ArticlePDF Available

The COVID-19 Virtual Idea Blitz: Marshaling social entrepreneurship to rapidly respond to urgent grand challenges

Authors:

Abstract

In response to societal grand challenges, professors have unique opportunities to be changemakers, repurposing their expertise to deploy relevant, timely, practical, and research-backed knowledge for the betterment of communities. Drawing on scholarship on post-crisis organizing, entrepreneurial hustle and social entrepreneurship, we provide a first-hand, real-time case description of a three-day Virtual Idea Blitz organized in response to the COVID-19 crisis. The event was organized and executed in less than a week and ultimately involved 200 individuals including entrepreneurs, coders, medical doctors, venture capitalists, industry professionals, students and professors from around the world. By the end of the weekend, 21 ideas with corresponding pitches were developed in five thematic areas (health needs, education, small businesses, community, and purchasing). We describe how the community was rapidly rallied, and discuss the key learning outcomes of this spontaneous entrepreneurial endeavor. We provide evidence from participants and mentors that showcase the value of the time-compressed Virtual Idea Blitz in accelerating social entrepreneurial action. We offer practical guidance to academic, community and professional institutions who would like to replicate and/or build upon our approach to stimulate the formation of community and coordinating efforts to thwart the ongoing threat of COVID-19, as well as other societal challenges that might emerge in the future.
THE COVID-19 “VIRTUAL IDEA BLITZ”:
MARSHALING SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO RAPIDLY RESPOND TO
URGENT GRAND CHALLENGES
Sophie Bacq*
Kelley School of Business
Indiana University
bacqs@iu.edu
Will Geoghegan
Kelley School of Business
Indiana University
wgeoghe@iu.edu
Matthew Josefy
Kelley School of Business
Indiana University
mjosefy@iu.edu
Regan Stevenson
Kelley School of Business
Indiana University
rstev@indiana.edu
Trenton A. Williams
Kelley School of Business
Indiana University
trenwill@iu.edu
All authors contributed equally and are listed alphabetically.
*Corresponding author.
1
THE COVID-19 VIRTUAL IDEA BLITZ”:
MARSHALING SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO RAPIDLY RESPOND TO
URGENT GRAND CHALLENGES
Abstract
In response to societal grand challenges, professors have unique opportunities to be
changemakers, repurposing their expertise to deploy relevant, timely, practical, and research-
backed knowledge for the betterment of communities. Drawing on scholarship on post-crisis
organizing, entrepreneurial hustle and social entrepreneurship, we provide a first-hand, real-time
case description of a three-day Virtual Idea Blitz organized in response to the COVID-19 crisis.
The event was organized and executed in less than a week and ultimately involved 200
individuals including entrepreneurs, coders, medical doctors, venture capitalists, industry
professionals, students and professors from around the world. By the end of the weekend, 21
ideas with corresponding pitches were developed in five thematic areas (health needs, education,
small businesses, community, and purchasing). We describe how the community was rapidly
rallied, and discuss the key learning outcomes of this spontaneous entrepreneurial endeavor. We
provide evidence from participants and mentors that showcase the value of the time-compressed
Virtual Idea Blitz in accelerating social entrepreneurial action. We offer practical guidance to
academic, community and professional institutions who would like to replicate and/or build upon
our approach to stimulate the formation of community and coordinating efforts to thwart the
ongoing threat of COVID-19, as well as other societal challenges that might emerge in the
future.
KEYWORDS: COVID-19; Entrepreneurial Hustle; Grand Challenges; Social Entrepreneurship;
Virtual Idea Blitz
2
“[COVID-19] is like a natural disaster happening in slow motion. We’re often used to things like
earthquakes and hurricanes that very quickly come and then, they’re gone here we’re dealing
with the aftermath. Here we’re dealing with changes in the way we go to work and go about our
daily lives, this kind of disruption is probably going to be happening for weeks or monthsand
we’re not used to that disruption.”
(Komonews, 2020)
1. INTRODUCTION
In early 2020, the world was caught off guard as a novel coronavirus (later named COVID-
19) began to spread around the globe. The COVID-19 crisis emerged rapidly, severely disrupting
social, economic, and health systems. While this crisis emerged simultaneously across many
geographies, it had similarities to natural disasters, which are acute collectively experienced
events with sudden onset” and result in acatastrophic depletion of resources” (Kaniasty &
Norris, 1993, p. 396; Shah, 2012; USAID, 2020).
The scope of COVID-19 quickly warranted classification as a “grand challenge” to society,
a problem that, like poverty, climate change and diseases such as cancer, calls for focused effort
by entire disciplines and communities (George, Howard-Grenville, Joshi, & Tihanyi, 2016;
Hilbert & Germ, 1902). While most grand challenges are by nature longstanding and call for
multi-year coordinated efforts among corporations, governments, charities and other non-
governmental entities, the rapid spread of the deadly virus COVID-19 in late 2019 and early
2020 emerged as an urgent grand challenge with no clear solution. Thus, this pandemic led to a
global crisis that uniquely embodied both the momentary and devastating nature of a natural
disaster and the wide scope and prolonged magnitude of a grand challenge.
