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Extractos hidro-etanólicos de plantas comestibles como alternativa para controlar bacterias patógenas, parásitos e insectos en la industria pecuaria
Abstract
En la industria pecuaria es importante mantener al ganado en buen estado de salud para alcanzar niveles adecuados de producción. En la actualidad, el uso de antibióticos para el control de infecciones es limitado, debido a la resistencia de los microorganismos a estos fármacos. Por otro lado, los insecticidas y repelentes de origen sintéticos contienen químicos tóxicos para los animales, el humano y el medio ambiente. Una alternativa es utilizar compuestos químicos naturales derivados de plantas. El objetivo fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana, insecticida y repelente de extractos hidro-etanólicos de plantas. En este estudio, se utilizaron 12 extractos de plantas contra 5 diferentes bacterias y 8 especies de insectos. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto de Eucalyptus globulus y la mezcla de extractos presentaron actividad antimicrobiana contra Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae y Staphylococcus aureus (P<0.05). Por otro lado, los extractos de E. globulus y Azadirachta indica mostraron actividad insecticida contra todos los insectos (P<0.05); mientras que, la mezcla de los extractos mostró actividad repelente contra todos los insectos utilizados (P<0.05). Por lo anterior, los extractos hidro-etanólicos de plantas mostraron potencial para controlar bacterias patógenas e insectos indeseables en la industria pecuaria.
... Nuestros hallazgos demuestran que el extracto acuoso liofilizado de E. globulus, tiene actividad antibacteriana, según la Escala de Duraffourd, contra E. coli, E. faecalis y S. aureus, a concentraciones de 600, 700 y 800 mg/ml, coincidiendo con los resultados de los extractos hidroetanólicos (20) y acuosos (21) ; y de manera similar, con los extractos hidroalcohólicos (9,22) y aceites esenciales (23,24) . Estos resultados avalarían el uso de E. globulus para tratar problemas diarreicos y afecciones respiratorias de naturaleza infecciosa, sobre todo en E. coli por su alta capacidad de adquirir genes de resistencia por el uso de fármacos (17) ; debido a los diferentes compuestos químicos de sus hojas, tales como, globulol, 1-8 cineol, trans-inocarveol, entre otros (25) . ...
Introducción: En el Perú se ha mostrado una notable atención respecto al estudio de plantas de uso tradicional, útiles para el desarrollo y síntesis de antibacterianos. Objetivo: Determinar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de los extractos acuosos liofilizados de hojas de Eucalyptus globulus y corteza de Cinnamomum zeylanicum frente a Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro. Los extractos acuosos liofilizados de E. globulus y C. zeylanicum se evaluaron a concentraciones de 600, 700 y 800 mg/mL frente a las cepas de Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. Utilizando como control positivo a la Gentamicina y como control negativo al suero fisiológico usando el método de difusión de Kirby-Bauer y se hallaron las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias por el método de macro dilución en medio líquido. Se realizó un tamizaje fitoquímico. Se usó la prueba de ANOVA para comparar medias y el post hoc de Bonferroni. Se consideró un p<0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Se observó halos de inhibición mayores al control negativo en los grupos experimentales (p>0,05), esto en todas las dosis evaluadas. Así mismo, las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias de E. globulus y C. zeylanicum para E. coli, E. faecalis y S. aureus fueron 16 mg/ml, 16 mg/mL y 32 mg/ml; y 64 mg/ml, 32 mg/ml y 64 mg/ml; respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los extractos acuosos liofilizados de las hojas de E. globulus y la corteza de C. Zeylanicum tienen actividad antibacteriana frente a E. coli, E. faecalis y S. aureus.
... The extracts were filtered with Whatman No. 41 filter paper and the plant material was dehydrated again. The difference in weight of the plant material before and after its storage was considered as the amount of soluble chemical compounds extracted from plants (23) . The ethanolic extracts were then concentrated in a rotary evaporator (Yamato RE300) at 40 °C and adjusted to 50 mg/ml with a 20 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution. ...
La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad causada por bacterias patógenas que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero, lo cual genera pérdidas económicas importantes, además, debido al uso excesivo de antibióticos para tratar esta enfermedad, los microorganismos han creado resistencia a estos fármacos, por ello, se buscan nuevas alternativas para este fin. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de extractos de plantas nativas de Sonora contra bacterias patógenas aisladas de vacas diagnosticadas con mastitis. Se obtuvieron 17 extractos etanólicos de plantas nativas de Sonora, y se evaluó su actividad antimicrobiana por el método de difusión en agar contra siete patógenos aislados de leche de vacas con mastitis utilizando una concentración de 50 mg/ml de cada extracto. El contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales se determinó mediante espectrofotometría. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos de Ibervillea sonorae (wereke, tubérculo), Populus alba (álamo, hojas), Ambrosia ambrosioides (chicura, tallos), Krameria sonorae (cosahui, raíces) y Prosopis velutina (mezquite, hojas) fueron eficaces para eliminar a S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Shigella spp. y Citrobacter spp. (P<0.05). Además, los extractos con alto contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (wereke, álamo, chicura, cosahui y mezquite) mostraron una correlación inversa con respecto al pH (r = -0.94, r = -0.92, respectivamente) (P<0.05) y presentaron mayor actividad antimicrobiana contra los patógenos probados. Por lo anterior, los extractos de las plantas de Sonora podrían representar una alternativa para el control de patógenos Gram (+) y Gram (-) que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero.
