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3BIO: Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management 2(1): 15-19
e-ISSN: 2655-8777
15 © 2020 ITB Press
https://doi.org/10.5614/3bio.2020.2.1.3
Chemical content in two Teak woods (Tectona grandis
Linn.F.) that has been used for 2 and 60 years
Enih Rosamah1*, Fera Ferliyanti1, Harlinda Kuspradini1, Rudi Dungani2, Pingkan Aditiawati2
1) Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
2) School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author: enihros@gmail.com
Received 05/12/2019
Accepted for publication 21/04/2020
Abstract
Teak (Tectona grandis Linn F.) is classified as luxury wood and belongs to the durable wood, resistant to termite and fungal
attacks. The purposes of this study were to analyze and compare the chemical content and bioactive compound of teak (T.
grandis Linn F.) from Sumedang, West Java based on age of use. This study used teak woods of 2 and 60 years of use. The
chemical components were analyzed by determination of lignin, extractives, and ash content. Phytochemical compounds were
analyzed by changes in color of crude acetone extracts. The results showed that the teak wood used for 2 years contained i.e.,
28.41% lignin; 4.26% cold water soluble extractives; 5.12% hot water soluble extract; 19.4% NaOH (1%) soluble extractives;
6.21% alcohol:benzene (1:2) soluble extract; and 0.85% while ash content. Meanwhile, teak wood used for 60 years
contained, i.e., 29.82% lignin; 1.56% cold water extract; 2.56% hot water extract; 12.30% NaOH (1%) soluble extract; 4.62%
alcohol:benzene (1:2) extract; and 1.36% ash content. The qualitative phytochemical test demonstrated both of teak wood
used for 2 and 60 years contained flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, cumarins, and carbohydrates.
Keywords: teak wood, age of use, lignin, extractives, phytochemical, bioactive compounds
1. Introduction
Teak is one of the most popular wood species used
since many decades ago for its characteristics, i.e., unique,
elegant, stable, and easy to process. Teak is classified as
fancy wood and durable class II which were resistant to
termites and fungi [1]. Until now, teak is still considered a
luxury commodity that received a great public demand,
even though the selling price is expensive [2,3].
The efficiency of overall timber utilization in the hope
of meeting the increasing demand for wood in Indonesia
has been encouraged by several factors, i.e., the limited
availability of the high-quality teak wood on the market
for the last 5-10 years, the tendency of declining natural
forest resources and plantations, and the increasing
demand for wood. The efficient use of wood depends on
how much knowledge of the wood is available. Every
wood has different properties, as well as for similar woods
with unequal usage times. Even wood from one tree has a
somewhat different nature. In this case, it is better if the
nature of wood is adjusted in its use as building materials,
household furniture, wood processing, and wood energy.
The intended characteristics are anatomical, physical,
mechanical and chemical properties [4, 5]. bioaccumulator
agent.
Many properties of wood have directly and indirectly
related to wood properties and the architecture of its
compilation at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.
Chemical properties have a considerable influence on the
general nature of wood [6]. In other words, the chemical
composition of wood has an important meaning because it
determines the use of a certain type of wood. These chemical
components are the main constituent components of wood
cell walls which consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin,
and its accompanying components or components of wood
cell micromolecules, (i.e., extractive substances). Also, the
chemical compounds of plants are the result of the plant
metabolism themselves [5]. Several researches have shown
that these chemical compounds often have physiological and
pharmacological effects that are beneficial to humans [3].
These chemical compounds are better known as secondary
metabolites which are the result of irregularities in the
primary metabolites of plants. These compounds are groups
of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids,
saponins, etc.
3Bio Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management 2(1): 15-19 Rosamah et al
16 © 2020 ITB Press
https://doi.org/10.5614/3bio.2020.2.1.3
Research on the wood chemical components and chemical
compounds of after a certain period of use is still not widely
known, especially for teak wood after a 2-year and 60 years
of usage period. Therefore, it is important to know how
much the wood samples differ according to their usage
period.
The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the
chemical and phytochemicals components of teak
(T.grandis Linn. F.) which grew in West Java based on usage
period differences as one of the basic properties of wood.
The results of this study are expected to be useful for
stakeholders who need information about the levels of
chemical and phytochemicals components of teak (T.
grandis Linn. F.) based on differences in usage period.
2.
Experimental design
2.1. Sample preparation
The teak wood used in this study was taken from a house
building in Sumedang, West Java, where the wood was
obtained from a local (family-owned) community teak
plantation. The raw material preparation procedure was as
follows: the wood material obtained is cleaned, cut into chips
with a thickness of ± 2 cm, dried and put into a plastic bag
clip, made into particles in the form of powder using a
hammer mill and sieved using a 40-60 mesh size and then
put into a plastic bag clip.
