Optimal utilization of water resources for local communities in mainland Greece (case study of Karyes, Peloponnese)

Abstract

Water is the basis of our civilization and the development of society is intertwined with the exploitation of water resources in various scales, from a well dug to irrigate a garden, to a large dam providing water and energy for a large area. However, for remote mountainous areas, intermittent natural water resources and high seasonal demand the above tasks become challenging. Here we discuss various alternative management options and appropriate solutions on how to exploit water resources meeting the above restrictions under limited infrastructure budgets. As a case study we examine the area of Karyes in Peloponnese that meets the above criteria, exploring various solutions to satisfy the water demand.

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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260
2351-9789 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design
10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.229
10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.229 2351-9789
© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientic committee of the 1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven
Architectural Design
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
w
ww.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2351-9789© 2019The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural
Design (OPTARCH2019)
1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design (OPTARCH 2019)
Optimal utilization of water resources for local communities in
mainland Greece (case study of Karyes, Peloponnese)
G.-Fivos Sargentisa*, Panayiotis Dimitriadisa, Romanos Ioannidisa, Theano Iliopouloua,
Evangelia Frangedakib and Demetris Koutsoyiannisa
aSchool of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Resources Development, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon
Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Zographou, Greece
bSchool of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, Patission 42, 106 82 Athens, Greece
Abstract
Water is the basis of our civilization and the development of society is intertwined with the exploitation of water resources in
various scales, from a well dug to irrigate a garden, to a large dam providing water and energy for a large area. However, for
remote mountainous areas, intermittent natural water resources and high seasonal demand the above tasks become challenging.
Here we discuss various alternative management options and appropriate solutions on how to exploit water resources meeting the
above restrictions under limited infrastructure budgets. As a case study we examine the area of Karyes in Peloponnese that meets
the above criteria, exploring various solutions to satisfy the water demand.
©2019The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Optimization-
Driven Architectural Design (OPTARCH2019).
Keywords:water development; small scale water infrastructures; optimization of water infrastructures; Greece mainland water supply system
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +306973029012.
E-mail address: fivos@itia.ntua.gr
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
w
ww.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2351-9789© 2019The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural
Design (OPTARCH2019)
1st International Conference on Optimization-Driven Architectural Design (OPTARCH 2019)
Optimal utilization of water resources for local communities in
mainland Greece (case study of Karyes, Peloponnese)
G.-Fivos Sargentisa*, Panayiotis Dimitriadisa, Romanos Ioannidisa, Theano Iliopouloua,
Evangelia Frangedakib and Demetris Koutsoyiannisa
aSchool of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Resources Development, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon
Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Zographou, Greece
bSchool of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, Patission 42, 106 82 Athens, Greece
Abstract
Water is the basis of our civilization and the development of society is intertwined with the exploitation of water resources in
various scales, from a well dug to irrigate a garden, to a large dam providing water and energy for a large area. However, for
remote mountainous areas, intermittent natural water resources and high seasonal demand the above tasks become challenging.
Here we discuss various alternative management options and appropriate solutions on how to exploit water resources meeting the
above restrictions under limited infrastructure budgets. As a case study we examine the area of Karyes in Peloponnese that meets
the above criteria, exploring various solutions to satisfy the water demand.
©2019The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Optimization-
Driven Architectural Design (OPTARCH2019).
Keywords:water development; small scale water infrastructures; optimization of water infrastructures; Greece mainland water supply system
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +306973029012.
E-mail address: fivos@itia.ntua.gr

