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Personality Traits Predicting Attitudes toward Sports-Betting among Youths
in Ibadan, Nigeria
ArticleinAcademic Psychiatry · December 2019
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Academic Psychiatry and Psychology Journal (APPJ)
Vol.36 No.1 January – April 2020
-
64
64
Personality Traits Predicting Attitudes toward Sports-Betting among Youths
in Ibadan, Nigeria
Olusola Ayandele*
Olufemi K. Aramide**
Abstract
Objective: Thisresearchaims at studying attitudes toward sports betting and investigating
the relationship between demographic variable,personality traits and attitudes toward sports
betting amonga sample of Nigerian youths in Ibadan metropolis.
Method: Cross-sectional data on personality traits and attitudes toward sports betting were
obtained from a convenient sample of 931 (56.1% male, Mean age = 21.78, SD = 2.85)
respondents at The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria between January and February 2019.
The 20-item mini International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP) and modified 8-item
Attitudes towards Gambling Scales (ATGS-8) accessed personality traits and attitudes
toward sports betting, respectively.
Results:The mean ATGS-8 score for all respondents is 23.8, which is to the negative side
of the neutral point of 24. Bivariate correlations indicated significant relationships among
the variables and a multivariate analysis revealed that openness, conscientiousness,
extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism jointly predicted attitudes toward sports betting
(R = .22; R2 = .05; F (5,889) = 8.54; P<.01) and contributed 5% of the change observed
in attitudes toward sports betting. Only extroversion ( β = .21, t=6.14, p<01) emerged as
independent predictor of attitudes toward sports betting among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria
while openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism were not independent
predictors of the attitudes toward sports betting among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Conclusion: Youths in Ibadan, Nigeria have slightly negative attitudes toward sports betting.
Extroversion trait is a significant predictor of attitudes toward sports betting. Findings were
discussed in line with existing literature and recommendations and suggestions for further
studies were made.
Keywords: Personality, Attitudes, Sports betting, Gambling, Youths
Submission: October 9, 2019_Revision received: October 29, 2019_Accepted submission: December 10, 2019
* M.Sc, Psychologist. The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: solaayan@gmail.com
** Ph.D., Chief Lecturer. The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Personality Traits Predicting Attitudes toward Sports-Betting among Youths
in Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
Objective: This research aims at studying attitudes toward sports betting and investigating
the relationship between demographic variable, personality traits and attitudes toward sports
betting among a sample of Nigerian youths in Ibadan metropolis.
Method: Cross-sectional data on personality traits and attitudes toward sports betting were
obtained from a convenient sample of 931 (56.1% male, Mean age = 21.78, SD = 2.85)
respondents at The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria between January and February 2019. The
20-item mini International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP) and modified 8-item Attitudes
towards Gambling Scales (ATGS-8) accessed personality traits and attitudes toward sports
betting, respectively.
Results: The mean ATGS-8 score for all respondents is 23.8, which is to the negative side
of the neutral point of 24. Bivariate correlations indicated significant relationships among the
variables and a multivariate analysis revealed that openness, conscientiousness,
extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism jointly predicted attitudes toward sports betting
(R = .22; R2 = .05; F (5,889) = 8.54; P<.01) and contributed 5% of the change observed in
attitudes toward sports betting. Only extroversion (β = .21, t=6.14, p<01) emerged as
independent predictor of attitudes toward sports betting among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria
while openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism were not independent
predictors of the attitudes toward sports betting among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Conclusion: Youths in Ibadan, Nigeria have slightly negative attitudes toward sports betting.
Extroversion trait is a significant predictor of attitudes toward sports betting. Findings were
discussed in line with existing literature and recommendations and suggestions for further
studies were made.