Surprisingly, despite the loss of resources that could prime self-interested behavior, major
crises have regularly been shown to “unleash not the criminal [in society], but the altruistic”
(Quarantelli, 1985, p. 5), including prosocial behaviors and the creation of emergent
organizations to address human suffering (see Drabek and McEntire, 2003 for review). One
3
stream of research focuses on emergent responses (i.e., non-regular tasks launched by
new/existing structures) that are common in reaction to crises and are typically constituted of
individuals and/or organizations that were directly impacted by a crisis event (Drabek &
McEntire, 2003). While emergent responses are common in the aftermath of a crisis, COVID-19
presents unique challenges in that the crisis is still unfoldingwith no clear end in sight. The
urgency of this unprecedented societal grand challenge calls for de novo emergent responses that
adopt impact-oriented, innovative, and potentially unorthodox approaches to alleviate suffering.
This article aims to shed light on such approaches by highlighting the emergence of efforts
to address the extreme problems created by COVID-19 through virtual, collaborative events
seeking to quickly identify and develop solutions to create social value. We share a detailed case
study of one of the earliest such responses, a “Virtual Idea Blitz.
1
This rapid response initiative
was led by a group of Management and Entrepreneurship Faculty from Indiana University’s
Kelley School of Business. The team conceptualized and delivered the COVID-19 Virtual Idea
Blitz, a three-day event that involved more than 200 individuals from five continents, 10
countries, and many U.S. states. The case study details these efforts in which, over the course of
only seven days, the faculty group coalesced around the idea of rapidly applying the best
entrepreneurial tools and thinking to generate a communal, high-impact response to COVID-19.
Integrating principles and methodologies from design sprints (Knapp, Zeratsky, & Kowitz,
2016), startup weekends (Nager, Nelson, & Nouyrigat, 2011) and hackathons (Briscoe, 2014;
Komssi, Pichlis, Raatikainen, Kindström, & Järvinen, 2014; Trainer, Kalyanasundaram,
Chaihirunkarn, & Herbsleb, 2016). This rapid collective response to COVID-19 was among the
first of scores of similar events that later emerged in response to this societal grand challenge.
1
Online details related to the initiative and format of a Virtual Idea Blitza novel idea development tool that
emerged from this initiativeare available at www.virtualideablitz.com.
4
To understand more fully such collective, emergent responses, we rely on an “extreme
case study that demonstrates in detail a number of organizing principles being applied in a novel
context. Extreme cases “often reveal more information because they activate more actors and
more basic mechanisms in the situation studied” (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 229). First, the organizing
team, comprised of a small group of faculty, initiated this project in hopes of alleviating
suffering and having a positive social impactconsistent with research on compassionate post-
crisis organizing (Dutton, Worline, Frost, & Lilius, 2006; Williams & Shepherd, 2018) and
social entrepreneurship in the face of grand challenges (Bacq & Aguilera, 2019). Second, the
team drew upon existing resources (e.g., expertise, social networks) to bring a novel program to
market for a set of stakeholders who were not perfectly definable at the outset of the initial
efforts. These efforts are representative of entrepreneurial hustledefined as urgent, unorthodox
actions that are intended to be useful in addressing immediate challenges and opportunities under
conditions of uncertainty (Fisher, Stevenson, Burnell, Neubert, & Kuratko, 2020). Exploring in
real time the efforts to launch the Virtual Idea Blitz, this study seeks to answer two questions: 1)
what organizing principles enabled the Kelley School faculty to respond so rapidly to the
unprecedented crisis and, 2) how might this approach be replicated in addressing the ongoing
challenges imposed by the COVID-19 virus, as well as other societal grand challenges?
We answer these questions in three specific ways. First, we explore the Kelley School’s
Virtual Idea Blitz as a case study of how faculty members organized resources, identified
relevant skills, and deployed the Virtual Idea Blitz to accelerate efforts by individuals and
communities seeking to pursue social entrepreneurial initiatives. We provide a chronological
overview to shed light on the organizing principles as well as the idiosyncratic features that
enabled the Kelley School’s faculty to respond to the emerging crisis in a timely and impactful
5
manner. Second, we provide evidence of value creation both for participants and the targets of
the social initiatives that emerged from the Virtual Idea Blitz; these outcomes included a
successful digital innovation, virtual community building anchored in a strong sense of collective
purpose, and the rapid prototyping, emergence and operation of a number of the ventures. Third,
we provide details of the event in hopes of spurring other organizing groups, whether academic,
community or professional, to similarly take action to address this multifaceted crisis or other
current societal grand challenges by coalescing entrepreneurially-minded communities. Finally,
we discuss practical implications of the COVID-19 Virtual Idea Blitz.