254 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260
2 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
1. Introduction
1.1. Water in mainland of Greece
Greece is characterized by a very long coastline of 14 800 km. However, there is a part of the mainland which is
developed in mountainous terrain. Productive activities of this area are agriculture, livestock and tourism.
Greece has an area of 13 205 000 ha of which 4 415 000 ha are at altitudes greater than 500 m; thus mountainous
areas constitute about 35% of the country see Fig. 1a.
Fig. 1. (a) Mainland of Greece; (b) Rainfall in Greece [1].
The mountainous part of mainland of Greece has abundant water resources Fig. 1b and have thus served water
transfer projects to supply dry areas, such as the greater area of the capital Athens. On the other hand, occasionally
even these water rich areas suffer from lack of water to serve increased demands [2, 3, 4, 5].
Fig. 2. World distribution of human water security (HWS) threat: (a) as appears naturally and (b) after accountingfor water technology benefits
(source: Vörösmarty et al., 2010, as available for download in www.riverthreat.net/data.html).
Human societies need infrastructure to exploit water resources, not only abundance of water.For example, as seen
in Fig. 2, in central Africa where there is natural abundance of water, human needs for water are not served because
of lack of water infrastructures. Similar problems can be seen in the mainland of Greece which was not the focus of
the country’s development.
G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing00 (2018) 000–000 3
1.2. Historic elements of water management in mainland of Greece
The villages in the mainland of Greece had been developed either around a spring that could supply homes
(rarely), or close to a river. Fifty years ago, drinking water was transported from the springs to the house on foot, in
jars, by women Fig. 3a, 3b. The only available energy, human energy, had to be properly channeled so mountaineers
could distribute it to rural labor, livestock and water transportation Fig. 3c.
Fig. 3. Historical photos from Greek villages(a) Spring in the center of village [6]; (b)Women with jars [7]; (c) Rural labor [8].
Atypical family of this period had (6-8 persons)needed 10-20 liters per day of drinking water. This water should
come (in average) from about 1 km transferred by the women. Low quality water was coming from open pipes for
dishwashing and other functions.
The duty of water transfer was mainly assigned to women, meaning that they walked loaded 0.5-1h (if they
needed to go twice a day) consuming 4kcal/min[9,10,11,12] i.e. 100-200 kcal per day for this activity when overall
consuming 1800-2400kcal per day [13](~850kWh per year). Thus, the energy for drinking water was 50-100 kWh
per year which means 5-10% of the total energy consumption of the women. As they carried this water for their
families (6-8 people), the total energy per person was 5-15kWh per year which corresponds to 0.5-1% of total
consuming energy for drinking water.
Modern Greeks use ~30.000 kWh per year [14]. The energy cost of 1 m
3
of drinking water in Athens is estimated
as 0.1kWh/m
3
[15] and thus a modern Athenian who needs 100-120 m
3
/year will consume 10-12kWh per year
which corresponds to0.03% of total consuming energy for drinking water.
Now in mainland Greece proper water infrastructures for water supply have been developed and a modern life
style of the developed world has been norm. Thus, modern mountaineers consume the same volume of water as the
people in Athens 100-120 m
3
/year but with less energy as there are richer water resources and the aqueducts are
smaller. But mountaineers also use the water supply system to irrigate their gardens. Assuming that a small modern
family of 4 persons irrigates a small garden of 0.1-0.2 ha, every year it will needabout200-400 m
3
[16], [17].This
shows that a modern mountaineer needs almost the twice as much water as an inhabitant of a city in summer period.
In addition, in the last 20 years there has been a great tourist development in Greek mainland and the population is
almost doubled during the tourist season.
In 1950 mountaineers were using 0.72 m
3
/year for drinking water, but they also had lower quality water for other
needs. Today in several villages mountaineers use the water from the network (drinking water) for all household
needs and including irrigation of their yards. The water from network supports also the tourism. Infrastructures and
networks have been built to support the needs of water of the mountainous people, but there are not designed to
support the new needs as tourism and irrigation of yards Fig. 4.