Keywords: Personality, Attitudes, Sports betting, Gambling, Youths
Submission : October 9,2019
Revision received :October 29,2019
Accepted submission : December 10,2019
2
Introduction
The current generation of Nigerian youths has been exposed to various gambling
activities since childhood. Sports betting, a form of gambling, has become a very popular
and widely accepted pastime among youths and adults in Nigeria.1 Football viewing centers,
apart from being used to watch European leagues and other sporting competitions, are now
also used for placing bets on sports matches. Many adults and youths in south western
Nigeria engage in sports betting and other forms of gambling, such as dice betting, online
gambling, lotto, and casino.2 Sports betting and these forms of gambling are acts of risking
the loss of something of small value (usually money) in an exchange, based on chance and
uncertainty, for winning something of greater value (usually money) in future time.3
Empirical evidence revealed that gambling prevalence ranges from 78% in Finland4, 76.9%
in United States5, 73% in Britain6, 62% in Hong Kong7, 44% in Singapore8 and 53% in
Nigeria1. A data report from PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) revealed that leading sports
betting companies in Nigeria makes an average monthly turnover of $15 million in 2014.9 A
Betting Poll conducted by NOIPolls in July 2017 revealed that about 60 million Nigerians
between the ages 18 and 40 years spend up to N1.8 billion Naira (about $49 million) on
sports betting daily.1 Some frequent gamblers, especially young adults10, have become
addicted to gambling and always have an urge to gamble continuously despite harmful
negative consequences or a desire to stop.4-6,8,10,11. For example, 1.5% of male British
gamblers6, 41% of Asian gamblers in Canada12, and 13% of gamblers in South Africa13 had
experienced gambling problems.
Personality traits refer to the behaviors, attitudes and actions used in describing an
individual. The Big Five model of personality describes the consistent patterns of thought,
feelings or actions that distinguish people from one another.14 It is made-up of openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism traits. According to the Big
Five model, Openness to experience is related to being creative, curious, intellectual, and
independent-minded. Conscientiousness implies a high level of control over the impulses
directed at facilitating task- and goal-oriented behaviors and is linked to being dutiful,
organized and responsible. Extraversion describes an energetic approach towards the world
and includes features such as sociability, talkativeness, gregariousness and assertiveness.
Agreeableness describes a pro-social and communal orientation, as opposed to antagonism,
and is associated with being generous and willing to compromise. Neuroticism, as
contrasted with emotional stability, is associated with anxiety, irritability, sadness, being
3
easily upset and more generally with negative emotionality.15 Due to its large heritability
coefficients, prior existence to adult social experiences and stability during adulthood16, it is
an important psychological factor that influences human behavior17 and makes an attractive
explanation of social attitudes and behavior.
Attitudes refer to a ‘readiness to act’ and are considered to be influential on the
behavior of an individual. One’s attitudes are determined by one’s beliefs or knowledge
(correct and incorrect, explicit and implied) about the behavior and the perceived costs and
benefits of engaging in it.18 Individual differences such as gender, age, social-economic
status, marital status, religiosity, religious affiliation, ethnicity, personality traits, and belief in
luck tend to play important roles in explaining attitudes and the risk for developing addictive
behavior, likewise social factors, including parenting, family background and peer influence.
Therefore personality, sociological, political and economic factors are identified as important
drivers of variation in social attitudes.19 Among the aforementioned, personality traits are the
preferred predictors that can shape both the behavioral outcomes to situational features and
the intensity of the responses.20
Literature Review
Previous empirical studies12,21,22 demonstrated positive associations between
gambling-related attitudes, frequency of gambling and gambling problems. This shows that
people who had more favorable attitudes towards gambling were more likely to participate in
gambling activities and to have gambling-related problems. Though attitudes are not the only
factors that affect behaviors; behaviors are the results of the interaction among personality,
attitudes, memory, environment and expectations.23 But due to the significant impact of
attitudes in explaining and predicting behavior, the balance of various views about the
various forms of gambling (sports betting) could affect attitudes that individuals hold,
whether positive or negative about gambling (sports betting), and ultimately influences their
decisions to engage in gambling (sports betting).24
Studies6,21,25-27 have established gender differences in attitudes toward sports betting
across different countries with young males typically holding more positive attitudes toward
gambling than females. A study by Hanss and colleague25 using cross-sectional data from
2055 representative sample of 17-year-olds in Norway revealed that males have more
favorable attitudes toward gambling than females. In South Africa, male black university
students were found to have more positive attitudes toward gambling than their female
counterparts.26 Likewise in Nigeria, male respondents have more positive attitudes toward
4
sports betting than females.27 Age difference was similarly noted as older students tend to
report more positive attitudes toward sports betting than younger students,12,28 especially
those older than 21 years of age.27,29
Personality and attitude are both intrinsic factors that can have influence on
behavior. Personality traits are among the factors that may play an important role in
explaining attitudes toward sports betting. Research has shown that attitudes towards
gambling tend to be related to risk-taking and liberalism.26 A study that investigated
neuroticism and gregariousness (a sub-dimension of extraversion) revealed that those with
higher scores on those personality traits had more positive attitudes toward gambling
compared to those with lower scores on the corresponding traits.30 Furthermore, Hanss and
colleagues25 disclosed that impulsivity and some of the Big Five personality traits, especially
agreeableness traits, have significant and positive correlation with attitudes toward gambling
and predict adolescent gambling involvement.