2. THE COVID-19 VIRTUAL IDEA BLITZ: FROM VISION TO EXECUTION
2.1. Chronological Overview of an Emergent Response to an Unprecedented Challenge
In March 2020, the world was grinding to a halt as a new virus, for which there was no
known cure, was spreading rapidly. Though at that point in time, total fatalities were only
approaching 100 in the United States (U.S.), the pandemic had killed at least 3,000 in China
(according to Chinese Government reports) and was resulting in hundreds of deaths per day in
Italy. It was becoming increasingly likely that many European countries and the U.S. were only
days or weeks behind other countries in experiencing a similar exponential infection rate. Thus,
the COVID-19 crisis had quickly become an unprecedented grand challenge that created many
social, health, and economic problems on a global scale (Gates, 2020). These problems
overwhelmed existing healthcare and governmental organizations, which elicited the need for
independent, social entrepreneurial venturesorganizing efforts centered on opportunities
aiming at social value creation (Bacq & Janssen, 2011)to participate in a large-scale response.
In light of these alarming and rapidly evolving events, one Kelley School faculty member
began considering if/how he and fellow faculty in the Kelley School of Business, Management
6
and Entrepreneurship Department could facilitateif not leadefforts to respond to the
COVID-19 situation. Specifically, this individual took stock of his prior experience accelerating
entrepreneurial startups, and other skillsets in the Department (leading week-long “live” case
analyses, facilitating social entrepreneurship, conducting design sprints), and determined there
was an opportunity to make a difference by organizing a virtual, idea acceleration project. On
March 16th, 2020, the concept was framed in the first internal discussions as follows:
a rapid entrepreneurship accelerator and matchmaking program that brings together
students, faculty and alums to generate ideas and build solutions related to issues that have
arisen due to COVID-19 (could include tech applications, social distancing
products/service, remote working, repurposing of facilities/resources).
This concept of a virtual effort to identify, accelerate and prototype ideas addressing
problems resulting from COVID-19 was shared by email on a Monday night by the faculty
initiator with a small group of colleagues. The initiator distributed a low-fidelity sketch of what
the landing page for the initiative could look like and confirmed initial interest from a small
group of student entrepreneurs. The email also specified a clear call to action for those who
wanted to get involved to adapt, and potentially execute on, the idea (a copy of the initial email
appears in Appendix I). The initiator also reached out to groups and individuals who could serve
as “supporters of scale,” that is, individuals who had the experience or financial capacity to fund
or carry on with viable solutions that may come out of this initiative.
The next day (Tuesday), a group of seven Management and Entrepreneurship faculty
gathered on a Zoom video conference to discuss what might be done as a collective. After a brief
discussion, and given the escalating urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was decided to
immediately pursue launching the Virtual Idea Blitz and to run it over the upcoming weekend.
The group also surmised that, unlike traditional programming that typically require extensive
course planning and several stages of committee reviews, the urgency of the situation required
7
rapid and unorthodox actions in order to address the immediate challenges of the crisis,
reminiscent of entrepreneurial hustle (Fisher et al., 2020).
Following this Tuesday morning meeting, the organizing team began to develop the
schedule and explanatory material to add to the landing page (www.covid19ideas.org). The team
executed several intense days of logistics, content preparation, and promotion. First, they drafted
a Call to Action to solicit ideas and program participants (see Appendix V). The organizers
dedicated a significant portion of their time before the event began, agreeing in principle to
themes and key principles to focus on during the workshops. They agreed to begin advertising
the event on professional and social media on Wednesday evening. This timeline allowed only
48 hours to garner ideas and recruit participants for the event to start on Friday at 5:30pm.
2.2. Objective, Assumptions and Hopes for the COVID-19 Virtual Idea Blitz
The overall objective for Virtual Idea Blitz was to surface and prototype high-potential,
high-impact ideas that would help navigate and solve many of the challenges caused by COVID-
19. The organizing faculty team also hoped to enhance the overall impact by encouraging teams
to implement viable ideas and to publicize prototypes to attract further development by
individuals or organizations with relevant expertise. The organizing team’s assumption was that,
at a minimum, the local student community would desire to “do something” in response to the
many challenges caused by the rapid spread of the coronavirus, and that students would therefore
be willing to assist, perhaps applying skills such as coding, website creation, design, and social
media marketing to communicate and prototype ideas. The organizing team hoped that by
actively encouraging current and past students, they could identify at least 50 participants.
