The hydrophobicity of treated fabrics was characterised by water contact angle measurement and UV protection properties of fabric were assessed by Australian/New Zealand Standard. Also, a colouring effect of treatment on nylon fabric was measured using spectrophotometer.
Findings
The modified fabric not only exhibited superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle of 150.6°, but also rendered excellent protection against UV radiation. The fabric showed retention of hydrophobic and UV protection properties up to 20 washing cycles.
Originality/value
A novel method for imparting superhydrophobicity and UV protective properties along with colouration effect on nylon fabrics has been reported. This type of fabric has potential application in the field of protective clothing.
Ultraviolet absorbers play a vital role in protecting skin from ultraviolet radiation (UVR), including ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), and ultraviolet C (UVC). These UV absorbers are aromatic compounds conjugated with a carbonyl group and have an electron-releasing amine or methoxyl group. Most sunscreens use these UVA for safeguarding skin from the harmful UVR and to avoid medical problems such as skin cancer. Conventional textiles fabrics such as nylon, wool, silk, and polyester also offer protection against UVR, particularly against UVB. Modern textiles incorporates UV absorbers in wet processing enhance the performance of the fabrics and the UVR protective clothing. Companies such as Ciba Specialty Chemicals and Clariant have developed several UV absorbers to be used with various types of fibers and fabrics. The increasing awareness of personal protection and the performance of textiles is resulting into the versatile use and demand for these products.
An investigation was carried out with the objective of imparting increased UV-absorbtivity to a cotton cloth. For experimental convenience, a Rayosan C UV-absorber was applied alone or in combination with Cibafast W and Uvinul DS 49. In the first case, a weaker effect was attained as compared to the combination; this fact was given a reasonable explanation. An original method was used for the estimation of UV-ray permeability by applying a highly photosensitive colorant as a standard. The degree of photo destruction of the colorant was determined by K/S and RCI. The research included the ability of evaluating the UV permeability of treated cotton cloth by the degree of photo-destruction of a highly photo-sensitive dye.
The application of dyes can have a significant effect on UV protection provided by a fabric, depending on the concentration of dyes in the fabric and the absorptivity of dyes in the UV region. Limited research has been done on UV protection of dyed textile materials by characterizing the absorbing properties of dyes in the UV region. This relationship of dye characteristics such as absorbance/transmittance in solution, color, and chemical structure on the UV transmittance and UPF of a lightweight, bleached cotton print cloth was investigated.
Too much exposure to UV radiation can result in skin damage such as sunburn, premature skin ageing, allergies, and even skin cancer, particularly in white-skinned people. Textiles can provide effective protection against such damage. Unlike cosmetics, using textiles to protect the skin or enhance skin protection has only recently been researched. Work on the sun protection factors (SPFs) of cotton, wool, silk, polyester, polyamide, and polyamide/elastan fabrics and their improvement by means of UV absorbers is described. A fabric's SPF is determined by the chemical structure of its constituent fibers and the substances present on and in them (additives and textile processing aids) and by its structural characteristics (porosity, thickness, dimensional stability, elastic properties, etc.). Fabrics of cotton, silk, polyamide, and polyamide/elastan (these last two with only a low delustrant content), particularly in pale shades, were found to give too little protection against intense UV radiation. If they are closely woven or knitted, that is if their porosity is low, their performance can be markedly improved by treatment with UV absorbers. A reactive UV absorber for cotton is described.
Exposure to harmful UVR has escalated due to the depletion of the ozone layer, which is being eroded more rapidly than previously predicted by scientists. This article discusses the research that has been conducted on those properties of fabrics that affect their sun protection factor values, such as colour and fiber content. The author calls for systematic research to be performed on each of the variables that have an impact on the sun protection factor of fabrics.
The increasing incidence of skin cancer throughout the world is outlined. Topics such as the sunlight protection factor and the protective effect of fabrics and garments are discussed. The Rayosan process, developed at New South Wales University in Australia, is described. This finish is used to impart sunlight protection to lightweight garments. The process increases the absorption of ultraviolet rays by the textiles without impairment of their appearance, handle or breathability. The treated fabrics reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation accumulated on the skin and this helps to diminish the risk of melanomas in the longer term.
A discussion of the health hazards of ultra-violet radiation (UVR) from the sun leads on to ways in which this might be reduced and particularly the methods by which textile materials and clothing could contribute. The many factors affecting UV protection are listed, and a suggested way of increasing UV protection capacity of textile materials is the optimization of existing technology at all points in production. Color plays a significant role and tests have been conducted on the relationship of direct dyes characteristics absorbance/transmission in the solution, color and chemical structure to the UV transmittance and UV protection factor (UPF) of a lightweight cotton cloth. The study's aim was to ascertain the effect of chemical structure and concentration of the reactive dyes by dyeing individually and in binary mixture on the UV protection property of the dyed cotton fabric. The experimental method and materials are described, and the use of binary mixtures of monochlorotriazine dyes is recommended for the improvement of the UV-protection capacity of pale-colored lightweight cotton textile materials.