G.-Fivos Sargentis et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260 255
2 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
1. Introduction
1.1. Water in mainland of Greece
Greece is characterized by a very long coastline of 14 800 km. However, there is a part of the mainland which is
developed in mountainous terrain. Productive activities of this area are agriculture, livestock and tourism.
Greece has an area of 13 205 000 ha of which 4 415 000 ha are at altitudes greater than 500 m; thus mountainous
areas constitute about 35% of the country see Fig. 1a.
Fig. 1. (a) Mainland of Greece; (b) Rainfall in Greece [1].
The mountainous part of mainland of Greece has abundant water resources Fig. 1b and have thus served water
transfer projects to supply dry areas, such as the greater area of the capital Athens. On the other hand, occasionally
even these water rich areas suffer from lack of water to serve increased demands [2, 3, 4, 5].
Fig. 2. World distribution of human water security (HWS) threat: (a) as appears naturally and (b) after accountingfor water technology benefits
(source: Vörösmarty et al., 2010, as available for download in www.riverthreat.net/data.html).
Human societies need infrastructure to exploit water resources, not only abundance of water.For example, as seen
in Fig. 2, in central Africa where there is natural abundance of water, human needs for water are not served because
of lack of water infrastructures. Similar problems can be seen in the mainland of Greece which was not the focus of
the country’s development.
G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing00 (2018) 000–000 3
1.2. Historic elements of water management in mainland of Greece
The villages in the mainland of Greece had been developed either around a spring that could supply homes
(rarely), or close to a river. Fifty years ago, drinking water was transported from the springs to the house on foot, in
jars, by women Fig. 3a, 3b. The only available energy, human energy, had to be properly channeled so mountaineers
could distribute it to rural labor, livestock and water transportation Fig. 3c.
Fig. 3. Historical photos from Greek villages(a) Spring in the center of village [6]; (b)Women with jars [7]; (c) Rural labor [8].
Atypical family of this period had (6-8 persons)needed 10-20 liters per day of drinking water. This water should
come (in average) from about 1 km transferred by the women. Low quality water was coming from open pipes for
dishwashing and other functions.
The duty of water transfer was mainly assigned to women, meaning that they walked loaded 0.5-1h (if they
needed to go twice a day) consuming 4kcal/min[9,10,11,12] i.e. 100-200 kcal per day for this activity when overall
consuming 1800-2400kcal per day [13](~850kWh per year). Thus, the energy for drinking water was 50-100 kWh
per year which means 5-10% of the total energy consumption of the women. As they carried this water for their
families (6-8 people), the total energy per person was 5-15kWh per year which corresponds to 0.5-1% of total
consuming energy for drinking water.
Modern Greeks use ~30.000 kWh per year [14]. The energy cost of 1 m
3
of drinking water in Athens is estimated
as 0.1kWh/m
3
[15] and thus a modern Athenian who needs 100-120 m
3
/year will consume 10-12kWh per year
which corresponds to0.03% of total consuming energy for drinking water.
Now in mainland Greece proper water infrastructures for water supply have been developed and a modern life
style of the developed world has been norm. Thus, modern mountaineers consume the same volume of water as the
people in Athens 100-120 m
3
/year but with less energy as there are richer water resources and the aqueducts are
smaller. But mountaineers also use the water supply system to irrigate their gardens. Assuming that a small modern
family of 4 persons irrigates a small garden of 0.1-0.2 ha, every year it will needabout200-400 m
3
[16], [17].This
shows that a modern mountaineer needs almost the twice as much water as an inhabitant of a city in summer period.
In addition, in the last 20 years there has been a great tourist development in Greek mainland and the population is
almost doubled during the tourist season.
In 1950 mountaineers were using 0.72 m
3
/year for drinking water, but they also had lower quality water for other
needs. Today in several villages mountaineers use the water from the network (drinking water) for all household
needs and including irrigation of their yards. The water from network supports also the tourism. Infrastructures and
networks have been built to support the needs of water of the mountainous people, but there are not designed to
support the new needs as tourism and irrigation of yards Fig. 4.

256 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260
4 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Fig. 4.Consumption of water and energy for water in 1950 and 2019
2. Case study of Karyes Peloponnese
The village Karyes, has three thousand years of history. Karyes are located in mountain Parnon between the cities
of Sparta and Tegea, in an altitude of 900 meters. Karyes are connected with the famous sculptures of Caryatides
[18].In the last few years there were problems in the water supply system with interruption for few hours for ~10
days in summer.
2.1. The needs
The population of Karyes varies, thus the water needs of the village varies with season Fig. 5. In order to
determine the needs for irrigation we assume that the area of the yards and gardens is about 10% of the area of the
entire village (20ha), or 2 ha. According to[16] and [17], every hectare needs for irrigation ~25m3/d and thus the
water needs for that are approximately 50m3/d for the summer period.
People in Karyes are also active in agriculture. Τhere are 2.2 ha near the vilage (irrigated by an existing irrigation
tank), 24 ha and 496 ha of cultivated land.
2.2. Drinking water supply system
The water supply system is fed by groundwater from a drill at a rate of 360m3/d which in August drops to
96m3/d. A network of springs provides an additional supply and thus in the critical period of summer the Karyes has
350-400m3/d of high quality water. The main water tank is 300 m3 at an altitude 1 000 m and feeds two smaller
tanks of 150 m3 at an altitude 950 m Fig.6. Obviously the system is not reliable as needs exceed supplies during
summer.
Sakali spring is a water source out of the network in the lowest altitude of Karyes (850m)Fig. 6. The power
needed to pump water from Sakali spring (120 m3/d) to the small tanks (100 m higher) is 1.7kW resulting in an
energy cost of 43 kWh per day Fig.7, 8. This additional water supply could support hosting of 500 more visitors in
summer.
Water needs with irrigation and supply of ~700 people in summer correspond to 200m3/year per each of the 300
permanent inhabitants.
0.72
120
300
15 12
5
850
30000 30000
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1950mountainee r 2019citizen 2019mountaineer
Energy/Person(kWh/year)
Drinkingwater(m
3
/year)
Drink ingwater
Consumptionofenergyperpersonfordrinkingwater(kWh/year)
Consumptionoftotalenergyperperson(kWh/year)
G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing00 (2018) 000–000 5
Fig. 5. Variance of the population of Karyes and water needs.
Fig. 6. Water sources of Karyes.
300
600
1000
50 50
100
200 200
330
250
380
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
200
400
600
800
1000
September‐April May June July‐August
Water(m
3
)
Populatio ninKaryes(people)
Pop ulationinKaryes Irrigat ionneedsperday
Waternee dsforpeopleperday Waterconsuptionperday