However, there was some uncertainty regarding participant response as the launch date fell
on the closing weekend of the university’s official spring break and all students had recently and
8
unexpectedly been notified that they would need to move out of the dorms and begin virtual
classes. Partly to address any potential shortfall in student response and to obtain participants
with greater professional experience, the team decided to launch the project as an open call,
soliciting ideas and participation beyond the student body. The level of interest exceeded
expectations: engagement snowballed quickly, with 95 proposed ideas in the 48-hour window,
and more than 200 highly qualified individuals from around the world indicating their interest in
participating through the website portal. The breakdown of participants was, approximately, 17%
residential MBA students, 18% Kelley Direct MBA students, 21% Indiana University
undergraduate students, 10% Indiana University staff and faculty, and the rest (approximately
34%) had no direct affiliation with Indiana University. All participated on a voluntary basis; no
compensation or course credit was offered.
2.3. Foundations of a Virtual Idea Blitz: A Tool for Rapidly Stimulating Innovation
Based on the diverse experiences and expertise of the organizing faculty team, the Virtual
Idea Blitz concept emerged as a marriage between three distinct approaches that have been
widely used by many to accelerate innovation and entrepreneurship in compressed time
windows. These include design sprints, startup weekends, and hackathons.
First, the Virtual Idea Blitz anchored much of the conceptual grounding and frameworks
provided to the participants in the design sprint methodology popularized by Knapp and
colleagues at Google Ventures (Knapp, Zeratsky, & Kowitz, 2016). A “standard” design sprint is
traditionally conducted over a period of five days, which seeks to minimize the time required to
solve critical business questions, and dramatically decreases the time required to validate (and
then implement) an idea. Design sprints are traditionally held in-person, as they require extensive
uninterrupted collaboration between a team, usually of seven to eight handpicked individuals
9
who bring different skillsets to bear. This five-phase design sprint process draws upon principles
of business strategy, innovation, and consumer behavior, with an overarching goal of solving big
issues quickly to avoid idea churn and reduce risks when bringing a new product, service or a
feature to the market. Sprints have successfully been applied by organizations including LEGO,
Lufthansa, Slack, the United Nations, Prudential Insurance, The British Museum, ThankYou,
among others. Importantly, previous efforts had demonstrated that the design sprint process is
highly malleable; for instance others have previously adjusted the timeline from a five-day
process to a three-day process. Further, this process is currently taught to Kelley MBA students
in the course of a 7-week class by one of the organizing members.
With some similar elementsyet typically used to launch new organizations rather than
advance existing ones, a startup weekend is an event during which individuals form teams to
develop an entrepreneurial idea as much as they can within a single weekend (Nager, Nelsen, &
Nouyrigat, 2011). In-person startup weekends date back to at least 2007 and have been pioneered
and popularized by groups such as Techstars Startup Weekend and 3 Day Startup.
Finally, hackathons, a merging of words to indicate exploratory solutions and an intense
event (Briscoe, 2014), are an even longer-running approach, particularly prevalent in technical
communities, for instance, among programmers. With events dating back to 1999 (see
http://www.openbsd.org/hackathons.html), the goal of a hackathon is to create, in small teams, a
working software prototype from a brief, continuous working period of time, potentially through
the night (Komssi et al., 2014). Generally, hackathons may help otherwise geographically
dispersed individuals to come together for a brief period of time, therefore providing important
community-building benefits in addition to seeking solutions to the specified problem (Trainer et
al., 2016). Hackathons are a regular occurrence within many technology-focused companies. For
10
instance, one Facebook vice president Deb Liu said, In two days, what can you convince people
to be excited about? (Weinberger, 2017) and founder Mark Zuckerberg as described them as a
central element in the company’s culture and history (Mihalcik, 2020).
Drawing on these principles, the COVID-19 Virtual Idea Blitz organizing team made a
number of substantial adjustments to marry the design sprint methodology, startup weekend
objectives and a hackathon approach. The organizing team considered multiple ways to manage
logistics and organize participants by incorporating the best aspects of each of foundational
models. Importantly, adaptations were necessary to transition to a fully virtual environment.
2.4. Structuring for a Virtual Collaborative and Innovative Environment
At the time of launching this event, several U.S. states (and several other countries) were
either requesting or mandating that people shelter in place. Accordingly, it was quickly
concluded that the entirety of the program would need to be completed virtually, with Zoom
video conferencing serving as the primary platform for online collaboration. This constraint was
notable given that the models described above are rarely if ever conducted entirely in a virtual
format (even in virtually-organized events, participating teams would generally be co-located).
Based on the principles of the three foundational models, but reflecting the urgency of this
rapidly organized event, the timeline and structure of the COVID-19 Virtual Idea Blitz was set as
follows (see Appendix II for an elongated schedule):
Tuesday: Formalize organizing team of Management and Entrepreneurship faculty
members and develop a loose strategy for the event.
Wednesday evening: Launch website to solicit ideas from anyone, mostly through social
and professional media platforms (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter); get people to commit to
11
participate in the weekend (starting with Indiana University students, but open to anyone;
see Appendix V for a sample post).
