The Current State of Social Commerce Fraud in Malaysia and the Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

Previous research has acknowledged the widespread adoption of social networking (SNS) platforms for online shopping among social media users, known as social commerce. While the positive effects of shopping on social network platforms have received much attention in the literature, the negative outcomes of this type of commerce remain under-explored. Notably, the prevalence of cybercrime, specifically related to online purchasing fraud, has increased rapidly. To address this gap, this paper explores the online purchasing fraud cases related to shopping on the social network platforms, the demographic characteristics of the victims and the financial impact of the fraud to the victims. In addition, this paper also explores the strategies to mitigate the fraud cases. The data was gathered from social network users via an online survey. The findings show that almost seventy percent of the respondents were currently using social network platforms to shop, with Facebook being the most popular platform. For those who use social commerce, as many as twenty-four percent (24%) admitted to having been victims of purchasing fraud. The overwhelming majority of the victims were highly-educated middle-income earning married women, aged between 26-35. In terms of financial impact, the majority of the victims had lost nearly RM400. Few mitigation strategies were identified, including word of mouth, background check of sellers, reliable and transparent transaction process, and avoidance.

Full text

Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(2), March - April 2020, 1593 – 1599
1593

ABSTRACT
Previous research has acknowledged the widespread adoption
of social networking (SNS) platforms for online shopping
among social media users, known as social commerce. While
the positive effects of shopping on social network platforms
have received much attention in the literature, the negative
outcomes of this type of commerce remain under-explored.
Notably, the prevalence of cybercrime, specifically related to
online purchasing fraud, has increased rapidly. To address this
gap, this paper explores the online purchasing fraud cases
related to shopping on the social network platforms, the
demographic characteristics of the victims and the financial
impact of the fraud to the victims. In addition, this paper also
explores the strategies to mitigate the fraud cases. The data
was gathered from social network users via an online survey.
The findings show that almost seventy percent of the
respondents were currently using social network platforms to
shop, with Facebook being the most popular platform. For
those who use social commerce, as many as twenty-four
percent (24%) admitted to having been victims of purchasing
fraud. The overwhelming majority of the victims were
highly-educated middle-income earning married women,
aged between 26–35. In terms of financial impact, the
majority of the victims had lost nearly RM400. Few
mitigation strategies were identified, including word of
mouth, background check of sellers, reliable and transparent
transaction process, and avoidance.
Key words: Social commerce, social network, online
purchasing, fraud, online fraud, victimization, mitigation
strategies
1. INTRODUCTION
Cybercrime encompasses criminal activities conducted
through the use of computers and the Internet and its related
technologies. Identity theft, malicious attacks, and online
fraud are typical of cybercrime. Cybercrime has received
considerable attention recently from the government of
Malaysia due to the growing number of reported cases. In
2018, Malaysia experienced over 10,000 reported cybercrime
cases, the majority of which involved online fraud[1].One of
the most common fraud cases is e-commerce or online
purchasing fraud. Online purchasing fraud occurs when a
fraudulent seller deceives a potential buyer into giving money
with a promise of goods or services via the Internet that do not
exist and there is no intent to provide them. The National
Consumer Compliance Centre (NCCC) of
Malaysia[2]reported that online purchasing fraud generated
the highest number of reported complaints in 2017,
amounting to 10,160. This marked an increase of 3,000
complaints compared to the previous year. Normally, these
complaints are associated with online purchasing via social
networking sites (SNS) platforms. Malaysia is not alone. The
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
(ACCC)[3]found that 19.9% of online shopping scams
reported in August 2019 were conducted via SNS. It is clear
that the evolution of SNS as an online business platform has
created new opportunities for fraudsters to conduct social
interactions with their potential victims. Fraudsters, either
anonymously or posing as trustworthy businesspeople,
pretend to be genuine sellers and initiate social relationships
to build trust with the intention of defrauding their victims.
