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Introduction
Raulvoa serpentina or common name ‘Serpentine’ is a medicinal
plant belonging to the Apocyanaceae family and is an endangered
plant. It is indigenous to the forest of South East Asia (Nepal, India,
East Pakistan, Bhutan) including Burma, Bangladesh, Srilanka,
Malaysia and Indonesia.1–5 In Nepal, its distribution ranges from East
to West up to an altitude of 900m above the sea level. This genus
comprises of two species, among them Raulvoa serpentine is one of
them.2 This Raulvoa serpentina species is included in the endangered
list by International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Critical
by Conservation Assessment and Management Plant (CAMP), Nepal
conservation List as Kha (Banned for export outside the country
without processing), CITES included in Conservation List II. The
Nepal Forest Act 1993, Forest Regulation 1995 and Amendment 2001
have banned the export of the Serpentine without processing. It is
included in the national priority list for cultivation by the Ministry
of Forest and Soil Conservation, Department of plant Resources,
Kathmandu, Nepal (DPR 2012). Among several species, the genetic
invasion has already been faced by Rauvola serpentina in Nepal. The
large scale unsustainable over-harvesting of Rauvola has threatened
its continuous survival in wild and genetic diversity has been
threatened. This medicinal plant has been listed as protected plant in
Nepal. Forest Act 1993 and CITES 1975 Appendix II has provided
the legal protection from over-harvesting; however, extraction of this
resource from the forest still continues. On the other hand, there is lack
of enough scientic information on the accessions, genetic diversity
and breeding system of ‘Serpentine’ in Nepal. Implementation of
study to locate and assess diversity, explore the conservation ways and
sustainable utilisation measures are apriority that require immediate
actions in Nepal. The current research is one of the novel concepts in
Nepal which integrate forest gene bank approach to secure the long-
term conservation of globally signicant biodiversity i.e., Rauvola
serpentina of the western Terai region of Nepal with the goal of its
sustainable development.
Two broad approaches of conservation, viz., in situ and ex situ
have already been shown as effective ways to conserve the global
biodiversity. There are different types of conservation modalities
at different levels, such as from gene to landscape levels that have
been developed to further strengthen the conservation initiatives.
The general conservation strategies for forest genetic resources are
basically similar to those one that applies to crop species and consist
of consecutive phases. The existing forest resources and their genetic
variation is a starting point for conservation activities. After the
priority species have been identied, their genetic diversity needs to
be assessed so that the conservation activities and possible germplasm
collection are focused on suitable areas. As an active conservation
measure, locally isolated gene pools of critically endangered species
could be combined into new ex situ and in situ conservation stands, or
into the so-called ‘Forest gene banks’ in which large ranges of gene
sources are purposely put together.6–15
The Rauvola serpentina species which possess a global
signicance and local importance for people’s livelihoods has been
identied as one of the key species and present research approaches
of conservation strategies are to establish the Serpentine gene bank
in Nepal. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to identify the
population and areas of the endangered species Rauvola serpentina
and its geographical distribution map in the studied area which are
rich and unique in genetic diversity (sink areas) and complementary
habitats to further enrich it (source areas).