Thursday: Collect ideas; narrow down ideas to focus on the most exciting and valuable
ideas; assign academic and professional mentors to ideas.
Friday: 5:30pm: Launch the Virtual Idea Blitz with a brief workshop explaining the
process and expectations; participants join a team to discuss pain points and begin to
develop the idea; 9pm: check-in with mentors.
Saturday: 9:30am: Workshop on the sprint concept and idea development processes; teams
continue sprint and work on project throughout the day; 2pm and 7pm: check-ins with
mentors.
Sunday: 9:30am: Workshop on effective pitching; finalize idea and prototype, create pitch
videos; 5pm: submit pitch video; 9pm; celebratory online get-together.
To run the event virtually, some design sprint and startup weekend components were re-
conceptualized, while other elements were added or removed. For example, the organizers
initiated the identifying of key questions during the orientation meeting on Friday while
grouping participants around common areas of interest, and then began the instruction on
Saturday morning by combining the “sketch” and “decide” stages of the design sprint
methodologywhile also providing guidance for how teams might effectively prototype and test
their ideas. In terms of providing instructional and best-practice content, the faculty decided to
focus on simplicity and, given the difficulty of maintaining participants’ engagement remotely,
to restrict all workshops to a one-hour time limit. While this limited the ability to build shared
practices and understanding among participants, this restriction was important to maximize the
workshopping time available to the teams. To overcome the lack of co-location constraint, the
12
organizers introduced customized tools using existing platforms (e.g., Google Slides, Google
Sheets) so that teams could replace physical documents and the face-to-face collaboration
available during more traditional design sprint settings. These online extensions of design sprint
methodologies were developed nearly in real-time as the Management and Entrepreneurship
faculty team sought to provide a loose structure that would offer helpful guidelines while not
overly restricting teams already managing extreme organizing constraints.
In addition to limiting the duration of workshop sessions to one-hour, the organizing
faculty team also decided to limit the number of workshops to one per day (Friday, Saturday, and
Sunday). As illustrated above, core elements of the design sprint were incorporated into the
Friday (about 10 minutes) and Saturday (45 minutes) workshops while also providing teams with
additional tools, videos, and pre-recorded material (posted on a shared Dropbox Paper) that they
could reference as the weekend progressed. The workshops also emphasized customized versions
of startup weekend tools, including actively seeking customer feedback and pursuing rapid
prototyping. Finally, drawing on hackathon approaches, the faculty organizers highlighted
examples of quickly getting to a solution by sharing news articles each day highlighting
extraordinary and make-do efforts from around the world to address COVID-19 effects.
Early in the process, the organizers recognized the value of mentors to “fill in the gaps” of
the abbreviated Virtual Idea Blitz instruction and serve as an external (to the team) voice to help
(1) drive decision-making, (2) re-orient teams that were getting distracted, and (3) raise emerging
issues to the organizing team. Similar to their role and purpose during a startup weekend,
mentorsprimarily composed of faculty, doctoral students, and/or industry expertsserved as a
sounding board by answering the teams inquiries, asking challenging questions, and by having
an external eye on the work that teams were developing. Five virtual mentor check-ins were
13
incorporated into the master schedule (two on Friday, two on Saturday, midday and evening, and
one on Sunday afternoon), though each team could adapt as needed. The mix of academic and
professional mentors was critical and proved instrumental to the success of the initiative.
Mentors help was key for many teams through opening their network and vetting ideas directly
with key professionals in the healthcare, retail, and other relevant industries. The detailed
schedule and program were centralized on a Dropbox Paper webpage (in view only mode for
participants) and the milestones were detailed in an active Google Sheet per team, which all
participants could edit as the membership of their teams evolved and the ideas developed (see
Appendices II and III for screen captures of the Dropbox Paper and Google Sheet).
3. OUTCOMES OF THE COVID-19 VIRTUAL IDEA BLITZ
3.1. Virtual Idea Blitz: An Impactful Digital Innovation
The need to complete the entirety of the program virtually introduced many challenges, but
also some unique opportunities. While design sprints, startup weekend events, and hackathons
may have occurred remotely, these efforts benefited from teams composed of individuals who
already knew each other well, which facilitated the execution of the problem-solving processes
from separate geographies. However, the challenge in the present case was that few if any of the
participants had ever met each other. Furthermore, no two members of the organizing team
would be present in the same room. The organizing faculty team thus sought to adapt existing
processes, but it was unknown whether virtual equivalents would be effective for such a
dispersed set of individuals who did not have the option to meet in the same physical space.