Surprisingly, many shoppers believe what they see and read
advertised on SNS. For instance, a media news site in
Malaysia reported that RM700,000 was fraudulently obtained
from hundreds of individuals by one online seller via his
Instagram shop [4]. This data illustrates how the revolution in
the way goods and services are bought has created more risk
of victimization for many, as well as more opportunities for
fraudsters. Put simply, SNS have become the favoured
method for scammers to get in touch with their potential
victims. A review of current social commerce fraud data is
much needed to help clarify the current state of affairs in
Malaysia and stimulate new research ideas.
This study focuses on a very specific fraud: online purchasing
fraud conducted via social networking platforms, coined as
social commerce fraud. The objectives of this study are to
investigate the current usage of SNS for commercial activities
(i.e. social commerce), to examine social commerce fraud
cases, to investigate the characteristics of the fraud victims, to
examine the financial impact of the fraud cases, and finally, to
examine the mitigating strategies. It is hoped that the findings
of this study might serve as a reference for government and
enforcement bodies to design a strategy to mitigate this type
The Current State of Social Commerce Fraud in Malaysia and the
Mitigation Strategies
Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib
1
,
FarizaHanim Rusly
2
1Tunku PuteriIntanSafinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia, yurita@uum.edu.my
2Tunku PuteriIntanSafinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia, hanim@uum.edu.my
ISSN 2278
-
3091
Volume 9 No.2, March -April 2020
International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering
Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJATCSE/static/pdf/file/ijatcse105922020.pdf
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/105922020

Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(2), March - April 2020, 1593 – 1599
1594
of cybercrime. It is particularly recommended that the
findings be used by online shoppers as guidance before
committing to purchases on SNS platforms.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Social Commerce
As a major development, social commerce is expected to
evolve as a widely accepted practice, rather than remain a
temporary business trend, although the specifics of the
practice are still at an emerging stage [5].Social media refers
to Internet-based applications that allow people to create,
share, or exchange information, video/pictures, interests and
ideas. Some prominent examples of social media are
Facebook, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram, and Twitter. There
were 3.5 billion users of social media in 2019 [6]. In 2018,
social networking via Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other
platforms was the second most popular activity among
Malaysian Internet users after interactions via communication
applications such as WhatsApp, Telegram and WeChat [7].
The evolution of social network not only as marketing
platform [8], but also completely new methods of purchasing
goods and services have grown exponentially worldwide and
are becoming norms.
In this study, social commerce refers to the use of social
networking sites such as Facebook and Instagram as a sales or
business transaction platform. This category matched the first
classification of social commerce as suggested by [9],[10].
Presently, many online sellers use social networks beyond
marketing platforms, as a tool to interact with and conduct
direct business transactions with their potential customers.
Naturally, it is attractive for online sellers to use social
networks as their sales platform because a huge investment is
not required compared to creating a business website or
paying for the use of online marketplaces. On Facebook,
sellers can create a business page to advertise their products
and perform actual sales transactions. On Instagram, online
sellers can create an ‘Instashop’ for their business activities.
Using these social media platforms, sellers do not need to pay
any hosting fee, maintenance fee or other expenses related to
business website development. Indeed, it can be said that
almost anyone can become a social media seller. Stephen and
Toubia [11]made the point that social commerce sellers
should, therefore, be thought of as individuals instead of
firms.
Bringing much easier ways of collecting data, the social
media revolution has brought with it a variety of new studies.
A review of the literature indicates that most studies of social
commerce have been on the positive impact of such
commerce and its advantages for consumers. Wang and
Zhang [5] investigated this impact from 2005 to 2011,
identifying four dimensions: people, management,
technology, and information. Prior studies of purchases on
social media tended to investigate the ways in which social
support and the nature of such relationships impacted on the
intention to make purchases on social media [12]. Hajli[13]
argued that the perceived usefulness of social media, coupled
with trust, had the largest effect on decisions to make online
purchases on such platforms. Although now widely used,
Hajli [14] suggested social commerce checks such as
recommendations and referrals, forums and communities, and
the ratings and reviews. While such studies emphasised the
positive aspects of social commerce development, the
literature, to date, offers little empirical investigation into
social commerce fraud. The advent of the Internet, new
methods of communication and related technology has
provided new opportunities for online crimes and frauds
[15],[16].