The relationship between personality and attitude is supported by Bem’s self-
perception theory31 which postulates that individuals typically infer which attitudes they
possess based on their own behavior, without any preceding unpleasant cognitions or
feelings. Hence this theory is able to use internal factors to explain attitude formation and
predict relationship between personality traits and attitude. The self-perception theory implies
that personality traits play an important role in determining people’s attitudes and attitudes
can influence their intentions to act and their actual behavior.31
Understanding which personality characteristics of youths in Nigeria are related to a
higher relative likelihood of positive attitudes toward sports betting and a higher relative
likelihood of gambling involvement is therefore critical. However, despite the increasing
popularity and increasing risk of sports betting among youthful populations, research
specifically among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria is scarce. Review of the literature and self-
perception theory implied that personality traits may be among the determinants of attitudes
toward sports betting. As suggested by Gupta and colleagues11, investigating personality
traits in young people has the potential to provide unique insights into the interaction
between personality and attitudes toward sports betting because it is likely that gambling
behavior has not yet significantly impacted personality characteristics at this youthful age.
Hence, in order to guide the direction of this study, a research question was formulated to
determine the attitudes of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria toward sports betting, and two
hypotheses were formulated to identify the personality traits that relate with attitudes toward
5
sports betting and those personality traits likely to predict attitudes toward sports betting
among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Research question and hypotheses
Research Question: What is the attitude of youths in Ibadan, Nigeria toward sports betting?
Hypothesis 1: Demographic variables (age and gender) and personality traits (openness,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) would have a significant
relationship to attitudes toward sports betting among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Hypothesis 2: Domains of personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion,
agreeableness and neuroticism) would jointly and independently predict attitudes toward
sports betting among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods
Design and sampling: This study adopted cross-sectional survey design to examine the
influence of personality traits on sports betting attitude among a convenient sample of nine
hundred and thirty one (931) participants (56.1% male, Mean age = 21.78, Mode = 20.0,
S.D. = 2.85) at The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected from January to
February 2019, only from students between the ages of 18 and 25, the age range
commonly used to define young adulthood (Arnett 2010). A multistage sampling technique
was adopted in the study to determine participants’ selection. In stage one, three faculties
were randomly selected (ballot method) from the available five faculties at the school
resulting in the selection of the Faculties of Business/Communication, Engineering, and
Financial Management. A total of 1050 questionnaires were distributed at the rate of 350
questionnaires per faculty. In the second stage, participants were selected using convenient
sampling technique from the population of students who were enrolled in introductory
psychology courses. Convenience sampling is deemed appropriate for cross-sectional
survey when the study is intended to test the relationship among variables, and not to
provide point estimates.32
Instruments: The data reported were a subset of a multiple study27 on factors associated
with gambling among Nigerian youths. The focus at this phase was to identify the
personality traits that can predict attitudes to sports betting while the relationship between
passion for the game, risk taking behavior, cognitive distortion, and problem gambling will be
the focus of the next stage. Here, we only described the measures relevant to the research
6
questions addressed in this study, i.e. gender, age, the 20-item mini International Personality
Item Pool (Mini-IPIP) and modified 8-item Attitudes towards Gambling Scales (ATGS-8)
accessed personality traits and attitudes toward sports betting respectively with age and
gender.