Addressing such an urgent grand challenge required innovation and adaptation to facilitate
participants’ work in a digital environment. Indeed, we found that there were several unique
opportunities arising from the necessity of organizing virtually. First, there was no need to secure
14
a space to meet, as a result of which no funds nor formal approvals were required. This adaptive
meeting” format created the ability to act swiftly, launching the event in a matter of days rather
than planning it for a future date. Second, hosting the event virtually created the ability to form
teams with participants from across the world. Participants would not have any lodging or travel
costs and did not need time to seek approval or sponsorship from their organizations. Thus, they
could make the decision to participate on short notice. Although individuals from around the
world were dealing with many constraints including new working conditions, school closures,
and mandatory shelter in place orders, it later became apparent that people all around the world
were looking for a positive outlet to channel their energy toward a positive social cause
(consistent with Williams & Shepherd, 2016).
3.2. Virtual Community Building: Generating a Strong Sense of Collective Purpose
The organizers primarily focused on the potential benefit of identifying and accelerating
the development of ideas to urgently address a societal grand challenge. However, an unexpected
outcome from the program was the emergence of a strong sense of community among
participants in the Virtual Idea Blitz (Feld, 2012). While such feelings of community can be
common after individuals work together for an extended period of time, most of such events to-
date have occurred in in-person settings. Initially, the schedule for the weekend planned for the
concluding event to involve the submission of ideas to potential investors. The rationale for this
approach was that the organizers were cognizant of (1) the time constraints of all participants
who were volunteering their time, (2) the ongoing challenges participants faced both
professionally and personally due to COVID-19 lockdown orders, and (3) the outstanding
commitments participants had beyond launching a new venture over the weekend! As such, the
15
organizers initially assumed it was important to have a prompt and efficient wrap-up that would
allow people return to their personal and professional commitments.
However, as the Virtual Idea Blitz progressed, a discussion occurred amongst the
organizers as to how they could make this virtual event as much like an in-person event as
possible and, therefore, one of the organizers proposed to add a virtual closing reception to the
schedule for 9pm on the final day, indicating that attendees should “bring your own drinks, your
own food and your own chair.” At 9pm, more than 100 participants (who had already been
working nearly around the clock for the prior two days) gathered on Zoom to unwind and share
their sense of fulfillment through the work collectively accomplished over the weekend. During
that virtual party, the strong sense of community that had emerged and then solidified among
participants over a single weekend of collective social entrepreneurial action was evidenced by
the unprompted and unplanned testimonials shared by numerous participants (see Appendix V
for a screen capture). The testimonials captured manifestations of that strong sense of
community—that is, “a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to
one another and to the group” (Feld, 2012), which appeared to provide an important benefit to
participants who themselves had been struggling with the devastating consequences of the
COVID-19 outbreak. For instance, one participant summarized:
You know, as of Friday at five, we were all strangers that were assigned together in a
group. And it was pretty, pretty crazy to see everybody coming together for one mission...
This is probably one of the best group experiences I’ve ever had personally and shout out
to my team ten and our amazing experience, I think we’ve got a lifelong friendship ...”
Similarly, another individual explained: “this has been so helpful … up until this point I would
awake every morning and review the latest infection/death counts on Johns Hopkins website …
this gave me meaning and purpose as I haven’t checked the Johns Hopkins case numbers in
16
three days!” Such a strong sense of collective purpose, though established only via virtual
interactions, led to intense emotional reactions. As mentioned in the previous quote, many
discussed how it was a departure away from the daily pattern of reading discouraging news as
the pandemic spread. The outpourings largely could be positioned into participant hope,
connection, purpose, and gratitude. Some of these example comments that were captured in the
Sunday night celebration are:
“Super happy to be involved in something that’s taking the initiative to be involved in
positive change.”
“Putting a skillset and a passion and a drive into something that can make a difference
has been a really unique and a really valuable experience. I’ve learned a lot.”
“I feel good.
“Thank you for encouraging me.”
For others, it was a learning opportunity:
Im glad I was able to make a small contribution to this great effort. For me personally,
this experience was something I was missing from my MBA education. You guys provided
me a perfect opportunity to learn this. Thank you very much.
3.3. Project Outcomes of the Virtual Idea Blitz
The Virtual Idea Blitz was focused on unearthing and then accelerating ideas to combat the
negative repercussions of COVID-19. That is, the objective was to facilitate the emergence of
independent teams capable of developing ideas into prototypes that could be implemented to
make a significant social impact. Indeed, this was the primary driver behind the decision to (1)
help cultivate a systematic idea development process, and then (2) provide independent teams
with an opportunity to present their ideas and prototypes to those with resources to financially
back their initiatives. We realized early on that we did not have the capacity or desire to manage
individual venturesour skill set was best positioned to serve as an accelerant to the diverse and
17
novel skillsets of teams who participated in the Virtual Idea Blitz. For these reasons we did not
specifically quantify the “social impact” of each venture; however, we have taken several steps
to document and evaluate the outcomes of the Virtual Idea Blitz as a whole.