2.2 Online Fraud
Put simply, fraud occurs when someone is cheated out of
money by another party (individual or business on the basis of
a seller’s promise to provide services or goods which do not
exist, are not intended to be provided or were misrepresented
[17]. Fraudsters offer products or services and demand a
certain amount of money. Victims proceed with payment,
even though the products or services have not yet been
received. Victims only realise that they had been defrauded
later when the seller is unresponsive to their communications
[17]. Online fraud, now a global issue, uses various Internet
technologies such as e-mails, chatrooms, websites, and most
recently social networking sites to conduct fraudulent
transactions. Such tools are relatively cheap or free and are
easily accessible by fraudsters [18].
There are numerous different types of fraud activities carried
out online. Button et al. [16] identified that the most common
types of online fraud in the UK and Wales are job scams,
investment scams, relationship scams, and purchasing of
goods scams. Cross et al. [19] also confirmed that there are
various different ways in which online fraud can be
perpetrated such as advanced fee fraud, employment
opportunities, phishing emails, and romance fraud. In
Malaysia, statistics provided by MyCERT highlighted that
five of the most common online fraud incidents reported in
Malaysia from 2011 to 2013 were job scams, 419 scams,
online scams, phishing, and purchasing fraud [18]. Amore
recent statistic showed that as many as 2252 cases of online
fraud were reported between January 2019 to August 2019
[20]. Online fraud is expected to increase in tandem with the
evolution of online technologies [21] and it should be
assumed, as with other countries, that many more Malaysians
have been subjected to online fraud but did not report the
incidents [1]. Typical reasons for not reporting such incidents
are embarrassment, self-blame, the small scale of the fraud,
and the victim not knowing what to do [17].
2.3 Social Commerce Fraud
While there are various types of online fraud, this research
specifically focuses on purchase fraud committed online via
social networking sites, also known as social commerce fraud.
Purchase fraud occurs when a fraudulent seller deceives a
buyer. When this happens, the legitimate buyer will lose
money for goods or services that did not exist/arrive or will
purchase goods found to be fake or faulty. The explosive
growth of online purchasing on social networking sites has
certainly increased the risk of fraud for the general public.

Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(2), March - April 2020, 1593 – 1599
1595
CyberSecurity Malaysia reported that as many as half of the
online purchasing fraud cases in Malaysia occurred on social
media sites [18]. More recently, the NCCC Malaysia reported
that complaints related to online shopping scams were mainly
associated with social networks [2]. Similarly, in Australia,
the ACCC reported that there were 9,692 reports on online
shopping scams, amounted to a total loss of $3,278,796. Of
these reports, 19.4% of the online purchasing scams were
conducted through social networking sites, coming third after
the Internet and Email [3].
There are a few unique features of the use of social
networking sites for business transactions which may have
contributed to social commerce fraud cases. Firstly, any
individual can begin to engage in online selling on social
networking platforms because they do not have to invest
much on website development nor pay for access to online
marketplaces. Anyone can become an online merchant
without any filters. To repeat a point made above, by Stephen
and Toubia [11], traders via social commerce are individuals
rather than companies. The anonymity afforded by social
media sites is an attractive feature of non-genuine sellers or
scammers in defrauding innocent shoppers. The
non-transparency and invisibility of sellers in social networks
increases the risk of victimisation for social media shoppers.
Anyone is vulnerable to social media shopping scams in
which the perpetrators, anonymously or even posing as people
one trusts, cheat people through purchasing activities. When
shoppers engage in online purchases, they do not know the
sellers well enough and it is very difficult to prove that an act
of fraud had occurred. To put it another way, when money is
involved there is always someone trying to take advantage
and at any time the seller’s account on social networking sites
can be closed.
Secondly, social networks connect online shoppers directly
with others to form a social community. The immediacy
provided by social networks allows online shoppers to obtain
and share product-related and seller-related information
within their social community. The current literature suggests
that active online shoppers and active participants on online
forums are exposed to a higher risk of victimisation by online
fraud [22]. A market surveyreported that while 92% of
respondents worldwide trusted recommendations by friends
and families, as many as 70% of them ranked online consumer
reviews as the second most trusted source of information [23].