Personality traits were measured using the 20-item mini International Personality
Item Pool (Mini-IPIP) developed by Donnellan and colleagues.33 Mini-IPIP was used
because it is psychometrically acceptable, practically useful, short and convenient measure
of personality. Participants rated how accurately each item described them on a 5-point
scale ranging from very inaccurate (1) to very accurate (5). An index variable was computed
(mean score) for each personality trait with higher scores on the index variables indicating
greater levels of the respective traits. The psychometric properties of the Mini-IPIP revealed
the following alpha coefficients: α = .42 Openness, α = .46 Conscientiousness, α = .49
Extraversion, α = .41 Agreeableness, α = .45 Neuroticism; similar low alpha coefficients
were reported by previous studies.34
Attitudes toward sports betting were assessed using the 8-items Attitudes towards
gambling (ATGS-8) by Orford and colleagues.22, The researchers in this present study
reworded gambling items in the scale to reflect sports betting and the items were scored on
a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5) and the sum of
eight items (3 of them reverse-scored) forms a total ATGS-8 score (range 8–40).6,22 For the
single ATGS-8 items, a mean value of 3 (24 for the composite score variable) indicated
neutral attitudes, mean scores above 3 indicated increasingly favorable attitudes and scores
below 3 indicated unfavorable attitudes toward sports betting. 6,22,35 The reliability score for
the current study was 0.84 while Cronbach’s alpha for the original ATGS-8 was 0.88.22
Procedure: The study procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of
Helsinki and approved by the departmental ethics committee on August 27, 2018. The
course representatives in the selected faculties were trained by the researchers on the
questionnaires’ administration. Distribution and collection of the questionnaires were done at
the end of Introductory Psychology classes in the selected faculties between January and
February 2019. The students were informed that participation in the research is voluntary
and their responses will be kept anonymous. Those who agreed to participate signed an
informed consent form. Out of the distributed 1050 questionnaires (350 per faculty), 50
questionnaires were not returned by the students and responses from 69 students did not
7
meet the inclusion criteria and their questionnaires were excluded; only 931 properly filled
questionnaires were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.
Data analysis: Using SPSS 22, bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression
analyses were computed for the influence and significant correlation of personality traits,
age, and gender in predicting attitudes toward sports betting.
Results
The research question on the direction of attitudes toward sports betting among
youths in Ibadan, Nigeria was tested using descriptive statistics and the result is presented
in table 1.
Table 1 Means and standard deviations of ATGS-8 items (N=931)
Attitudes toward Sports Betting Items
Mean
Median
Mode
S.D.
On balance sports betting is good for society
2.58
2.00
2.00
1.23
Sports betting livens up life
2.67
2.00
2.00
1.23
Most people who play sports betting do so
sensibly
2.82
2.00
2.00
1.29
It would be better if sports betting was
banned altogether*
2.84
2.00
2.00
1.39
Sports betting should be discouraged*
2.90
2.00
2.00
1.40
People should have the right to sports betting
whenever they want
3.16
4.00
4.00
1.36
Sports betting is dangerous for family life*
3.43
4.00
4.00
1.38
There are too many opportunities for sports
betting nowadays
3.74
4.00
4.00
1.09
Composite score variable
23.80
24.00
24.00
6.41
*Reverse-coded items.
The mean value of the composite sum score variable (M= 23.80; Mode = 24.00;
S.D. = 6.41) shows that, overall, youths’ attitudes toward sports betting were slightly
negative (a value of 24 would indicate a neutral attitude and any value above 24 would
indicate a positive attitude), although the composite modal score of 24.00 reveals the
frequent occurrence of neutral attitudes toward sports betting. Analysis of the single items
showed that disapproval of gambling was expressed particularly regarding the availability of
8
gambling (currently too many opportunities), societal benefits of gambling (not good for
society), and possible negative consequences of gambling (does not liven up life, not
sensibly played, dangerous for family life). However, adolescents also expressed more
positive views concerning issues that pertain to the regulation of gambling (e.g. should not
be discouraged, should not be banned, people have rights to play sports betting). Overall,
there was marginal disapproval of sports betting as seen in the modal scores of the single
items.
Results of the zero-order correlation of the variables in table 2 show that attitudes
toward sports betting has significant and negative correlation with gender (being female) (r=-
0.18, p<0.01) and significant and positive relationships with age (r=0.09, p<0.05) and
extroversion (r=0.22, p<0.01) while no significant relationship was reported with openness,
conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism. Hypothesis one was tested and partially
supported.