Material and methods
The research was carried out at Western Terai Landscape
Complex. For the conservation and sustainable use of globally
signicant biodiversity in Nepal’s Western Terai Landscape Complex
and establishment of effective management systems and building
capacity of community, local organizations and line agencies, the
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC) implemented the
Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (WTLCP) in three districts
Biodiversity Int J. 2019;3(4):139‒143. 139
© 2019 Kunwar. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
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Establishing in situ gene bank of Rauvola serpentina
(L.) Benth ex Kurtz in Western Nepal with a focus
on conservation and sustainability
Volume 3 Issue 4 - 2019
Bimal Bahadur Kunwar,1,2,3
1Research, Community Development and Conservation Center
(C3DR), Nepal
2Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
3Biomaterial Management and Learning Pvt. Ltd, Nepal
Correspondence: Bimal Bahadur Kunwar, Research,
Community Development and Conservation Center (C3DR),
Pokhara-25, Nepal, Email
Received: May 17, 2019 | Published: July 22, 2019
Abstract
Rauvola serpentina is a cosmopolitan in tropical habitats with more concentration in the
tropics of Africa, Asia and America. Higher diversity has been recorded from the Indian
Sub-continent region, especially around the gangetic plain areas. In Nepal, its distribution
stretches from East to West up to an altitude of 900 m asl. Genetic resources are currently
facing tremendous threats due to increased anthropogenic activities such as deforestation,
habitat alteration and unsustainable harvesting for trade. A forest gene bank concept in
which large range of gene sources is purposely put together is adapted to conserve genetic
resources of the Rauvola serpentina plant. To enrich our knowledge regarding the natural
habitat of the species, literature review, visit to the herbarium centre and eld visits were
preformed. All accumulated data was subjected to DIVA GIS to plot a predictive map of
the plant habitat based on climate and altitude. The map depicts western Terai to be a safe
zone for this species. Sinks and source area for the gene conservation concept revealed
Bishnupur (Bardiya District) and Vajni (Kailali District) sites to be the sink areas, while
other 34 sites as the source areas.
Keywords: conservation, germplasm, gene pool, policies, economic importance
Biodiversity International Journal
Research Article Open Access
Establishing in situ gene bank of Rauvola serpentina (L.) Benth ex Kurtz in Western Nepal with a focus
on conservation and sustainability 140
Copyright:
©2019 Kunwar
Citation: Kunwar BB. Establishing in situ gene bank of Rauvola serpentina (L.) Benth ex Kurtz in Western Nepal with a focus on conservation and sustainability.
Biodiversity Int J. 2019;3(4):139‒143. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2019.03.00138
namely, Kanchanpur, Kailali and Bardiya districts that extends from
28⁰59’13’’, 80⁰06’05’’ and 28⁰04’14’’- 81⁰30’07’’. The research
utilizes local knowledge with scientic studies such as taxonomic
surveys, ecological studies to formulate a sound conservation strategy
for the establishment of Rauvola serpentina plant Gene Bank and
its management in WTLC areas of Nepal. Altogether, 21 localities of
Nepal that were extracted from literature and herbaria 14 places of the
western Terai have been surveyed during the course of this study.16–19
To predict species distribution DIVA GIS software version
4 was used where applied the BIOCLIM model. Climatic and
altitudinal parameters were used to predict the distribution of the
Rauvola species. Based on the availability area on the map, further
survey points were determined and performed ecological studies.
Information regarding the distribution of the Rauvola serpentina in
Nepal was obtained after visiting herbarium centres namely National
Herbarium and Plant Laboratory (KATH) and Tribhuvan University
Central Herbarium (TUCH) for herbaria, available literature, direct
eld visit and other academic research and public sources. GPS
coordinate value was obtained and digitized using GIS software DIVA
version 4. The economic importance and status of the species where
Rauvola serpentina exist were also extracted through participatory
inventory methods like group discussion, key informal surveys,
informal talks, eld observations; transect walks, co-operation with
primary consumers (Dhami, Guruwa) and the traders. By using
DIVA GIS a map was prepared based on the coordinate values that
were recorded.20–26 An ecological niche model was used in GIS and
explored the potential map for the distribution of the plant. To know
about the ecology and status of the plant eco-geographic surveys in
predicted diversity rich areas in WTLCP and adjoining areas were
performed. Random quadrates of size 5x5m2 were laid on habitats
where Serpentine were more prevalent, otherwise just visual surveys
were done for ecological studies to quantify population status. The
species population along with other related species were surveyed and
located using GPS and development of the distribution map of this
species was performed.27–32
Local knowledge acquisition for local use-values and community
understanding on diversity was carried out on eld tenure. Due to
being the endangered species as well as shrub plant less number
of herbarium specimens were collected, prepared herbarium and
deposited safely as vouchers specimens for further detail studies.