The trust developed among an online social community
certainly has an impact on purchasing decisions. Researchers
discovered that social media characteristics such as social
support which facilitate the social interactions of consumers
inevitably leads to increased trust and intention to buy
[12],[13]. While interactions and exchanges of information
help online shoppers to make informed and smarter buying
decisions, online scammers also utilise such features to lure
their victims. Prior studies have found that victims responded
to scams because of appeals to trust [17],[24].
The third feature of purchasing via social networking sites
pertinent to this study concerns payment method. Normally,
buyers are required to make up-front payments through bank
transfers directly to a seller’s bank account [25]. Using this
method, it is difficult to recover the money sent if sellers fail
to deliver the ordered products because there is no third party
to govern the transactions. This is unlike online shopping via
marketplaces such as Amazon, Shopee and Alibaba which
implement an escrow method of financial arrangement. The
escrow method uses a third party to hold and regulate
payments between two parties, meaning that payments will
only be released to sellers after buyers receive their products
with no complaint.
3. METHODOLOGY
The population of this study was selected from social media
site users. Naturally, the sample was collected through an
online survey via social media platforms such as Facebook
and Instagram and communication applications such as
WhatsApp, WeChat and Telegram for a two-month period,
using a structured questionnaire. Respondents were asked to
provide data on shopping and fraud experiences on social
networking sites as well as demographic characteristics.
Characteristics of the social media users and their purchases
were assessed to establish diversity in terms of their age,
gender, education level, employment, social media platform
usage and type of product purchased. And the end of the
questionnaire, respondents were asked to provide their
opinion and recommendation on how to avoid from being
scammed when conducting an online purchase via social
networks. Overall, a total of 721 social media users in
Malaysia responded to the questionnaire. After removal of
cases of non-users of social networking sites, outliers and
missing values, there were 707 remaining usable cases.
4. FINDINGS
4.1 Respondents’ Profile
The basic demographic information of the respondents is
presented in Table 1. It can be seen that social network users
are mainly women with 52.8 percent of them being between
the ages of 26 – 35 and 22.9 percent of them being between
the ages of 16 - 25. Clearly, the usage trend is more popular
among millennium generations. Majority of them attained at
least a Diploma with various income levels.
Social media networking was the second most popular
activity (after information search) among Malaysian internet
users (Malaysian Communications and Multimedia
Commission, 2014). As shown in Figure 1, this study found
that the most used social networking platforms among
Malaysians are Facebook (61%), Instagram (23%) and
Twitter (12%).

Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(2), March - April 2020, 1593 – 1599
1596
Table 1: Respondents' Characteristics (n=707)
Figure 1: Social Networking Sites Usage
4.2 Level of Usage and Shopping Pattern
Generally, most of the social network users spent up to five
hours per day on their social network accounts (65%) and the
remaining 35 percent of the respondents spent more than five
hours per day on social networking sites. This indicates that
Malaysians, generally, love to spend time on social network.
Table 2: Type of SNS Shoppers
In line with the popularity of social network, the trend of
online shopping via social networking platforms among
Malaysians is also rising, with 69 percent of respondents (i.e.
487) saying that they had bought from social networking
platforms at least once for the last 12 months (Table 2). When
comparing between types of social network users and their
shopping behavior, heavy users tend to become shopper on
the social networking platforms (72%) as compared to light
users (67%). This indicates that the more time spend time on
the social networking platforms, they more tendency to shop
on the platforms. With these results, it can be affirmed that the
level of awareness among Malaysians regarding social
commerce is considerable and will continue to grow. The
increase in mobile device usage and improvements in Wi-Fi
technologies, bandwidth, etc. could also be large contributing
factors for the rise of social commerce. Naturally,
entrepreneurs, online or offline should see this as an
opportunity to take advantage of the popularity of social
media, especially Facebook, as platforms for legitimate
commerce.