Ultraviolet rays constitute a very low fraction in the solar spectrum but influence all living organisms and their metabolisms. These radiations can cause a range of effects from simple tanning to highly malignant skin cancers, if unprotected. Sunscreen lotions, clothing and shade structures provide protection from the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiations. Alterations in the construction parameters of fabrics with appropriate light absorbers and suitable finishing methods can be employed as UV protection fabrics. This paper deals with the deleterious effects of UV rays and protection against them through textile materials.
High‐strength fibers are used to produce high‐strength‐to‐weight‐ratio materials for applications such as composites, soft and hard body armor, bulletproof vests, and tendons for scientific balloons. Unfortunately, these fibers degrade when they are exposed to ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) radiation. The objective of this research was to develop systems to improve the UV resistance of such fibers. Composite porous membranes from a polyurethane (PU) matrix loaded with rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were developed to protect a braid made of polybenzobisoxazole (PBO) yarns. The PU membranes loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by a phase‐inversion technique. The effects of the amount of TiO2 nanoparticles on the composite membrane morphological structure and UV–vis light transmission were evaluated. The results show that when the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles was increased, the porosity of the membrane and its UV–vis blocking effectiveness increased. The UV–vis protection was evaluated by the wrapping of the PBO braid with the composite membranes and exposed to UV–vis radiation. The strength loss of the PBO fiber due to exposure was decreased from 75% for the unprotected sample to 7.8% for the protected sample in the PU loaded with 4% TiO2 nanoparticles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of fabrics made of 100% cotton and 100% bamboo viscose yarns were studied and a comparative analysis carried out using curve fitting technique. Bamboo viscose fabrics showed higher shrinkage, cover percentage, areal density and UPF compared to its cotton counterpart woven with identical yarn counts and fabric sett. However, the predictive model of cotton fabric UPF using fabric areal density as the input was able to estimate the UPF of bamboo viscose fabrics with very good accuracy. Furthermore, the 100% cotton and 100% bamboo viscose fabrics showed the same UPF if their cover percentage and areal density is similar. It is inferred from the analysis that the apparently higher UPF of bamboo viscose fabrics can be attributed to their higher cover percentage and areal density instead of bamboo’s inherent UV protective property which has been claimed in various literatures.
Premordanting of jute fabric was carried out following single mordanting by biomordants (myrobolan and pomegranate) and ecofriendly chemical mordants (ferrous sulphate and potash alum) and double mordanting by sequential treatment of biomordant and ecofriendly chemical mordant. Extraction condition of natural dyes from manjistha, annatto, ratanjot and babool was standardised and applied on premordanted jute fabric. There is a substantial improvement of colour yield, levelness of dyeing and wash fastness properties of natural dyed jute fabric after double premordanting using bio and chemical mordant. Light fastness ratings are moderate to good while rubbing fastness are very good to excellent for all the natural dyed jute fabric. Very good ultraviolet (UV) protection ratings are achieved in case of dyeing of jute fabric using natural dyes extracted from manjistha, annatto, ratanjot and babool after premordanting with sequential treatment of biomordant and chemical mordant. UV protection properties of natural dyed jute fabric follows the order babool > annatto > manjistha > ratanjot.
The influence of conventional acid and alkaline high temperature dyeing procedures on fabric construction is investigated. The effects of weave construction, orange, red, and blue disperse dyes, double layers of fabrics, and UV absorber on the ultraviolet protection factors (UPF) of polyester fabrics are the topics of this research. A spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere is used to measure the uv transmittance of polyester fabrics according to an AATCC test. Small differences in the weight of fabrics after blind dyeing procedures already influence the uv transmittance of fabrics. Pale orange and blue dyed fabrics show a high enough UPF, while a pale red dyed fabric does not reach such values. Deep dyed and double layered fabrics and fabrics aftertreated with a UV absorber reach high UPF values.
Various kinds of phenyl ester compounds are synthesized and their uv-visible absorption spectra are measured in ethanol. Their protective effects against fading of Crystal Violet are also examined in cellulose acetate film. The application of simple uv absorbing compounds is not necessarily useful for improving the light fastness of triphenylmethane dyes. Nickel 4-benzoyloxybenzenesulfonate or 2-benzoyloxynaphthalene-6-sulfonate, however, almost perfectly suppress photofading rate of Crystal Violet. The introduction of a singlet oxygen quenching group into the uv absorber plays a very important role in improving the light fastness of triphenylmethane dyes.