For taxonomic identication, of the plant morphological studies
were conducted by using standard book of Flora namely Annonated
checklist of ora2 Flowers of the Himalaya7 and consulting with
local healers, internet surng, tallied by photograph and checked
through the herbarium centre. By direct eld visit on each and every
population, unique genetic diversity and its distribution areas (sink
and source areas) were identied. Gene Banks (Sinks) and Donors
(Source) were identied through ecological niche model.
Results and discussion
The indigenous communities ‘Tharu’ of the survey districts
known Rauvola serpentina plant by vernacular name Jharbaruwa
or Chandmaruwa. In different parts of Nepal it is known by
Sarpagandha, Pagalbuti, Dhabalbaruwa, Dhaulebir, Baruwa,
Dhalaliya, Chandramar, Sarpagandh (Sanskrit), Dharmaruwa
(Derai), Chyangro (Chepang), Chotachand, Chandravama, etc.
Rauvola serpentina plant population was found as scattered, with
2/3 mature individuals’ plants. From Key informant interviews with
Traditional healer groups or locally known as Guruwa and Dhami it
is known that Root is the major part of Serpentine used in traditional
medicines as well as commercial purposes. Nepal and its adjoining
country India has witnessed its legacy from the time of Charaka and
Susruta for traditional knowledge systems of medicinal plants and
this plant was mentioned. That plant is especially used by the Dhami
Guruwa to get relief from various central nervous system disorders
both Psychic and motor, including anxiety states, excitement, and
maniacal behaviour associated with psychosis, schizophrenia,
insomnia and epilepsy. However juice of leaves has been also reported
for the remedy of opacity of the cornea. Consumption of small pieces
of leaf lowers blood pressure. Root of that plant is bitter, sharp pungent
and has been used as an antidote for scorpion stings as well as snake
bites. The extracts of root have been used during intestinal disorders,
particularly diarrhoea and dysentery. Roots mixed with other plants
for treatments of cholera, colic and fever. Its roots are believed to
stimulate uterine contraction and recommended for use in difcult
childbirth cases.33–36
Research has found that the herbal market demands of the
Rauvola serpentina all over the world is above 600 tonnes as root,
whereas it is exported from about 0.2-0.3 tonnes from Nepal. As
prescribed by the Forest Regulation 1995 and its third amendment
2005, the government royalty for dried root Rauvola serpentina is
US$ 0.44 per Kg. Herb production and processing company paid US$
0.88 for per kg of Serpentine. Similarly Gorkha Ayurvedic Company
paid US$ 1.33 for per kg. In European countries like in Germany its
root is selling in US$ 3.26 per kg (Acharya, 2007).8 It was observed
that the plant trader could not sell the product because premature
collection was done by the rural healer and caused massive depletion
on distribution of the species. It is used even in minor health issues
though it is valuable and an endangered plant species.
The plants are more frequent under the shade of Shorea, Ficus,
Terminalia, Holarrhena, Cassia, Dalbergia, Mangifera and Adina
species. Relatively it prefers to grow in exposed forest oors where
colonization and seedlings were seen more frequently. This species
is distributed throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of Nepal.