In terms of buying patterns, typical products bought on social
networks include clothing, baby products, food products,
gadgets, books, health products, gold and many more items.
The highest purchase categories were clothing, cosmetics and
handbags (Table 3). This data is consistent with the
respondents’ gender, dominated by females (85.1%).
Table 3: Frequency of product/service purchased on SNS platforms
In terms of spending, most buyers had spent between RM100
and RM399 over the last 12 months. Surprisingly, five
respondents had made purchases over RM10,000 (Figure 2)
of items such as gold and car accessories.
Figure 2:Amount of Spending on SNS Platforms (in 12 months)
Facebook
61%
Instagram
23%
Twitter
12% Others
[PERCEN
TAGE]
Google
Plus, Flick
er etc.)
0%
38 225
95
18 45
11
418
2
312
12
5
less than RM100
RM400-RM699
RM1,000
-
RM1,399
RM1,700-RM1,999
RM2,400
-
RM2,699
RM3,000-RM4,999
More than RM10,000

Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(2), March - April 2020, 1593 – 1599
1597
4.3 Social Commerce Fraud Victim
As social commerce continues to evolve, so do opportunities
for fraudsters to find victims. In this study, we identified 105
victims of social commerce fraud. Looking at the
demographic profile of the victims (Table 4), the majority
were married women aged between 26 – 35 who were highly
educated with an income level of RM2,000 – RM4,000. It can
be summarized that the victims of social commerce fraud are
often young educated female with a good income.
Table 4: Social commerce fraud victims' profile (n=105)
Two types of purchasing fraud victims on social network were
identified. The type 1 victim is someone who bought on social
network but never received the goods. The type 2 victim is
someone who bought on social network, received the goods
but the goods were not as described /promised. Out of 488
respondents who bought on social network, 4.7% (23
shoppers) indicated that they were victims of purchasing fraud
type 1, 14.3% (70 shoppers) were victims of type 2 and
twenty-one respondents were victims of both types of fraud.
Figure 3: Social commerce fraud victims by fraud type
With respect to the amount of loss incurred, majority of the
victims for both categories had lost some amount of money
(see Table 4). For type 1 fraud, most of the victims had lost
between RM100 to RM399. For type 2 fraud victims, a great
majority (69 victims) had lost below RM399 and several
victims (8.1 percent) had lost a huge amount of money (i.e.,
RM1000 and above) to the scammers. However, twenty one
respondents who said they had been scammed had not
actually lost any money as they asked for refund or
replacement from the scammers. In other words, a great
majority of the victims did not take further action (i.e. ask for
refund or replacement) even they realized they have been
scammed.
Table 5: Victims of social commerce fraud segmented by loss
amount
Note: Scam Type 1 = not receive product/service; Scam Type 2 =
received but fake or not similar as described.
4.4 Users’ Perception on Mitigation Strategies
Finally, this study investigated the strategies to reduce or
mitigate the social commerce fraud from the social network
users’ perspective. Users’ perspective is important because
users have knowledge about their tasks that will provide
sound information about their future decision [26].Based on
the respondents’ answer to an open-ended question regarding
their perception on how to mitigate social commerce fraud,
we come out with four major ways or strategies, as shown in
Table 6.
Many respondents suggested that potential buyers need to do
some research or investigation before buying on social
networks. Almost half of the respondents agreed that referring
to testimonials, reviews and feedbacks from previous buyers
(i.e. word of mouth) is the most important strategy to ensure
that the sellers are genuine. Once the potential buyers satisfy
with the word of mouth, they can proceed by investigating the
sellers’ background such as checking their profile, photos,
business page date, registration with SSM, and also, they can
communicate with the sellers. The third mitigation strategy is
to check for the reliability and transparency of the purchasing
process through a clearly stated terms and conditions. This
terms and conditions should include product details, seller
details, payment method details, delivery process, proof of
payment, tracking number and follow up process. And finally,
almost 10% of the respondents suggested to avoid buying
from social networks. Alternatively, they can buy from a
more secured platform such as Lazada, or physical store.

Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(2), March - April 2020, 1593 – 1599
1598
Table 6: Mitigation strategies
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
This study explored the social network usage and fraud cases
experienced by social network users in Malaysia. As the
present results demonstrate, Facebook is very popular among
Malaysians and is the most used platform for online
purchasing. The most bought items are fashion-related and
beauty products, consistent with the majority of the social
commerce purchasers consisting of women who work in the
public and private sectors. Most of these purchasers have
acquired a stable income and have already settled down. With
a tertiary educational background, they could be also be
considered technologically savvy and have a tendency to
spend money on social commerce platforms.
However, as mentioned above, while there is great potential
for social commerce activities to grow on this platform, there
is also an increasing number of incidents of dishonest acts
committed by online sellers. The predominant types of fraud
experienced by Malaysian social commerce buyers are
products received with compromised quality, followed by
goods not delivered. Although the amount of loss amounts to
below RM500 on average, the results highlight that the
majority of victims are young and educated women. It can
certainly be said that the unique features of anonymity,
non-transparency, invisibility and payment method features of
social commerce mean that individuals are exposed to a high
risk of falling prey to fraud, regardless of their educational
background.
Considering the results of the study, there are theoretical as
well as practical implications. Theoretically, these results may
provide a good basis for further work on social commerce
fraud victim profiles and their purchasing decisions. In
addition, this study points to the need for continued research
on the correlations between demographic background, human
characteristics and the potential for becoming victims of
social commerce. Practically, the findings also serve to inform
buyers interested in engaging in social commerce by
suggesting some mitigating strategies. Firstly, buyers must be
aware that scammers on social networks may be selling
products at a very low price but buyers are advised not to
naively buy a product if the offered price is “too good to be
true”. Secondly, buyers need to research information about
sellers (i.e. check their seller profile), delivery, payments and
other terms and conditions. If possible, it is clear that
purchasing from registered companies is preferable to
purchasing from individual sellers. Buyers are in a better
position if something goes wrong and there is a need to make a
complaint or dispute the transactions to the authorities.
Finally, buyers need “to think twice” before making advance
payments to anyone they don’t know. One possible solution is
to buy from sellers that offer cash on delivery (COD) to avoid
being scammed. The results of this study might also be useful
to policymakers by providing current demographic data for
social commerce policy development in the interest of
promoting and allowing social commerce to flourish in the
near future.
There was a significant limitation of this study related to the
diversity of the respondents. The respondents were limited to
friends, families, friends of friends and friends of families of
the researchers. Although a snow-balling technique was used
to distribute the questionnaire, it was still within the
researchers’ personal circle. For example, all of the
researchers were Malays and the great majority (92.6%) of the
respondents were Malays. They might have similarities in
personality (or culture, religion) and some similar traits will
be more obvious. As a result, it does not provide a good
foundation for generalization. In the future, the research
sample can be expended to a wider and more diverse audience
in terms of gender and ethnicity that would allow for better
research results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research project is funded by Ministry of Higher
Education (MOHE) of Malaysia under Fundamental Research
Grant Scheme (FRGS).
REFERENCES
1. CyberSecurity. MyCERT Incident Statistics, Retrieved
from
https://www.mycert.org.my/assets/graph/pdf/2015-1.pdf,
2015.
2. K. Khalidi, AduanPenipuan Online Tertinggi. Kosmo!
pp. 6, October 6, 2015.
3. ACCC(n.d). Online Shopping Scams. Accessed from
https://www.scamwatch.gov.au/types-of-scams/buying-o
r-selling/online-shopping-scams
4. A. Rusman, and W. Aziz. UmpanSelebriti. Harian
Metro, pp.4, October 1, 2015.
5. C. Wang, and P. Zhang, P. The evolution of social
commerce: The people, management, technology, and

Yurita Yakimin Abdul Talib et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(2), March - April 2020, 1593 – 1599
1599
information dimensions. Communications of the
Association for Information Systems, 31(5), 1-23, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03105
6. Global Digital Report 2019. Retrieved from:
https://wearesocial.com/global-digital-report-2019.
7. Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission,
Internet Users Survey 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General
/pdf/Internet-Users-Survey-2018-(Infographic).pdf
8. I. K. Sumerta, G. P. A. Widyagoca, and I. W. Meryawan.
Online Consumer Behavior on Using Social Media on
E-Commerce, based on the AISAS Model Approach.
Case Study; Bukalapak, Tokopedia and
Blili.com,International Journal of Advanced Trends in
Computer Science and Engineering, 8(1.5), pp. 234 -
242, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/4281.52019
9. Z. Huang, M. Benyoucef, User preferences of social
features on social commerce websites: An empirical
study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
95, 57–72, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.03.005
10. Indvik, L.The 7 Species of Social Commerce.
Mashable.Com, 5–10. Retrieved from
http://mashable.com/2013/05/10/social-commerce-defini
tion/. 2013.
11. A. T. Stephen, and O. Toubia.Deriving value from
social commerce networks. Journal of marketing
research, 47(2), 215-228, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.47.2.215
12. T. P. Liang, Y. Ho, Y. W. Li, and E. Turban. What
drives social commerce: The role of social support
and relationship quality. International Journal of
Electronic Commerce, 16(2), 69-90, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-4415160204
13. M. Hajli. A research framework for social commerce
adoption.Information Management & Computer
Security, 21(3), 144-154, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IMCS-04-2012-0024
14. M. Hajli.Social commerce adoption model.
In Proceedings of the UK Academy of Information
Systems Conference, 2012.
15. R. Z. Abdulgaziev, M. R. Alsultanov, V. N. Mamichev,
A. R. Sarukhanyan, D. I. Sostin, and A. N. Sukhorukova.
Social Causation of Criminalization of Cyber Crime
Committed with the Use of Information Technology,
International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer
Science and Engineering, 8(5), pp. 2459-2463,
September - October 2019.
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/90852019
16. N. S. Jamil, S. S. Kamaruddin, and F.K. Ahmad. Social
Tension and Crime Related Events Detection on
Twitter, International Journal of Advanced Trends in
Computer Science and Engineering, 8(6), pp. 2821-2824,
November–December 2019.
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/23862019
17. M. Button, C. Nicholls, J. Kerr, and R. Owen. Online
frauds: Learning from victims why they fall.
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology,
2014.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865814521224
18. eSecurity, Online Fraud: A review on Current Trend
and Mitigation to Reduce the Threat, Retrieved from:
https://www.cybersecurity.my/data/content_files/12/152
6.pdf, 2015.
19. C. Cross, R. G. Smith, and K. Richards. Challenges of
responding to online fraud victimisation in
Australia. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal
Justice, 474, 2014.
20. e-Security. Malaysia Threat Landscape 2018 – Based
On Incidents Reported To CyberSecurity Malaysia.
Retrieved from:
https://www.cybersecurity.my/data/content_files/12/197
1.pdf, 2019.
21. B. Xiao, and I. Benbasat.Product-related deception in
e-commerce: a theoretical perspective. MIS Quarterly,
35(1), 169-196, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.2307/23043494
22. J. Van Wilsem. ‘Bought it, but Never Got it’: Assessing
Risk Factors for Online Consumer Fraud
Victimization.European sociological review, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr053
23. Nielsen.Word of mouth still most trusted resource:
implications for social commerce. Retrieved From
http://digitalintelligencetoday.com/word-of-mouth-still-
most-trusted-resource-says-nielsen-implications-for-soci
al-commerce/, 2014.
24. T. Buchanan, and M. T. Whitty. The Online Dating
Romance Scam: Causes and Consequences of
Victimhood. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(3), 261-283,
2014.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2013.772180
25. A. Leeraphong, and B. Papasratorn. S-Commerce
Transactions and Business Models in Southeast Asia:
A Case Study in Thailand. KnE Social Sciences, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i1.1397
26. R. H. Raja Mohd Ali, R. Mohamad, Y. Y. Abdul Talib,
A. Abdullah, The roles of top management and users
in strategic IS planning: A perspective of
SMEs.International Journal of Information Systems and
Project Management. 6, 61–80, 2018.