The influence of reactive dyes with massive chromogene and nanosilver on ultraviolet protective factor (UPF) values of lightweight cotton fabrics was investigated. The effect of nanosilver on the color of cotton fabrics and on antibacterial effectiveness was also determined. AATCC Test method 183-1998 was used for the calculation of the UPF of lightweight cotton fabric. The antibacterial activity was determined according to ASTM Designation E 2149-01. The research shows an increase in the UPF values of lightweight cotton fabrics when they are pale red or pale navy dyed with nanosilver. Cotton fabrics treated with 80 nm nanosilver showed inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Changes of color are observed on dyed cotton fabrics treated with nanosilver.
Cotton yarns bobbins were treated in a water bath with different concentrations of a reactive β-cyclodextrin derivative. To quantify the amount of cyclodextrin fixed on the fiber different analytical methods were tested but none of them was reliable enough in the concentration range under investigation. Therefore, a new analytical method, fast and effective, was developed. From the measurement of cyclodextrin bath exhaustion, the amount of cyclodextrin chemically fixed and that physically adsorbed on the textile substrate was estimated. Two washing cycles were carried out to investigate the cyclodextrin washing fastness.
This risk assessment seeks to summarize the state of scientific knowledge so that a considered judgement can be made about the need for additional controls. Scientific evidence is therefore reviewed and evaluated for two purposes: (1) to assess the likelihood that different human activities could alter the stratosphere in ways that altered ultraviolet radiation reaching earth's surface or that changed climate; and (2) to assess the likelihood that changes in ultraviolet radiation or climate due to modifications in column ozone or stratospheric water vapor would have detrimental effects on human health or welfare.
The characteristics of fading of nylon, polyester and cellulose triacetate fabrics dyed with C I Disperse Blue 79:1 were investigated on a radiant energy basis by exposure to monochromatic light. Action spectra were compiled to show the strong effect of substrate on the fading with respect to radiant wavelength. Peaks were observed with maxima at 246 nm on cellulose triacetate, 310 nm on polyester and 262 nm on nylon in the fading. The nylon substrate caused the least light-fastness compared with the polyester and cellulose triacetate substrates, showing a wide wavelength range in the fading response. Moreover, it was estimated through color change examinations that the reduction of the nitro group to the amino group occurred on the nylon substrate, whereas the destruction of the azo group of the dye prevailed on the polyester and cellulose triacetate substrates under light irradiation.
The aim of the paper was the modelization of the influence on the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of the more representative properties of the wearing conditions of the garments, the tension produced in contact with the body and the wetness. The study was carried out on undyed woven fabrics manufactured with three different cellulosic fibers (Cotton, Modal and Modal Sun) and with three different structures. The transmission of Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) in the whole ultraviolet range, as well as in the UVA and UVB regions, was measured and the UPF was determined. A statistical model for each fiber type was formulated, which allowed the prediction of the UPF according to the UPF of the original fabric (unstretched and dry), the tension and the wetness.
Ultraviolet resistant cotton fabrics were developed by coating with ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles applied on cotton yarns were found to withstand the knitting operation. Meanwhile, the TiO 2 nanoparticles applied on the bleached as well as reactive dyed cotton fabrics by the sol-gel and linking agent methods were found to be intact after various cycles of domestic washing. Knitted fabrics containing ZnO nanoparticles showed moderate to high ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values, whereas 50+ UPF values were measured for the TiO2-coated samples. Further it was found that the rutile phase was better than anatase phase in blocking UV rays. The developed process can be easily adapted to the existing textile machinery, making it industrially viable.
This study was designed to investigate the ability of single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an ultraviolet radiation absorber for cotton fabric finishing. The results were compared with the traditional nano- and micro-mineral UV absorbers of ZnO and TiO2 as well as chemical UV absorber Ciba Fast W. The performance of the finishing process was determined by both calculating the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and controlling the color change of blue wool substrate located under the cotton samples. The results showed that similar to common UV absorbers, CNTs enjoy the specific absorption value in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In addition, a maximum UPF value was obtained for the cotton fabric treated with the SWCNT. As a result, for textiles and coatings applications, CNTs could be brought in UV protection finishing as an alternative absorber. Additionally, comparison of the results showed that the UV absorption of nano-ZnO and nano-TiO2 are more than the micro forms due to the higher specific surface.
Nano ZnO crystal in-situ growth on SiO2 nano sol-coated cotton fabric via a reaction between Zn(NO3)2 and (CH 2)6N4 through a low-temperature hydrothermal method was studied. The effects of hydrothermal reaction conditions and SiO 2 nano sol coating on the size and crystalline perfection of nano ZnO, and the UV protection property of the fabric were investigated. The optimal treatment conditions for the highest Zn content and the best ZnO crystalline perfection on the fabric surface were obtained. Under optimal conditions, the cotton fabric was covered with 25 to 30 nm diameter ZnO crystallites and had an excellent UV-blocking property.