Table 2 Zero-order correlation of the variables
ATGS-8
Gender
Age
Openness
Conscien-
tiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
1. ATGS-8
1
2. Gender (being female)
-.18**
1
3. Age
.09*
-.01
1
4. Openness
-.04
-.01
-.029
1
5. Conscientiousness
-.04
.00
.05
.13**
1
6. Extroversion
.22**
-.07
.08*
-.03
-.12**
1
7. Agreeableness
-.05
-.02
.08*
.21**
.18**
-.08*
1
8. Neuroticism
.05
.12**
-.04
-.09**
-.12**
.13**
.00
1
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
The result presented in Table 3 showed that openness, conscientiousness,
extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism can jointly predict attitudes toward sports
betting (R = .22; R2 = .05; F (5,889) = 8.54; P<.01) with 5% explanation of the change
observed in attitudes toward sports betting. The remaining 95% variance was accounted for
by other variables not considered in this study.
But only extroversion emerged as independent predictor of attitudes toward sports
betting among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria (β = .21, t=6.14, p<01), i.e. extroversion shown 21
standard regression coefficients which is the variance it accounted for in the attitudes toward
sports betting while openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism did not
independently predict attitudes toward sports betting. Hypothesis two was tested and
partially supported.
Table 3 Summary of Standard Multiple Regression of Attitudes toward Sports Betting
on Personality Traits
Predictors
R
R²
F
P
β
t
P
Openness
.22
.05
8.54
<.01
-.02
-.62
NS
Conscientiousness
-.01
-.14
NS
Extroversion
.21
6.14
<.01
Agreeableness
-.02
-.68
NS
Neuroticism
.02
.69
NS
R = .22; R2= .05; F (5,889)= 8.54, p<, .01
Discussion
Firstly, the means and standard deviations of the ATGS-8 items and composite score show
that attitudes toward sports betting are slightly negative among youths in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Similar results showing somewhat negative attitudes toward gambling were obtained from
the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010.6 Responses from the survey were an
interesting mixture of acceptance and rejection of the gambling ethos. The majority of the
students expressed their dissatisfaction particularly regarding the availability, societal
benefits and possible negative consequences of sports betting. Nonetheless, many students
expressed favorable views on the deregulation of sports betting. This collaborates findings
from the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 20106 where the average item scores for six
11
items lay to the negative side of the neutral point (an item score of 3) and two items are to
the positive side.
Secondly, the two demographic variables examined, i.e. age and gender, have a
significant relationship with attitudes toward sports betting. Older participants reported more
positive attitudes than younger ones to attitudes toward sports betting. This confirmed earlier
studies which claimed that older students tend to report more positive attitudes toward
sports betting than younger students. 12,27-29,35 While being a female implies more negative
attitudes toward sports betting compared to being a male. Expectedly, the result agreed with
previous studies6,21,25-27,35 which noted that young males typically hold more positive
attitudes toward gambling than females.
Another key finding is that personality traits that have been found to be important
correlates of gambling attitudes in Chinese samples were less important correlates in our
Nigerian samples. For example, Chinese studies30 have found that personality traits like
neuroticism and gregariousness (a sub-dimension of extraversion) have a relationship with
attitudes toward gambling, while extroversion is the only personality trait that has significant
and positive relationships with attitudes toward sports betting in our study.
Lastly, although all the five personality traits, i.e. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness and neuroticism, jointly predict attitudes toward sports betting, it was
discovered that after adjusting for other variables (regression analysis), only extroversion
has an independent predictive association with attitudes toward sports betting that turned
out to be significant. These findings resonate well with prior results26 which reported that
personality traits relating to gregariousness (a sub-dimension of extraversion) tend to predict
attitudes towards gambling. But the results contradicted studies36 where extroversion was
not a significant predictor of attitudes toward gambling. Although a fairly large sample and
standardized measures were used, the study is limited by its cross-sectional design; hence,
no conclusions can be drawn either in terms of causality or directionality. Another limitation
is that the scale used to measure sports betting by the researchers was adapted from
ATGS-86,22
, with the gambling items reworded to reflect sports betting, likewise the
assessment of the five personality traits in the present study had alpha coefficients below
.50, indicating low reliability. Since attitude is not the only significant factor that influences
behavior18,31, it may not always predict behavior.
Conclusion
This research implies that personality traits influence attitudes towards sports betting
and lends support to Bem’s self-perception theory.31 Conclusively, youths in Ibadan, Nigeria,
12
have slightly negative attitudes toward sports betting. Extroversion is the only personality
trait that relates and significantly predicts attitudes towards sports betting among this
sample.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank participants at the National Congress and Scientific
Conference of the Nigerian Psychological Association (NPA) held at Uyo, Nigeria, 25-29
August, 2019 for their valuable suggestions.
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