El frijol y el tomate en México son dos de los productos que forman parte esencial de la dieta de la población de este país, es de gran importancia económica, cultural y gastronómica. La presencia de plagas y enfermedades en los cultivos aumenta los costos de producción, además del impacto ambiental y la residualidad de los plaguicidas pueden afectar la salud humana. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue estudiar una alternativa de biocontrol para enfermedades bacterianas, efectiva, de bajo costo y menor impacto ambiental. Se desarrolló en la ciudad de Aguascalientes, México en el año 2019. Fueron producidos extractos naturales (etanol, metanol y agua) de Maclura pomifera y Zingiber officinale en forma cruda por medio de maceración y concentrados por vía de rotaevaporación, utilizando bases de etanol, metanol y agua. Se aislaron e identificaron cepas de Pseudomona syringae de patologías en tomate y ejote. Se utilizaron 14 tratamientos con tres repeticiones de extractos crudos y concentrados. La actividad bactericida fue evaluada por medio de antibiogramas con intervalos de 24 h por siete días. Mostrando el mayor efecto inhibitorio, los extractos de M. pomifera base etanol de 100 mg ml-1 y Z. officinale de 100 mg ml-1 base etanol. Para el segundo ensayo en la disminución de concentraciones, se reiteró la efectividad de los extractos de M. pomifera en bajas concentraciones, siendo 10 mg ml-1 la concentración más baja y efectiva en la inhibición bacteriana. Lo anterior, posiciona a los extractos vegetales de M. pomifera como una opción, viable, eficaz y económica en el biocontrol de enfermedades bacterianas agrícolas.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the insecticidal and attractiveness of concentrations of hydroalcoholic extract of crambe grains on Sitophilus zeamais, and its effect on the physiological quality of corn seeds. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology and Seeds of the Assis Gurgacz University Center, in Cascavel, PR. The evaluation of attractiveness and insecticidal effect were evaluated using DIC, with 4 treatments (0, 5, 15 and 25% extract concentration) and 10 or 5 replications, respectively, totaling 40 experimental plots for the insect attractiveness test and 20 Experimental plots for the test of the insecticidal effect. For the experiment on the physiological quality of corn seeds submitted to the extracts, a DIC was set up in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, factor 1 being the storage time of the seeds (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) and factor 2, the concentrations (0, 5, 15 and 25%), with 4 replicates, totaling 64 plots. Data were submitted to ANAVA, and means adjusted to regression or submitted to the Tukey test at 5% of probability, using the statistical program ASSISTAT®. The results evidenced the treatment with a hydroalcoholic extract in the concentration of 25% as the one with the highest insecticidal effect, and extract at 15% concentration yields a higher percentage of germination, normal seedlings, and mass of seedlings than the control. At 25% concentration, the extract do not negatively influence any of the parameters analyzed. Storage time above 60 days stimulates germination, mass and length of maize seedlings.
This study evaluated the repellent effect of three essential oils against females of Ixodes ricinus, which is considered to be the main arthropod disease vector in Europe. The essential oils could be regarded as user- and environment-friendly alternatives to synthetic repellents. As a comparison sample, the most widely used synthetic repellent DEET was used. All the tested oils exhibited moderate to high initial repellency of 65-85% 5 min after application. The testing was terminated after 80 min, when lavender and eucalyptus repelled 45% and 15% of ticks, respectively. No effect of orange oil was observed after a 20-min mark. The effect of DEET was found to be high and stable (95-100%) throughout the experiment. This study thus revealed that the investigated oils are not as effective as DEET. On the other hand, especially lavender showed an interesting potential as an alternative repellent for outdoor activities of shorter duration.
Ever since early stages in the development of mankind, there has been a need to fight pests affecting crops and products with the use of substances capable of eliminating them. A presentation is provided of the main effects of pesticides on human health and the ecosystem. The following topics are dealt with: history of the use of pesticides, classification, most common uses, effects on the environment and human health, and alternatives to their employment. Enough evidence has been gathered about the risks posed by the excessive, indiscriminate use of pesticides for health and the environment.
In the plant kingdom compounds are produced with antimicrobial properties that can be used in the control of different diseases of animals as well as plants. One of the attractive species is Morusalba, which has transcendental history of use in Asian traditional medicine. For such reason, the objectives of this work were to determine qualitatively the presence of phenols and flavonoids and to evaluate the antimicrobial capacity of different fresh extracts of mulberry leaves against bacterial pathogens. For the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity essays leaves from 2 varieties (tigreada and indonesia) and 2 hybrids (IZ 15/7 and IZ 64) of M. alba were used in a completely randomized design with one positive and three negative controls (antibiotics). Fresh extracts were used for the antimicrobial activity, which was determined by the method of perforations in agar against five microorganisms that affect the animals as well as human beings: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonaaeruginosa, Klebsiellapneumoniae and Streptococcus ²hemolítico. In general, the abundant presence of flavonoids and active phenols against the evaluated pathogen microorganisms without significant differences among them was observed in all the extracts. The use of M. alba is suggested as a healthy alternative to enrich the animal diet and the use of these extracts with pharmaceutical purposes is recommended to fight the diseases originated by the studied microorganisms.