First, we have tracked the outcomes of teams that remained active following the conclusion
of the Virtual Idea Blitz. For instance, one of the participating teams, #RealHereosNeedMasks,
has partnered with celebrities, athletes, and key influencers from around the globe to launch a
social media campaign to raise awareness about PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) shortages
and mobilize public action to get desperately needed PPE into the hands of those who need it
mostfront line healthcare professionals who are the real heroes.” In a span of three weeks
following the Virtual Idea Blitz, the Real Heroes Need Masks team facilitated the donation of
over 21,000 masks (see Appendix III for a screen capture of some of the successes of
#RealHeroesNeedMasks). Similarly, another team, ReScaleMed (http://www.rescalemed.org/),
has partnered with volunteer critical care specialists, doctors, and medical device technologists to
beat COVID-19 by increasing the number of medical personnel available to set up ventilators
and manage patients on ventilators. They are currently curating key training medical content to
quickly scale available frontline medical resources worldwide. Furthermore, there continue to be
ongoing efforts from a number of other teams seeking to scale their efforts to have the maximum
impact; other ideas have been terminated.
2
Second, we have also collected and examined evidence that the participating teams were
chasing the “right” problems and generating ideas that will hopefully be continued to be
2
While not all ideas were ultimately taken to market (or are still in the process of seeking backing), we still view
this as a major success. One of the key objectives of design sprints is to vet ideas in a rapid way to avoid wasting
resources on ideas that might not work. That is, it is better to learn that an idea is not feasible (in a short period of
time) rather than spend significant resources on an idea that s hould not be pursued. Therefore, the raising of an idea
that was ultimately terminated is a success in that critical, limited resources were not wasted (see Knapp et al.,
2016).
18
addressed by us and others. For example, Dyson has designed a new ventilator and is planning to
build 15,000 of them; GE Healthcare in Madison, WI is on a hiring surge for more ventilator
assemblers (https://www-ge-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.ge.com/reports/all-hands-on-
deck-volunteers-rush-in-to-support-24-7-production-of-ventilators-in-wisconsin/amp/); New
York is allowing multiple patients on a vent (https://abcnews.go.com/US/york-approves-
ventilator-splitting-allowing-hospitals-treat-patients/story?id=69816167); Apple has provided
support for teachers moving to virtual teaching (https://www.cultofmac.com/696373/apples-on-
staff-educators-will-guide-teachers-through-challenges-of-online-learning/); steps have been
taken to help the elderly; interventions have been taken to address the increased risk of domestic
abuse (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/28/lockdowns-world-rise-domestic-
violence). In sum, many of the initiatives being pursued by private-public partnerships are
seeking to address the core challenges we raised in our Virtual Idea Blitz, suggesting that the
teams were coalescing around some of the most pressing issues related to COVID-19. While the
most important priorities will (and should) evolve with changing needs as the crisis unfolds
(Williams, Gruber, Sutcliffe, Shepherd, & Zhao, 2017; Williams & Shepherd, 2018), we remain
confident that the Virtual Idea Blitz was an effective organizing mechanism for identifying and
minimizing the most relevant challenges in the moment.
Finally, we have tracked evidence for the success of the event itself in achieving its specific
goals of organizing individuals to generate actionable ideas that would bring about social change
and alleviate suffering. We found that the event has been replicated by some initial participants
and by other actors, though we expect some of these were developed independently, without
knowledge of this particular Virtual Idea Blitz (e.g., Techstars Startup Weekendwith whom we
communicated at the launch of our eventshas launched a series of virtual events for the first
19
time; for a list, see https://startupweekend.org/interests/covid-19). Yet, several higher education
institutions, including University of Cambridge, California State Polytechnic University, and
Valdosa State University, have reached out to the organizing team seeking guidance on how to
organize a similar Virtual Idea Blitz. Similarly, incubators and accelerators such as Gener8tor
and Entrepreneur Ready have launched their own programs with awareness of our efforts and/or
directly by our participants and mentors.
4. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
4.1. Virtual Idea Blitz as a Tool for Rapidly Stimulating Innovation
As described above, the Virtual Idea Blitz concept integrates aspects and principles of a
design sprint, a startup weekend, and a hackathon. We anticipate that the Virtual Idea Blitz tool
will continue to be employed in a variety of contexts. For example, one result of COVID-19 is
that mass migration of traditional, in-person courses to an online format. We anticipate that the
concepts developed here could be applied in this new context. Indeed, one member of the
organizing team is doing this right nowteaching an online version of a design sprint to the
Kelley School of Business in-residence MBAs. In addition, faculty could replicate and adapt this
concept as a capstone of an online course on entrepreneurship, innovation or design. Finally, we
anticipate a wide range of scenarios of Virtual Idea Blitz applications where traditional
innovation collaborations are no longer available (e.g., in-person hackathons, startup weekends).
Given its goal to move from idea to MVP (i.e., minimum viable product) as rapidly as possible,
the Virtual Idea Blitz concept we developed has application potential in innovation efforts in
education, industry, and beyond.