2.2. Wood chemical component analysis
The method used refers to the TAPPI standard, such as
Moisture Factor measurement (TAPPI T-264 om-88) [7],
extractive free analysis of the sample (TAPPI T-204 om-84)
[8], lignin Classon testing (TAPPI T- 222 om-88) [9], the
solubility of extractive substances in cold water (TAPPI T-
207 om-88) [10], the solubility of extractive substances in
hot water (TAPPI T-207 om-88) [10], solubility of extractive
substances in 1% NaOH (TAPPI T-212 om-93) [11],
solubility of extractive substances in Alcohol-benzene (1: 2)
(TAPPI T-204 om-88) [8] and testing of ash content (TAPPI
T-211 om-85) [12].
2.3. Phytochemical analysis
Before the test is carried out, the sample is previously
extracted and concentrated. Phytochemical tests were done
on bioactive compounds, i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids,
flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids,
carotenoids, coumarin, and carbohydrates.
2.4. Chemical compound analysis
The gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS)
determination of the chemical compound of the teak wood
extractives was performed using a Shimadzu GC MS-
QP2010 Ultra. An elastic quartz capillary column Rtx-5ms
coated with a neutral phase was used. The injection port
temperature was 300oC, and the carrier gas helium. The
program of Mass Spectrometer (MS) was scanned over the
1.5 AMU to 1090 AMU (m/z), with an ionizing voltage of 70
eV and an ionization current of 150 µA of electron ionization
[1].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Teak chemical component determination
The chemical component determination test was conducted
to compare the percentage of chemical component content in
teak wood. The wood chemical components tested include
lignin, the solubility of extractive substances in cold water,
solubility of extractive substances in hot water, solubility of
extractive substances in 1% NaOH, the solubility of
extractive substances in al-ben (1: 2), and ash content. The
value of the average content of wood chemical components
is shown in Figure 1.
The results of the analysis of the chemical components
indicate that teak wood used for 2 years (T2) has a lower
lignin content (28.41%) compared to teak wood used for 60
years (T60; 29.82%). Extractive substance content of T2 was
higher than T60 (Figure 1), i.e., 4.26% soluble in cold water,
5.12% soluble in hot water, 19.40% soluble in 1% NaOH,
and 6.21% soluble in alcohol:benzene (1:2). The original
compounds of T60 were volatilized [15]. While the ash
content was higher in T60 (1.36%). One possible explanation
is that a high lignin content of wood with a high proportion
of guiasyl monomers will be more condensed, therefore it
will increase the density and hardness of wood [13].
The solubility of extractive substances in teak wood showed
the lowest value in the solubility of cold water and the largest
in NaOH 1%. Coldwater only dissolves substances that exist
on the outside such as dyes, tannins, and less carbohydrates.
The components of extractive substances that are soluble in
cold water, i.e., glucose, fructose, carbohydrates, sugars,
pectins, dyestuffs, and certain acids [14]. The extraction
using cold water will produce components i.e., inorganic
salts, gums, ingredients that resemble pectin, galactans,
tannins, and pigments. Extractive substances that dissolve in
hot water includes fats, dyestuffs, tannins, resin, and
phlobatanin. The Alben-soluble extractive substances include
tannins, phlobatanin, essential oils, dyes, resins, fats, fatty
acids, waxes, gums, and some water-soluble substances. The
content of extractive substances which are soluble in 1%
NaOH are fatty acids consisting of fatty acids, waxes, resins,
resin acids, sterols, unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, and
linoleic acid. NaOH also dissolves most of the hemicellulose,
especially its branch chains from pentose, hexose and
organic acids.
3Bio Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management 2(1): 15-19 Rosamah et al
17 © 2020 ITB Press
https://doi.org/10.5614/3bio.2020.2.1.3
Extractive substances generally consist of a group of
volatile compounds. The longer wood being used and
exposed to air, the more extractive compounds will be
evaporated into the air. Therefore, the extractives content
decrease in the wood [15].
The ash content of T60 is higher compared to T2. The
determination of ash content is a way of estimating the
mineral content of food material. The ash contains salts or
oxides of K, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn and Cu; also very small
molecules such as Al, Ba, Sr, Pb, Li, Ag, Ti, As and others.
Moreover, there are still some inorganic substances in the
wood called parts of ash, i.e., ash-forming minerals that are
left behind after lignin and cellulose are burned. This mineral
content varies between 0.2-1% content based on the weight
of wood.
3.2. Phytochemical analysis
3.2.1. Extraction
Extraction was carried out using a maceration method
with acetone solvent to extract the active compound in wood
samples. The sample powder was soaked for 2 × 24 hours
then concentrated to obtain a crude extract. The weight and
yield of extracts from two types of samples is shown in
Table 1.
The data presented in Table 1 showed that the highest
yield of 1.95% was found in T2 and the smallest yield of
1.85% was found in T60.
3.2.2. Phytochemicals
The phytochemical test was done to identify the plant
active compounds content. In this study, the test was carried
out by taking a small sample of the maceration extract and
adding the reagent according to the identified compound.
Qualitative phytochemical tests on T2 and T60 showed the
positive results of flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids,
coumarin, and carbohydrates compound. While alkaloids,
saponins, steroids, and carotenoids showed negative results.
Test results can be seen in Table 2.