The techniques of modern biology incorporates molecular cloning of genes, gene transfer, genetic manipulation of animal embryo
transfer, genetic manipulation of rumen microbes, chemical and biological treatment of low quality animal feeds for improved nutritive
value, genetically engineered immunodiagnostic and immunoprophylactic agents as well as veterinary vaccines, inter alia. Of course,
these are a reality today and are finding their ways into research and development programs of developing countries. Biotechnology is
offering unprecedented opportunities for increasing agricultural productivity and for protecting the environment through reduced use of
agro-chemicals. The major thrust in biotechnology research is currently directed at solving immediate problems of industrialized
countries, with major investments coming from transnational companies. However, many of the new discoveries and products will find
their biggest markets in developing countries where the potential for improvement in agricultural productivity and health is greatest. The
importance of biotechnology and its relevance is only slowly being accepted by policy makers in developing countries. In the presence of
economic crisis, strong fiscal constraints, rapid social change and constant political instabilities, the difficulties associ ated with major
policy changes in developing countries are enormous. In this review we discuss the potentials and limitations for biotechnological
applications in animal breeding and animal health, food processing and forage improvement in the horn of Africa.
We examined the pupicidal, adulticidal, repellent, and oviposition-deterrent activities of essential
oils (EOs) from Lippia alba, L. origanoides, Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus,
Citrus sinensis, Cananga odorata, Swinglea glutinosa, and Tagetes lucida plants against Aedes aegypti under
laboratory conditions. Pupicidal and adulticidal activities were assessed at exploratory concentrations of 250, 310,
and 390 parts per million (ppm); and 30, 300, and 1,000 ppm, respectively. The greatest pupicidal activity was
exhibited at 390 ppm with a 24-h exposure by L. origanoides, and 390 ppm with a 48-h exposure by Citrus sinensis.
Lippia origanoides killed all adult mosquitoes at 300 ppm after 120 min of exposure. Only L. origanoides and E.
citriodora EOs, applied at 1,000 ppm to human skin, produced the greatest repellency (100%) to host-seeking Ae.
aegypti after 2 min of exposure; the repellency decreased between 12% and 10% after 15 min. Complete oviposition deterrence by gravid Ae. aegypti was observed for E. citriodora EOs at 200 ppm with an oviposition activity index of 1.00. These results confirm that the EOs assessed in this study have insecticidal, repellent, and ovipositiondeterrent activities against the dengue vector, Ae. aegypti.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the major threats facing mankind. The emergence and rapid spread of multi- and pan-drug-resistant organisms (such as vancomycin-, methicillin-, extended-spectrum β-lactam-, carbapenem- and colistin-resistant organisms) has put the world in a dilemma. The health and economic burden associated with AMR on a global scale are dreadful. Available antimicrobials have been misused and are almost ineffective with some of these drugs associated with dangerous side effects in some individuals. Development of new, effective, and safe antimicrobials is one of the ways by which AMR burden can be reduced. The rate at which microorganisms develop AMR mechanisms outpaces the rate at which new antimicrobials are being developed. Medicinal plants are potential sources of new antimicrobial molecules. There is renewed interest in antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals. Nigeria boasts of a huge heritage of medicinal plants and there is avalanche of researches that have been undertaken to screen antimicrobial activities of these plants. Scientific compilation of these studies could provide useful information on the antimicrobial properties of the plants. This information can be useful in the development of new antimicrobial drugs. This paper reviews antimicrobial researches that have been undertaken on Nigerian medicinal plants.
Background:
The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria stems from a number of factors, including inappropriate use of antibiotics in human and animal health and their prolonged use as growth promoters at sub-clinical doses in poultry and livestock production. We were interested in investigating plants that could be useful in protecting humans or animals against diarrhoea. We decided to work on extracts of nine plant species with good activity against Escherichia coli based on earlier work in the Phytomedicine Programme. Leaves of nine medicinal plant species with high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli were extracted with acetone and their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values determined using a microplate serial dilution technique against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Bioautography was used to determine the number of bioactive compounds in each extract. In vitro safety of the extracts was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay on Vero cells.
Results:
The extracts were active against all the pathogens with average MICs ranging from 0.02 to 0.52 mg/ml. As expected E. coli was relatively sensitive, while E. faecalis and S. Typhimurium were more resistant to the extracts (average MICs of 0.28 mg/ml and 0.22 mg/ml respectively). Cremaspora triflora and Maesa lanceolata leaf extracts had higher activity than the other extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with mean MICs of 0.07 mg/ml and 0.09 mg/ml respectively. Extracts of Maesa lanceolata and Hypericum roeperianum had the highest total antibacterial activity (TAA) at 1417 and 963 ml/g respectively. All extracts with the exception of that of Maesa lanceolata, Elaeodendron croceum and Calpurnia aurea had relatively low cytotoxicity with LC50 > 20 μg/ml. Cremaspora triflora had the best selectivity index (SI) against S. aureus and E. coli of 2.87 and 1.15 respectively. Hypericum roeperianum had a SI of 1.10 against B. cereus. Bioautography revealed 1-6 visible antimicrobial compounds that were generally non-polar.
Conclusions:
There was a weak positive, but statistically non-significant correlation between the potency of the extracts and their cytotoxicity (R = 0.45, ρ > 0.05). The activity of the extracts on the test bacteria was in some cases not correlated with cytotoxicity, as shown by selectivity indices >1. This means that cellular toxicity was probably not due to compounds with antibacterial activity. Some of the extracts had a good potential for therapeutic use against the bacterial pathogens or for application in treating diarhoea. It does not appear that activity against E. coli is a good predictor of activity against Gram-negative rather than Gram-positive bacteria. Further investigation is in progress on C. triflora and H. roeperianum, both of which had promising activities and potential safety based on cytotoxicity.