G.-Fivos Sargentis et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260 257
4 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Fig. 4.Consumption of water and energy for water in 1950 and 2019
2. Case study of Karyes Peloponnese
The village Karyes, has three thousand years of history. Karyes are located in mountain Parnon between the cities
of Sparta and Tegea, in an altitude of 900 meters. Karyes are connected with the famous sculptures of Caryatides
[18].In the last few years there were problems in the water supply system with interruption for few hours for ~10
days in summer.
2.1. The needs
The population of Karyes varies, thus the water needs of the village varies with season Fig. 5. In order to
determine the needs for irrigation we assume that the area of the yards and gardens is about 10% of the area of the
entire village (20ha), or 2 ha. According to[16] and [17], every hectare needs for irrigation ~25m3/d and thus the
water needs for that are approximately 50m3/d for the summer period.
People in Karyes are also active in agriculture. Τhere are 2.2 ha near the vilage (irrigated by an existing irrigation
tank), 24 ha and 496 ha of cultivated land.
2.2. Drinking water supply system
The water supply system is fed by groundwater from a drill at a rate of 360m3/d which in August drops to
96m3/d. A network of springs provides an additional supply and thus in the critical period of summer the Karyes has
350-400m3/d of high quality water. The main water tank is 300 m3 at an altitude 1 000 m and feeds two smaller
tanks of 150 m3 at an altitude 950 m Fig.6. Obviously the system is not reliable as needs exceed supplies during
summer.
Sakali spring is a water source out of the network in the lowest altitude of Karyes (850m)Fig. 6. The power
needed to pump water from Sakali spring (120 m3/d) to the small tanks (100 m higher) is 1.7kW resulting in an
energy cost of 43 kWh per day Fig.7, 8. This additional water supply could support hosting of 500 more visitors in
summer.
Water needs with irrigation and supply of ~700 people in summer correspond to 200m3/year per each of the 300
permanent inhabitants.
0.72
120
300
15 12
5
850
30000 30000
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1950mountainee r 2019citizen 2019mountaineer
Energy/Person(kWh/year)
Drinkingwater(m
3
/year)
Drink ingwater
Consumptionofenergyperpersonfordrinkingwater(kWh/year)
Consumptionoftotalenergyperperson(kWh/year)
G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing00 (2018) 000–000 5
Fig. 5. Variance of the population of Karyes and water needs.
Fig. 6. Water sources of Karyes.
300
600
1000
50 50
100
200 200
330
250
380
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
200
400
600
800
1000
September‐April May June July‐August
Water(m
3
)
Populatio ninKaryes(people)
Pop ulationinKaryes Irrigat ionneedsperday
Waternee dsforpeopleperday Waterconsuptionperday