Some studies indicated the extractives function was
responsible for wood durability, antioxidants, and protect the
wood against photodegradation. The plant chemical
compounds that refer to secondary metabolites play a role as
a protector against pests or other disturbances and also have
bioactivity. In economic terms, secondary metabolites can be
used as antimicrobials, stimulants, toxicity, attractants, plant
breeding, allelopathic effects, and physiological stress
responses [16].
3.3. Analysis of chemical compound with GC-MS
Analysis of Teak wood extractives was done to identify
the chemical compound that occurred in acetone soluble
extractives [17]. The analysis was conducted using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) due to some
volatility extractives chemical compounds that can be
elucidated by the mobile phase of GC-MS gas [18]. The
results of GC-MS analysis is shown in Table 3.
The GC-MS chromatogram did not reveal the volatile
compounds in T2. This means that a considerable part of the
extractive substances in wood may be present in a
macromolecular (insoluble) form or firmly bound to the
skeleton component lignin or polysaccharides that it is not
extractable by means of a neutral solvent. Another
possibility, the greater part of the wood is made of
polysaccharides. The major component is cellulose, which
constitutes approximately one half of the wood substance.
On the other hand, GC-MS chromatogram reveals some
the volatile compound in T60 as presented in Table 4.
Figure 1 Chemical components of Teak wood of 2 and 60 years of use
3Bio Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management 2(1): 15-19 Rosamah et al
18 © 2020 ITB Press
https://doi.org/10.5614/3bio.2020.2.1.3
Table 1 Results of Teak wood maceration using acetone solvents
No
Time of usage
Initial weight (g)
MF
Extracts weight (g)
Yield (%)
1
2 years
50
0,9247
1.0572
1.9551
2
60 years
50
0,9213
1.0023
1.8468
Table 2 Phytochemical testing of Teak Wood (Tectona grandis Linn. F.) originated from Sumedang West Java with 2
and 60 years of usage
No
Phytochemical
Presence of compound
Teak wood after
2 years usage
Teak wood after
60 years usage
1.
Alkaloid
-
-
2.
Flavonoid
+
+
3.
Saponin
-
-
4.
Tannin
++
+
5.
Triterpenoid
++
+
6.
Steroid
-
-
7.
Carotenoid
-
-
8.
Coumarin
++
+
9.
Carbohydrate
+
++
Remark : (+) Identified compounds (++); strong, (+); weak. (-) Not identified compounds
Table 3 Analysis of extractives chemical compounds from teak wood after 2 years usage
Peak
R. Time
Area
Area%
Height
A/H
Name
2nd
1.375
14606
0.11
14554
1.00
Methanethiol (CAS) Merchaptomethane
Table 4 Analysis of extractives chemical compounds from teak wood after 60 years usage
Peak
R. Time
Area
Area%
Height
A/H
Name
16th
22.209
2455133
9.78
887697
2.77
9,10-Anthracenedione, 2-methyl-(CAS)
2-Methylanthraquinone
The extractive components comprise an extraordinary
diversity of compounds. The proportions exhibit wide
variation and some of these components are found in
significant quantities in only a few species or genera. Thus,
wood is more definitely characterized by the nature and
amounts of the extractives than by the proportions of the cell
wall component.
T60 sample reveals some extractive components such as
2-methylanthraquinone (2-MeA) or tectochinon or else
tectoquinone, and 1,3-Indandione, 2 phenyl. A representative
GC-MS chromatogram of the 2-methylanthraquinone mass
spectrum is shown in Fig. 2. The chromatographic peak of 2-
MeA was detected at R.time 22.209, area 9.78%, height
887697.
For many years, 2-MeA has been well-known and
mentioned often as a chemical compound found in teak
extracts [5]. The extractive components comprise an
extraordinary diversity of compounds. The proportions
exhibit wide variation and some of these components are
found in significant quantities in only a few species or
genera. Thus, wood is more definitely characterized by the
nature and amounts of the extractives than by the proportions
of the cell wall component. The extraneous substance may be
present in wood, residing largely in the cell cavities. These
include the extractives which can be removed from wood
with neutral solvents, and other extraneous materials such as
tannins, acids, fats, oils, sugar, proteins and pectic substances
and others [5].
3Bio Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management 2(1): 15-19 Rosamah et al
19 © 2020 ITB Press
https://doi.org/10.5614/3bio.2020.2.1.3
Figure 2 Extractives compound from teak wood after 60 years of use
4. Conclusions
The results of the analysis showed that the longer the
wood is being used, the lignin content and ash content
increase, while the extractive substance solubility decreases.
The phytochemical analysis showed the longer the use of
wood, the tannin, triterpenoid, and coumarin content
decreased. The 2-Metylanthraquinone is a chemical
component detected in teakwood of 60 years old of use.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank The Ministry of Research,
Technology, and Higher Education for providing the research
grant for financial support through Program Dosen
Merenung – DIKTI Project 2019. Grant Number:
T/128/D2.3/KK.04.03/2019. September 27, 2019.
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