Prevention of food spoilage and food poisoning pathogens is usually achieved by use of chemical preservatives which have negative impacts including: human health hazards of the chemical applications, chemical residues in food & feed chains and acquisition of microbial resistance to the used chemicals. Because of such concerns, the necessity to find a potentially effective, healthy safer and natural alternative preservatives is increased. Within these texts, Plant extracts have been used to control food poisoning diseases and preserve foodstuff. Antimicrobial activity of five plant extracts were investigated against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi using agar disc diffusion technique. Ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinales and Thymus vulgairs were potentially effective with variable efficiency against the tested bacterial strains at concentration of 10 mg/ml while extract of Cuminum cyminum was only effective against S. aureus respectively. P. granatum and S. aromaticum ethanolic extracts were the most effective plant extracts and showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against the highly susceptible strains of food borne pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus and P. aeruginosa) with MIC's ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 mg/ml and MBC of 5.0 and 10 mg/ml except P. aeruginosa which was less sensitive and its MBC reached to 12.5 mg/ml of S. aromaticum respectively. These plant extracts which proved to be potentially effective can be used as natural alternative preventives to control food poisoning diseases and preserve food stuff avoiding healthy hazards of chemically antimicrobial agent applications.
Cattle manure harbors microbial constituents that make it a potential source of pollution in the environment and infections in humans. Knowledge of, and microbial assessment of, manure is crucial in a bid to prevent public health and environmental hazards through the development of better management practices and policies that should govern manure handling. Physical, chemical and biological methods to reduce pathogen population in manure do exist, but are faced with challenges such as cost, odor pollution, green house gas emission, etc. Consequently, anaerobic digestion of animal manure is currently one of the most widely used treatment method that can help to salvage the above-mentioned adverse effects and in addition, produces biogas that can serve as an alternative/complementary source of energy. However, this method has to be monitored closely as it could be fraught with challenges during operation, caused by the inherent characteristics of the manure. In addition, to further reduce bacterial pathogens to a significant level, anaerobic digestion can be combined with other methods such as thermal, aerobic and physical methods. In this paper, we review the bacterial composition of cattle manure as well as methods engaged in the control of pathogenic microbes present in manure and recommendations that need to be respected and implemented in order to prevent microbial contamination of the environment, animals and humans.
p class="Pa3" style="text-align: justify;"> Se determinó la eficacia del extracto natural de Verbena officinalis L. y de Ruta graveolens L. en el control in vitro de la garrapata adulta Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) microplus . El extracto de cada planta se obtuvo mediante la técnica de maceración. Para las pruebas, se utilizaron garrapatas adultas de dos tamaños (pequeñas y medianas), que fueron expuestas a los extractos de cada planta, utilizando la técnica de inmersión de garrapatas adultas. A las 24, 48, 72 y 96 h de exposición, se realizó la lectura de mortalidad, donde se tomó como mínimo eficaz una mortalidad de 60%. Las pruebas iniciales se realizaron con extractos puros y cuando éstos mostraban eficacia se procedía a realizar diluciones crecientes, hasta encontrar la concentración mínima eficaz. Las pruebas fueron realizadas en clima frío. El extracto de R. graveolens (ruda) mostró efectividad en garrapata pequeña y mediana, sólo con el extracto puro; V. officinalis (verbena negra) mostró eficacia sobre garrapata pequeña y mediana en la dilución 5:10. V. officinalis mostró mayor eficacia y se observó que los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con las mayores concentraciones. </p
Context: Insects can be the cause of major ecological problems; they can transmit microbes and parasites that affect humans, and damage food crops, trees, and homes. The total economic cost of insect-related damage and disease is immeasurable. In traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), several medicinal plants have been identified as insecticides or insect repellents, but many of them are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the insecticidal or insect repellent activity of certain medicinal plants described in TIM.
Evidence Acquisition: Information about medicinal plants proposed as insecticides and insect repellents in the TIM was collected from the TIM literature, and searched in modern medical databases to find studies that confirmed their efficacy.
Results: Modern investigations have supported the claims of the insecticidal activity of several plants, including Allium sativum, Artemisia absinthium, Citrullus colocynthis, Laurus nobilis, Mentha pulegium, Myrtus communis, Nerium oleander, Ocimum basilicum, and Origanum majorana. However, in the cases of plants like Iris florentina and Malva sylvestris, there is not enough evidence in modern medicine to prove their effectiveness with regard to their insecticidal and insect repellent activities.
Conclusions: This study confirmed the Iranian traditional medicine claims of the insecticidal and insect repellent activity of certain plants. Further pharmacological and clinical studies are recommended to evaluate the overall efficacy and possible mechanisms underlying these herbs.
The present work is a compilation of verified cases of biological activity of extracts and substances of vegetal origin used to control weeds, plagues, and diseases in agricultural sector. It may be evidenced that one of the families with a high number of reports on biological activity is Piperaceae that turns it to be one of most promissory for search extracts o compounds that have applications in the solution of plant health problems.
Due to the importance of Piperaceae family and, especially, Piper genus, the investigation groups BioGuavio/AgroUDEC of the University of Cundinamarca and Chemical Study and Biological Activity of Colombian Rutaceae and Myristicaceae of National University of Colombia with the support of Colciencias developed the project “Participative bioprospecting of plant communities associated with Piperaceae family in
occidental medium and low Sumapaz region” in order to identify and verify, in the prospected species, applications of interest in the agricultural sector.