The present study has added several additional localities of Rauvola
serpentina in Nepal particularly around WTLC of Nepal (Figure 1),
however a higher density has been found in western Terai region of
Nepal (Figure 2). Field visits revealed that the density and status of
the species was seen dense in two sites i.e. Vajni and Bishnupur where
density found 5 but other sites had covered just 2/3 number from whole
habitat. Serpentine plants were concentrated 2-5 numbers in large
extended area and even some plants were seen uprooted or removed by
Local herbal healer to perform traditional medicinal treatment. Due to
its spatial distribution and aforementioned circumstances conrmed
that the species serpentine is under massive pressure. This fragmented
spatial distribution of the Rauvola serpentina is characteristic of a
population under edaphic-climatic and demographic pressure. Genetic
and demographic processes related to small population size play a
major role in putting the species into endangered status. The species
of Rauvola serpentina used in this study were of typical populations
that have been under great force of genetic stochasticity. The genetic
stochasticity is loss of genetic diversity related to the combined effects
of genetic drift and inbreeding in small populations.9,37,38
Based on secondary information (i.e. Literature, interview with
experts and visit of herbaria) and eco-geographic surveys that were
recorded in target sites, a predicted distribution diversity map of the
Rauvola serpentina in Nepal has been developed by using DIVA GIS
Establishing in situ gene bank of Rauvola serpentina (L.) Benth ex Kurtz in Western Nepal with a focus
on conservation and sustainability 141
Copyright:
©2019 Kunwar
Citation: Kunwar BB. Establishing in situ gene bank of Rauvola serpentina (L.) Benth ex Kurtz in Western Nepal with a focus on conservation and sustainability.
Biodiversity Int J. 2019;3(4):139‒143. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2019.03.00138
(Figure 2A). In Nepal using GIS for spatial distribution happens is a
new eld of research. Development of the GIS map has facilitated
easy access of the plant’s natural habitat. It makes it easier to do
further research as well as conservation activities Field survey and
consultation with different expert/ stakeholders/sectors of the country
it is cleared that density of the Rauvola serpentina is more at western
Terai (Figure 2A). More over tropical and sub-tropical areas of Nepal
including western Terai landscape represent the primary centre of
origin of ‘Serpentine’. Furthermore, the landscape of this region is
varied in eco-geography; socio-cultural use-values of forest resources
have further enriched the genetic diversity of Serpentine. The Terai
region exhibits higher temperature (Reached upto 460C in summer)
and relatively dryer (Precipitation less than 25mm) properties than
eastern Terai of Nepal. Discoverlife.org on its electronic website has
also shows the natural map of the Rauvola serpentina in the world,
where in the case of Nepal that point was given towards western Terai.
In eld observations most of the population were found nearer to the
wet land or marshy land. The altitude diversity patterns formulated by
GIS also suggest that western Terai is rich in diversity (Figure 2B).
Figure 1 Distribution of the Rauvola serpentina in Nepal.
The tropical and sub-tropical countries i.e. India, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nepal, etc of the world are extremely
rich in non-timber forest genetic resources which are used by millions
of people to meet their livelihoods and are becoming an important
source of income. On other hand, these forest based genetic resources
are currently facing tremendous threats due to anthropogenic activities
such as deforestation, habitat alteration and unsustainable harvesting
for trade. It is because of those aforementioned reasons, a large
number of species have already been critically endangered in their
centre of origin and driving toward the verge of extinction. Therefore,
conservation of forest based genetic resources has become a global
concern which urges development of effective conservation strategies
at local, national and international levels. Different models were
proposed by the workers for the conservation of endangered species.
Among these one is “a novel approach of quasi in situ conservation
of endangered plants”9 and in their approach, ex-situ collections are
maintained in natural or semi-natural environment, wherein preserving
both neutral and adaptive genetic diversity is complimentary to the
insitu/exsitu conservation strategy. Another one is the gene bank
approach that was propose.6 Based on this reference of endangered
species and immense resources, the nature of this study focused on the
conservation of the Rauvola serpentina. An ecological niche model
was used in GIS and explored the potential map (Figure 2A). Based on
the availability area on the map, further survey point were determined
and ecological studies performed. The model indicated that western
Terai of the Nepal has more availability of the species. The increasing
unsustainable harvesting for legal/illegal trade has already threatened
the ‘Serpentine’ diversity in WTLC and adjoining areas.