This paper presents the effects of woven fabric construction and color on the ultraviolet protection factor. Weave type, fabric tightness, cover factor, volume porosity and color of lightweight summer woven fabrics were observed in this research. Color had the biggest influence on the ultraviolet protection factor of fabrics, whereas woven fabric construction was essential when light pastel colored fabrics were used as ultraviolet protection. This work provides guidelines for engineering woven cotton fabrics with sufficient ultraviolet protection.
The safest protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is offered by textiles including various apparels, accessories such as hats and shade structures such as umbrellas. Their protectiveness depends on fabric composition, (natural, artificial or synthetic fibres), fabric construction (porosity, weight and thickness) and dyeing (natural or synthetic dyes, dye concentration, UV-absorbing properties, etc.). In this study the UV-protection properties were investigated on fabrics made of vegetable fibres (cotton, flax, hemp and ramie), with different construction parameters (drapery and apparel fabrics), dyed with some of the most common natural dyes. The effect of a tannins-based mordant (the galls of Quercus infectoria) on UV-protection capacity was also tested. UV radiation transmittance of fabrics was measured by two methods: one based on the utilisation of a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere (in vitro test), and the other based on outdoor measurements taken by a spectroradiometer. Transmittance measurements were used to calculate the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF).
Fabric samples using 100% cotton, 100% viscose rayon, 100% regenerated bamboo viscose fibre and cotton/bamboo viscose blend (60/40) were produced and characterised for hand value and health care applications. The present study shows the results of these woven fabrics in terms of antibacterial, absorbency, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), static characteristics, moisture vapour permeability (MVTR) and handle and dust catchability. Bamboo fabrics (100%) give better results compared to 100% cotton and 100% viscose fabric in terms of antibacterial property and absorbency i.e. wettability. Bamboo fabric (100%) also shows slightly higher moisture vapour transmission rate than cotton fabric. In the case of UPF, 100% cotton and 100% bamboo give excellent-rated UPF. There is no significant difference between these fabric samples in terms of time to lapse half saturated voltage. Total hand value is higher in the case of viscose and bamboo fabric than cotton fabric. The studies also show that breaking load and extension of bamboo gauze bandages are higher than cotton bandages. Sinking time is faster but absorptive capacity is lower in the case of bamboo gauze bandage than cotton gauze bandage.
There is a growing need and special attention for using textile products to provide effective protection against such damage of UV-radiation, i.e., skin cancer, sun burn, and photo-aging, in the recent years. In this research work a new approach for upgrading the UV-protective properties of cotton/wool and viscose/wool blended fabrics for high quality/trans seasonal apparel, was investigated. Factors affecting the UVB-protection function of the aforementioned substrates such as type and concentration of finishing additives, as well as subsequent treatment with cu-acetate or dyeing with anionic or cationic dyes were studied. The experimental data show that: i) the enhancement in the UV-protection factor (UPF) of the finished fabrics is determined by the type of finishing additives, i.e., citric acid ≥ aspartic acid ≥ tartaric acid ≥ none, chitosan TEA.HCL ≥ choline chloride ≥ none, β-cyclodextrin CMC-30 PEG-600 > none, and Siligen® WW > W Siligen® PEP ≥ Leomin® NI-ET ≥ none, regardless of the used substrate, ii) UPF values are governed by the type of substrate, i.e., viscose/wool ≥ cotton/wool, irrespective of the used additives, iii) post-treatment with cu-acetate or post-dyeing with the used dyestuffs brings about a dramatic improvement in UPF values, and iv) UPF values are determined by the finishing regime and follow the descending order:Resin finishing → post dyeing > resin finishing → posttreatment with Cu-acetate > resin finishing in presence of additives > resin finishing in absence of additives.
Color is one of the most influential variables on the protection against ultraviolet radiation provided by a fabric. The protection against UV radiation of a fabric is expressed quantitatively by means of its UPF (ultraviolet protection factor). The present paper shows the results of a study about the influence of the color on the UPF of cotton woven fabrics appropriate for summer articles. Through statistical models, the research seeks to relate the level of protection achieved in dyeing with three azo dyes to the factors governing the process, the shade, and the color intensity, as well as their interaction with the initial UPF of the fabrics. The obtained models will allow the programming and optimization of the value of the UPF of a fabric by means of adequate adjustment of the variables.
Interest in protection against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) among the general public in the world has been increasing steadily. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was blended with UVR-protection agents and was spun into modified fibers to provide the property of UVR protection. Investigation of this property using a UV spectrophotometer showed that the modified PET fabrics could be resistant to UVR more than 90% in the UV-B band. The treatment of aqueous alkali on the surface of the fibers to improve the comfortable feel had little influence on the property of UVR protection. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the surface morphology of the fibers. Also, the modified fibers had good heat insulation property and the mechanical properties of the fibers were measured. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1180–1185, 2003