Objective: To determine the mosquito repellent activity of herbal essential oils against female
Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.
Methods: On a volunteer’s forearm, 0.1 mL of each essential oil was applied to 3 cm伊10 cm of
exposed skin. The protection time was recorded for 3 min after every 30 min.
Results: Essential oil from clove oil in olive oil and in coconut oil gave the longest lasting period
of 76.50 min and 96.00 min respectively against Aedes aegypti. The citronella grass oil in olive oil,
citronella grass oil in coconut oil and lemongrass oil in coconut oil exhibited protection against
Culex quinquefasciatus at 165.00, 105.00, and 112.50 min respectively.
Conclusions: The results clearly indicated that clove, citronella and lemongrass oil were the
most promising for repellency against mosquito species. These oils could be used to develop a
new formulation to control mosquitoes.
The study was designed to determine the presence of Vibrio cholerae from the environment in close proximity with livestock in Zaria, Kaduna state. Three hundred and thirty six environmental samples comprising soil, water, manure and vegetables were collected from some selected households in Zaria covering Zaria city, Sabo and Samaru from April to October 2006 and analyzed for the presence of Vibrio cholerae, one of the etiologic agent of gastroenteritis. Twelve Vibrios exhibiting characteristics of Vibrio cholerae were identified using biochemical techniques. Serological identification confirmed 5 (41.7%) of these isolates as Vibrio, 1 (20%) as Vibrio serogroup O1, Ogawa biotype. A 0.59% prevalence was obtained for this pathogen in the study. The 0.59% isolation rate though low is significant considering it's source being animal, since livestock keeping is a common feature in the study location, with animals living in close proximity to man. This work is therefore imperative. Animals are a point source of contamination of enteric pathogens, therefore extensive management system and proper treatment of animal manure is recommended before its use as fertilizer.
Infestations with cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus constitute the most important ectoparasite problem
in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, resulting in major economic losses in the cattle production. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of ixodicides. Nevertheless, the irrational use of such products has resulted in tick populations exhibiting resistance to all major ixodicide drug classes. This has urged the development of control alternatives, including the use of animal husbandry practices, selection of tick-resistant cattle breeds, plant extracts, grassland management, vaccination (anti-tick vaccine) and biological control. Integrated tick management consists of the proper combination of at least two control tools aiming to destabilize the constitution of populations with higher proportions of genetically-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present an updated review on the use of di�erent integrated tick control for the control of R. microplus in the cattle livestock.
In this paper, we have studied the essential oils chemical composition of the leaves of seven Eucalyptus species developed in Tunisia. Eucalyptus leaves were picked from trees growing in different arboretums in Tunisia. Choucha and Mrifeg arboretums located in Sedjnene, region of Bizerte (Choucha: E. maideni, E. astrengens et E. cinerea; Mrifeg : E. leucoxylon), Korbous arboretums located in the region of Nabeul, North East Tunisia with sub-humid bioclimate, (E. lehmani), Souiniet-Ain Drahem arboretum located in region of Jendouba (E. sideroxylon, E. bicostata). Essential oils were individually tested against a large panel of microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6539), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), Listeria ivanovii (RBL 30), Bacillus cereus (ATCC11778).
The yield of essential oils ranged from 1.2% to 3% (w/w) for the different Eucalyptus species. All essential oils contain α-pinene, 1,8-cineol and pinocarveol-trans for all Eucalyptus species studied. The 1,8-cineol was the major compound in all species (49.07 to 83.59%). Diameter of inhibition zone of essential oils of Eucalyptus species varied from 10 to 29 mm. The largest zone of inhibition was obtained for Bacillus cereus (E. astrengens) and the lowest for Staphylococcus aureus (E. cinerea). The essential oils from E. maideni, E. astrengens, E. cinerea (arboretum of Bizerte), E. bicostata (arboretum of Aindraham) showed the highest antibacterial activity against Listeria ivanovii and Bacillus cereus.
The major constituents of Eucalyptus leaves essential oils are 1,8-cineol (49.07 to 83.59%) and α-pinene (1.27 to 26.35%). The essential oils from E. maideni, E. astrengens, E. cinerea, E. bicostata showed the highest antibacterial activity against Listeria ivanovii and Bacillus cereus, they may have potential applications in food and pharmaceutical products.
The concern over antibiotic resistance has been voiced since the discovery of modern antibiotics > 75 years ago. The concerns have only increased with time, with efforts to control resistance caused by widespread overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and far more than appreciated use in the feeding of animals for human consumption to promote growth. The problem is worldwide, but certain regions and selected health care institutions report far more resistance, including strains of Gram-negative bacteria that are susceptible only to the once discarded drugs polymyxin B or colistin, and pan-resistant strains are on the rise. One of the central efforts to control resistance, apart from antimicrobial stewardship, is the development of new antimicrobial agents. This has lagged significantly over the past 10 - 15 years, for a variety of reasons; but promising new agents are being developed, unfortunately none thus far addressing all potentially resistant strains. There is the unlikely, but not unreal, possibility that we could return to a pre-antibiotic era, where morbidity and mortality rates have risen dramatically and routine surgical procedures are not performed for fear of post-operative infections. The onus of control of resistance is a moral imperative that falls on the shoulders of all.