Based on the primary and secondary data, a map was drawn at GIS
and got denser in the western region of the country, although with high
density at Bishnupur and Vajni areas and sparse distribution at other
sites (Figure 2C & 2D). Anguilar described an endangered species
is usually signied by small and isolated populations that already
experienced strong effects of genetic drift. Therefore, according to10
relocation or reintroduction of the endangered species should take
into account the potential risks of inbreeding depression, in addition
to local adaptation and spatial structure of adaptive variation. So
to conserve this precious resource i.e. Rauvola serpentina the
Shankarpur village of Kanchanpur and Dadehri village of Bardiya
districts have been identied as unique in diversity, and recognized by
local communities as different diversity as well as various ecological
and climatic data. From eld visit and sampling of the species, it is
concluded that Vajni site (Figure 2D) from Kailali and Bishnupur
sites (Figure 2C) from Bardiya are potential sites for the sink whereas
Parasin, Shankarpur sites of Kanchanpur, Motipur sites of Kailali and
Danoura of Bardiya as well as other 28 sites are the sources of the
gene for the conservation in gene banks. The present research gives
clear ideas about the identication of exact genetic hot spot of the
Rauvola serpentina and decides where to conserve the plant species.
All the visited sites are endangered for its habitat. So the introduction
of the gene from the source to the sink will cause better conservation
of the Rauvola serpentina in WTLC areas of Nepal. Uma Shankar6
proposed the Forest gene bank approach and has been already useful
to conserve several forest genetic resources including non-timber
forest products such as Phyllanthus sp., therefore, this strategy will be
also useful to conserve the ‘Serpentine’ genetic diversity conservation
in the context of WTLC. Following national park policy is needed
to use the site as a sink area because the Bishnupur Area is included
inside of Bardiya National Park.
Figure 2 A) Prediction of diversity of Serpentine in Nepal; B) The altitude
wise diversity assessments of Serpentine in Nepal; C) Suggested potential sink
areas of Serpentine gene bank establishment i.e. Bishnupur site; D) Suggested
potential sink areas of Serpentine gene bank establishment i.e. Vajni site.
Establishing in situ gene bank of Rauvola serpentina (L.) Benth ex Kurtz in Western Nepal with a focus
on conservation and sustainability 142
Copyright:
©2019 Kunwar
Citation: Kunwar BB. Establishing in situ gene bank of Rauvola serpentina (L.) Benth ex Kurtz in Western Nepal with a focus on conservation and sustainability.
Biodiversity Int J. 2019;3(4):139‒143. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2019.03.00138
Conclusion and recommendation
The research depicts western Terai to be a safe zone for this species
serpentine. For the conservation of the Rauvola serpentina species
by the gene conservation concept, it is concluded that Vajni site from
Kailali and Bishnupur sites from Bardiya are potential sites for the sink
while other 34 sites are as the source areas. Constant anthropogenic
encroachment by victims of ood even in the sink areas (Vajni) is
putting intensive pressure in the loss of Serpentine population plus
its habitat fragmentation, which indicates prompt application of
conservation of these natural resources. Usage of molecular tools will
denitely provide much more needed information rather than simply
morphological studies. In addition, raising awareness programs
need to be implemented so as to safeguard this declining species.
Nevertheless, prompt revisit and review of the policies and strategies
at the government level plus the inception of the gene bank will
denitely help sustain this species.
Funding
None.
Acknowledgments
I am thankful to MFSC, Department of National Parks ofcials
for giving permission to study in the protected areas of western
Nepal. I am indebted to WTLCP/LiBIRD/GEF-UNDP, SNV for the
funding to this project. It is acknowledged to local communities of
survey districts for sharing their knowledge. I extend my grateful
towards Dr. Abishkar Subedi, Dr. Achyut Adhikari and Dr. Bimal Raj
Regmi for their continued supervision of this research. The gratitude
is extending towards my friend Bikash Baral, PhD scholar for his
incessant encouragement to carry out this research.
Conicts of interest
The author declares there are no conicts of interest.
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