258 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260
6 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Fig. 7: Needs and water resources within and without Sakali spring.
Fig. 8.Energy needs for drinking water with Sakali spring.
2.3. Irrigation system
In Karyes an existing reservoir of 3 500 m3 irrigates the area of 2.2 ha and there is a need to irrigate500 hamore;
this would require a new reservoir with storage capacity of about 1 000 000 m3.
Even if the anaglyph is suitable for the construction of a small dam, the geomorphology and geology do not
favour a new dam, because of the karstic subsurface. In addition, a major obstacle for the solution of such a small
dam is the fact that it would fill by river sediments in very short time. Thus, the construction of an out-of-river
reservoir, possibly in the area of cultivated land, is preferred.
100
200
250
380
300 300 300 300
360 360
200
96
120
396
660 660
500 516
0
200
400
600
800
September‐April May June July‐August
Water(m
3
)perday
Waterneeds Waterfro msprings
Waterfromdrill Sakalispring
Watersources(withoughtSak ali) Watersources (withSakali)
120
300
200
12
5
3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2019citiz en 2019m oun taine er 2019Karyes
Energyperperson(kWh/year)
Drinkingwater(m
3
/year)
Drink ingwate r Consuptionofe nergyperperson
G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing00 (2018) 000–000 7
Fig. 9.Possible locations of new reservoirs.
3. Conclusions and criteria of the optimal solution
New needs (tourism, irrigation of yards and gardens) and new life style challenge the traditional water system of
mountainous areas requiring proper new infrastructure to adapt to modern style. Some of the new solutions require
additional energy supply (pumping groundwater or spring-water from lower elevations to tanks). Another solution is
the construction of small reservoirs at higher elevations.
To tackle present issues related to water shortage mostly during the summer period as well as to support future
needs relating to population increase, as well as agricultural and livestock water needs, we examine possible
scenarios for the expansion of the existing system. Here, we explore an attractive solution for the construction of
water-ponds in various candidate locations. We seek the optimal siting of the water-pond according to
geomorphological, hydrological and techno-socio-economical and environmental criteria. This task entails the
following studies:
1. Geomorphological survey based on geological properties (e.g. soil type, permeability) and topographical
features (e.g. identification of sites suitable for reservoirs);
2. Hydrological analysis of the selected areas based on collection of hydrometeorological data and
employing hydrological-balance models such as the lumped conceptual model ZYGOS
(http://hydrognomon.org/);
3. Study on cultivation land and selection of proper crops;
4. Hydraulic design of the water-pond infrastructure including dimensioning of the pond, water-supply
system, embankments, and drainage pipes;
5. Cost analysis of alternatives;
6. Analyses on feasibility of the construction (also related to their simplicity), safety andbackup solutions
in case of failure;
7. Selection of optimal solution based on techno-socio-economical and environmental criteria considering
future sustainability.

G.-Fivos Sargentis et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260 259
6 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Fig. 7: Needs and water resources within and without Sakali spring.
Fig. 8.Energy needs for drinking water with Sakali spring.
2.3. Irrigation system
In Karyes an existing reservoir of 3 500 m3 irrigates the area of 2.2 ha and there is a need to irrigate500 hamore;
this would require a new reservoir with storage capacity of about 1 000 000 m3.
Even if the anaglyph is suitable for the construction of a small dam, the geomorphology and geology do not
favour a new dam, because of the karstic subsurface. In addition, a major obstacle for the solution of such a small
dam is the fact that it would fill by river sediments in very short time. Thus, the construction of an out-of-river
reservoir, possibly in the area of cultivated land, is preferred.
100
200
250
380
300 300 300 300
360 360
200
96
120
396
660 660
500 516
0
200
400
600
800
September‐April May June July‐August
Water(m
3
)perday
Waterneeds Waterfro msprings
Waterfromdrill Sakalispring
Watersources(withoughtSak ali) Watersources (withSakali)
120
300
200
12
5
3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2019citiz en 2019m oun taine er 2019Karyes
Energyperperson(kWh/year)
Drinkingwater(m
3
/year)
Drink ingwate r Consuptionofe nergyperperson
G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing00 (2018) 000–000 7
Fig. 9.Possible locations of new reservoirs.
3. Conclusions and criteria of the optimal solution
New needs (tourism, irrigation of yards and gardens) and new life style challenge the traditional water system of
mountainous areas requiring proper new infrastructure to adapt to modern style. Some of the new solutions require
additional energy supply (pumping groundwater or spring-water from lower elevations to tanks). Another solution is
the construction of small reservoirs at higher elevations.
To tackle present issues related to water shortage mostly during the summer period as well as to support future
needs relating to population increase, as well as agricultural and livestock water needs, we examine possible
scenarios for the expansion of the existing system. Here, we explore an attractive solution for the construction of
water-ponds in various candidate locations. We seek the optimal siting of the water-pond according to
geomorphological, hydrological and techno-socio-economical and environmental criteria. This task entails the
following studies:
1. Geomorphological survey based on geological properties (e.g. soil type, permeability) and topographical
features (e.g. identification of sites suitable for reservoirs);
2. Hydrological analysis of the selected areas based on collection of hydrometeorological data and
employing hydrological-balance models such as the lumped conceptual model ZYGOS
(http://hydrognomon.org/);
3. Study on cultivation land and selection of proper crops;
4. Hydraulic design of the water-pond infrastructure including dimensioning of the pond, water-supply
system, embankments, and drainage pipes;
5. Cost analysis of alternatives;
6. Analyses on feasibility of the construction (also related to their simplicity), safety andbackup solutions
in case of failure;
7. Selection of optimal solution based on techno-socio-economical and environmental criteria considering
future sustainability.

260 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 44 (2020) 253–260
8 G.-Fivos Sargentis et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Acknowledgments
This research has been supported by the OptArch project: “Optimization Driven Architectural Design of Structures”
(No: 689983) belonging to the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) Research and Innovation Staff Exchange
(RISE) H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015.
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