In the search for alternatives to conventional insecticides, essential oils extracted from aromatic plants have been widely investigated. Their toxicities toward insects were of special interest during the last decade. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the data published mostly in the past 10 years on aromatic plant and plant’s essential oils that have been reported to possess insecticidal activity and practical methods and recent techniques for screening these compounds. The review refers to 230 plants, their geographical distribution and the organism tested. Some aspects of recent insecticidal activity directed research on natural products are discussed.
The use of synthetic pesticides and repellents to target pests of veterinary and medical significance is becoming increasingly problematic. One alternative approach employs the bioactive attributes of plant-derived products (PDPs). These are particularly attractive on the grounds of low mammalian toxicity, short environmental persistence and complex chemistries that should limit development of pest resistance against them.
Several pesticides and repellents based on PDPs are already available, and in some cases widely utilised, in modern pest management. Many more have a long history of traditional use in poorer areas of the globe where access to synthetic pesticides is often limited. Preliminary studies support that PDPs could be more widely used to target numerous medical and veterinary pests, with modes of action often specific to invertebrates.
Though their current and future potential appears significant, development and deployment of PDPs to target veterinary and medical pests is not without issue. Variable efficacy is widely recognised as a restraint to PDPs for pest control. Identifying and developing natural bioactive PDP components in place of chemically less-stable raw or 'whole’ products seems to be the most popular solution to this problem. A limited residual activity, often due to photosensitivity or high volatility, is a further drawback in some cases (though potentially advantageous in others). Nevertheless, encapsulation technologies and other slow-release mechanisms offer strong potential to improve residual activity where needed.
The current review provides a summary of existing use and future potential of PDPs against ectoparasites of veterinary and medical significance. Four main types of PDP are considered (pyrethrum, neem, essential oils and plant extracts) for their pesticidal, growth regulating and repellent or deterrent properties. An overview of existing use and research for each is provided, with direction to more extensive reviews given in many sections. Sections to highlight potential issues, modes of action and emerging and future potential are also included.
Twelve medicinal plants and a commercially used drug Ivermectin were examined for insecticidal activity against Melophagus ovinus sheep ked at different time intervals using in vitro adult immersion test. The findings show that at 3.13 µL/mL, 6.25 µL/mL and 12.5 µL/mL concentration of Cymbopogon citratus, Foeniculum vulgare and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils respectively, recorded 100% mortalities against M. ovinus within 3 hour of exposure. Significantly higher insecticidal activity of essential oils was recorded (
P
=
0.00
) when compared to 10 μg/mL Ivermectin after 3-hour exposure of M. ovinus at a concentration of ≥1.57 μL/mL, ≥3 μL/mL, and ≥12.7 μL/mL essential oils of C. citratus, F. vulgare, and E. globulus, respectively. Among essential oils, C. citratus has showed superior potency at a three-hour exposure of the parasite (
P
=
0.00
) at a concentration of ≥0.78 μL/mL. Strong antiparasitic activity was recorded by aqueous extract of Calpurnia aurea (80% mortality) at a concentration of 200 mg/mL within 24 h among aqueous extracts of 9 medicinal plants. The results indicated all the four medicinal plants, particularly those tested essential oils, can be considered as potential candidates for biocontrol of M. ovinus sheep ked.
Plants have been used for thousands of years to flavor and conserve food, to treat health disorders and to prevent diseases including epidemics. The knowledge of their healing properties has been transmitted over the centuries within and among human communities. Active compounds produced during secondary vegetal metabolism are usually responsible for the biological properties of some plant species used throughout the globe for various purposes, including treatment of infectious diseases. Currently, data on the antimicrobial activity of numerous plants, so far considered empirical, have been scientifically confirmed, concomitantly with the increasing number of reports on pathogenic microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials. Products derived from plants may potentially control microbial growth in diverse situations and in the specific case of disease treatment, numerous studies have aimed to describe the chemical composition of these plant antimicrobials and the mechanisms involved in microbial growth inhibition, either separately or associated with conventional antimicrobials. Thus, in the present work, medicinal plants with emphasis on their antimicrobial properties are reviewed.
Background: Medicinal plants are considered new resources for producing agents that could act as alternatives to antibiotics in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 28 plant extracts and oils against four Gram-negative bacterial species.
Methods: Experimental, in vitro, evaluation of the activities of 28 plant extracts and oils as well as some antibiotics against E. coli O157:H7, Yersinia
enterocolitica O9, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella
pneumoniae was performed. The activity against 15 isolates of each bacterium was determined by disc diffusion method at a concentration of 5%. Microdilution susceptibility assay was used in order to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the plant extracts, oils, and antibiotics.
Results: Among the evaluated herbs, only Origanum syriacum L., Thymus syriacus Boiss., Syzygium aromaticum L., Juniperus foetidissima Wild, Allium sativum L., Myristica fragrans Houtt, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. essential oils and Laurus nobilis L. plant extract showed anti-bacterial activity. The MIC50 values of these products against the Gram-negative organisms varied from 1.5 (Proteus spp. and K. pneumoniae( and 6.25 µl/ml (Yersinia
enterocolitica O9 ) to 12.5 µl/ml (E. coli O:157).
Conclusion: Among the studied essential oils, O. syriacum L., T. syriacus Boiss., C. zeylanicum L., and S. aromaticum L. essential oils were the most effective. Moreover, Cephalosporin and Ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics against almost all the studied bacteria. Therefore, O. syriacum L., T. syriacus Boiss., C. zeylanicum L., and S. aromaticum L. could act as bactericidal agents against Gram-negative bacteria.
Infectious diseases are one of the major problems in developing as well as developed countries. Traditional medicinal plants are widely used to treat the microbial diseases due to their rich source of antimicrobial activity and less cost. The different plant parts such as seed, fruit, root, bark, stem, leaf and even the whole plant were extracted using different solvents like ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone, petroleum ether, alcohol, and ethyl acetate. These extracts were tested by diffusion method against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi to assess their antimicrobial activity. This review provides a lucid data of nearly 70 traditional medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity and this would open up the scope for further analysis of medicinal plant extracts to develop effective antimicrobial drugs.
To evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the methanolic extracts from Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) plant seeds against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi) mosquitoes at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm).
M. oleifera was collected from the area of around Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electrical blender. From each sample, 100 g of the plant material were extracted with 300 mL of methanol for 8 h in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator to yield 122 mg and 110 mg of dark greenish material (residue) from Arcang amara and Ocimum basilicum, respectively. One gram of the each plant residue was dissolved separately in 100 mL of acetone (stock solution) from which different concentrations, i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm were prepared.
Larvicidal activity of M. oleifera exhibited in the first to fourth instar larvae of the A. stephensi, and the LC50 and LC90 values were 57.79 ppm and 125.93 ppm for the first instar, 63.90 ppm and 133.07 ppm for the second instar, 72.45 ppm and 139.82 ppm for the third instar, 78.93 ppm and 143.20 ppm for the fourth instar, respectively. During the pupal stage the methanolic extract of M. oleifera showed that the LC50 and LC90 values were 67.77 ppm and 141.00 ppm, respectively.
The present study indicates that the phytochemicals derived from M. oleifera seeds extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents and the plant extracts may be used for further integrated pest management programs.
Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemicals, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be engineered genetically, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants against are challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Antibiotic use plays a major role in the emerging public health crisis of antibiotic resistance. Although the majority of antibiotic use occurs in agricultural settings, relatively little attention has been paid to how antibiotic use in farm animals contributes to the overall problem of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this review is to summarize literature on the role of antibiotics in the development of resistance and its risk to human health. We searched multiple databases to identify major lines of argument supporting the role of agricultural antibiotic use in the development of resistance and to summarize existing regulatory and policy documents. Several lines of reasoning support the conclusion that agricultural antibiotics are associated with resistance, yet most public policy is based on expert opinion and consensus. Finally, we propose strategies to address current gaps in knowledge.
The evolution of resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to synthetic acaricides has given rise to the need for new scientific investigations on alternative ways to control this tick. In this regard, various studies on plants have been developed in an attempt to find extracts with acaricidal properties. Evaluations on plant extracts for controlling R. (B.) microplus have grown intensely over the last decade. There are many advantages from using plant extracts: for example, they can be used in organic cattle farming or even replace synthetic acaricides and they are associated with lower environmental and food contamination, slower development of resistance and lower toxicity to animals and humans. In vitro studies on plant extracts have shown promising results, but most of these extracts have not been tested on animals to validate their use. Difficulties in preparing proper formulations, differences in the chemical composition of plants of the same species due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors and sparse information on active acaricide compounds are hindrances that need to be addressed in order to enable progress within this scientific field.
Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Recently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among consumers, as these are commonly perceived as "safe" in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents although this is sometimes a misconception. To date insufficient studies have followed standard WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. This paper presents a summary of recent information on testing, efficacy and safety of plant-based repellents as well as promising new developments in the field.
La creciente demanda de garantías de inocuidad y seguridad alimentaria para la comercialización y exportación de productos hortofrutícolas para consumo en fresco, así como la necesidad de una conciencia mundial sobre revertir la grave tendencia actual hacia el deterioro ambiental y de la salud de los consumidores por el uso indiscriminado de insecticidas, pesticidas y plaguicidas, han puesto de relieve la importancia de modificar las formas de control fitosanitario pre y poscosecha de frutas, a través de la aplicación exógena de biomoléculas con actividad insecticida o bien promoviendo el aprovechamiento in situ de bioinsecticidas naturales. En el presente artículo se describen algunos tipos de biomoléculas presentes en plantas, que han mostrado actividad insecticida o fitotóxica, probados en diferentes bioensayos con el propósito de desarrollar métodos efectivos de control de plagas.
The compounds generated by the metabolism of plants have different properties such as antimicrobial like a repellents which can be used by itself to control biotic factors which are affect the quality. The presence of diseases in agricultural crops is one of the main causes of production losses, because the microorganisms are affecting the organoleptic and visual quality of the fruits. In dry arid zonez, the conditions like salinity, high and low temperatures, among other abiotic factors promoted in wild plants the expression of compounds such as essential oils, which can be used in in vitro and in vivo conditions for growth inhibition of phytopathogenic to generate effects fungicides, fungistatic, bactericidal. The use of these products to controll diseases in fruit and vegetable products, is a an alternative option to the use of chemical pesticides. However, the literature is limited when it comes to auscultating information related with pests and diseases considering desert plants such as those growhted in natural conditions in dry arid zones.
The Essential Oils (EOs) from the leaves of species Cinnamomum verum J. Presl are used in the pharmaceutical industry for their numerous biological activities. Currently, the main compound of C. verum EO is eugenol which has acaricidal activity; however, a rare chemotype with benzyl benzoate as the main component can be found. Benzyl benzoate is recognized as an acaricide; however, studies of the C. verum EOs benzyl benzoate chemotype on Rhipicephalus microplus were not reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricide activity of an EO from a rare chemotype of C. verum, as well as purified benzyl benzoate, against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus resistant to amidines and pyrethroids. The EO was extracted from C. verum leaves and the compounds present were identified using a gas phase chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. Efficacy against R. microplus was assessed by the larval packet and the engorged female immersion tests. A rare chemotype of C. verum was found to produce EOs with benzyl benzoate (65.4%) as the main compound. The C. verum essential oil was 3.3 times more efficient on the R. microplus larvae than was benzyl benzoate. However, no differences were found on the R. microplus engorged females. This is the first report regarding the acaricidal activity of C. verum with chemotype benzyl benzoate, and this compound showed acaricidal activity on R. microplus larvae.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of larva and adult forms of Alphitobius diaperinus treated with cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil on its free form, nanoemulsion (NE), and nanocapsule (NC), as well as the effect of these treatments on the edaphic fauna using springtails of Folsomia candida (ISO) as a model. The tests with larvae and adults were performed using 1, 5, and 10% of the cinnamon essential oil, and 0.5, 1, and 5% of NE and NC containing 5% of cinnamon essential oil. To validate the test, three controls were used: only oil diluent (Triton), blank nanoemulsion (without oil) and blank nanocapsule (without oil). Cinnamon essential oil at 5 and 10% caused mortality in larva and adult forms of A. diaperinus. The NE (1%) and NC (5%) caused mortality in both phases of A. diaperinus life cycle. After these promising findings, more studies were conducted to verify the ecotoxicological effect of the cinnamon oil. For this, a Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS) was used with different doses of cinnamon oil, NE and NC, using springtails of F. candida. The use of cinnamon oil, even in very low concentrations (25 mg kg− 1), on its original form significantly affected springtails survival and reproduction. However, the nanostructuring process seemed to minimize this toxic effect without affecting its insecticidal action. In summary, the pure oil and NE containing cinnamon oil showed effect against A. diaperinus, and may be considered an alternative to control this infestation.
Mastitis is a disease complex that assumes highest clinical and economic significance in milch animals particularly medium to high yielding dairy cattle, usually in and around periparturient period. The disease is the infection of milk synthesizing alveolar tissue and is clinically manifested by gross abnormality of milk associated with pathological changes of udder in the form of pain, udder edema, fibrosis, and indurations, the extent depending on the severity of infection. Sub-clinical mastitis remains to be an obscure and latent form of this disease that poses more serious economic concern to the dairy livestock sector, as the incidence is much higher in a dairy herd than the clinical one. Sub-clinical mastitis accounts 40 times more than the clinical mastitis in dairy herds. Even though great technological advances have been made, mastitis continues to be a major economic issue for dairy producers, necessitating researchers and dairy advisors continue to refine the recommended mastitis control programme.
An obvious need for an updated and comprehensive study prompted this investigation of the complex of environmental and economic costs resulting from the nation’s dependence on pesticides. Included in this assessment of an estimated 1.1 billion year; pesticide resistance in pests, 1.4 billion; bird losses due to pesticides, 2.0 billion.
Objective
To evaluate the repellent activity of Eucalyptus and Azadirachta indica (A. indica) seed oil against filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) from Purulia district of the West Bengal state, India.Methods
The repellent activity of Eucalyptus and A. indica seed oils (using coconut oil base) against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito were evaluated in indoor conditions. Three concentrations, 0%, 50% and 100% (v/v) of both the agents were considered in the studies. The protection percentage was determined, and the protection time was recorded.ResultsThe test oils showed excellent repellent action against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The A. indica seed oil provided 90.26% and 88.83% protection, and the Eucalyptus oil 93.37% and 92.04%, at concentrations 50% and 100% (v/v), respectively, with the protection time up to 240 min. There was no bite within 120 min and 180 min, respectively, due to the action of Eucalyptus and A. indica seed oil, and thus 100% protection from the bite of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito was achieved.Conclusions
The present study clearly demonstrates the potential of Eucalyptus and A. indica seed oils as topical repellents against Cx. quinquefasciatus, the mosquito vector of filariasis.
The essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) was evaluated for its chemical composition and insecticidal activity against the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Chemical composition of E. globulus oil revealed 1,8-cineole (33.6%), α-pinene (14.2%) and d-limonene (10.1%) as major constituents, while vapour profile of E. globulus oil determined through solid phase microextraction (SPME) analysis showed 1,8-cineole (56.5%), α-pinene (16.9%), d-limonene (5.5%) and linalool acetate (3.4%) as principal components. Vapour phase of the oil showed increase in the contents of oxygenated monoterpenes. Insecticidal activity of E. globulus oil was assessed against larvae and pupae of housefly, through two different bioassays: contact toxicity and fumigation. Contact toxicity assay with larva showed lethal concentration, LC(50), between 2.73 and 0.60μl/cm(2) for different observation days while lethal time, LT(50), varied between 6.0 and 1.7 days. In fumigant assay for housefly larvae, LC(50) values of 66.1 and 50.1μl/l were obtained in 24h and 48h, respectively. Oil treated larvae showed surface shrinkage, spinous cells proliferation and bleb formation in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Pupicidal effectivity was measured in terms of percentage inhibition rate (PIR) which was 36.0-93.0% for contact toxicity and 67.9-100% for fumigation toxicity assay. Considerable activity of E. globulus oil against larvae and pupae of housefly demonstrates its potentiality as a viable option for the development of eco-friendly product for housefly control.
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