4.2. Entrepreneurial Hustle: A Necessary Ingredient for Leadership in Extreme Contexts
20
Delivering this event required the organizers to act under conditions of uncertainty with
resource constraints to bring a novel program to market for a set of stakeholders who were not
perfectly identifiable at the outset of the initial efforts. This type of action under uncertainty has
recently been presented in the literature as a distinct construct as “entrepreneurial hustle” (Fisher
et al., 2020). Fisher and colleagues (2020) define entrepreneurial hustle as an entrepreneur’s
urgent, unorthodox actions that are intended to be useful in addressing immediate challenges and
opportunities under conditions of uncertainty. Their study indicates that such behaviors are
actually quite common in startup organizations and are necessary but not-sufficient foundational
behaviors that are critical to entrepreneurial success. Similarly, prior leadership research has
identified that undertaking unorthodox actions to address emergent challenges may be
appropriate in extreme conditions or crisis responses (e.g., natural disasters or war zones;
Hannah, Uhl-Bien, Avolio, & Cavarretta, 2009; Reid, Anglin, Baur, Short, & Buckley, 2018).
Entrepreneurial hustle behaviors were evident in both the organizing and executional aspects of
the planning team and also within each of the idea teams that took part in the Virtual Idea Blitz.
Inherent to such behaviors is rapid decision-making. Our findings suggest a number of important
practical questions organizations might consider: How do we encourage entrepreneurial hustle in
times of crisis rather than force things from the top down?” How might we enable actors within
our organization to take action building on their unique strengths rather than requiring actors to
follow a “playbook” provided by corporate officers? How can entrepreneurial actors
communicate their ability to hustle in responding to emergent customer needs and/or market
opportunities?
4.3. Practical Reflections: Strengths, Weaknesses and Lessons Learned
21
In terms of strengths, the dramatic nature of COVID-19 instigated an immediate need for
an initiative that could rapidly lead to desired outcomes. As detailed in this article, the idea was
conceived on a Monday and the program commenced merely four days later. Against the
challenging backdrop of a global pandemic, the Virtual Idea Blitz was able to draw on the
prosocial motives of participants from disparate groups with complementary skills. The core
motivation of all participants was to develop an idea to help resolve a social issue related to
COVID-19. Despite the short recruitment window (48 hours), the weekend successfully gathered
multiple audiences across academic, student, professional and funder groups. The lockdowns and
stay-at-home orders created for some participants the flexibility to dedicate a short, concentrated
burst of time that would ordinarily not have been available (though these orders may have
limited time for others, for instance, due to children not being in school). They also eliminated
the prospect of meeting in person and allowed for a collective embracing of a shared virtual
mindset that may not have been possible if the event had been organized under previous
conditions.
Another strength originated from the institutional resources and competencies at Indiana
University. While recruiting and coordinating the involvement of diverse participant and
stakeholder groups was daunting, the organizing faculty team was able to creatively leverage
several internal resources and competencies. Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business has
a long history of entrepreneurship education, emanating out of the Johnson Center for
Entrepreneurship, led by Dr. Donald Kuratko (“Dr. K), the Jack M. Gill Distinguished Chair of
Entrepreneurship. A 12-year review of academic entrepreneurship research designed to identify
leading scholars and universities ranked Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business as
having the greatest impact on the field of entrepreneurship (Xu, Chen, Fung, & Chan, 2018). A
22
sample of the portfolio of innovative programs presently offered include: the Clapp Idea
Competitiona campus-wide idea competition which solicits novel ideas from across the
campus, the “Spine Sweat” course—a semester-long effort to develop promising ventures and
concludes with pitches to venture capitalists in Silicon Valley, and several other notable co-
curricular entrepreneurship programs. Further, a number of faculty members in the Department
are regularly involved in running a residential week-long program called Kelley Connect Week
for its online MBA program, Kelley Direct. Kelley Direct has a long tenure of innovative online
delivery and is ranked as the #1 online MBA program in the world (U.S. News & World Report,
2020). Thus, while organized quickly, the vision was that this program would draw on the
Department’s existing strengths in entrepreneurship education, and online education expertise.
In terms of weaknesses, we acknowledge a number of weaknesses and areas where things
might need to be done differently. First, the relative instantaneous reaction by the organizing
team has been cited as a strength. However, the organizing team acknowledges that more time
would have allowed for more effective coordination of coaches, mentors, and seminar leads.
Second, the online portal allowed anyone to sign up with minimal barriers. As a result, many of
the idea submitters were not screened in depth for their understanding of or level of commitment
to the multi-day event, nor their ability to meaningfully contribute to an entrepreneurially-
minded team. Because registration was left open and the time window was short, teams were
formed based on interest and not based on the cross-functional backgrounds of team members.
Therefore, a registration cut-off and more time would allow organizers to dedicate more strategic
consideration to assigning teams in a way that could increase their effectiveness. Some similar
events incorporate a competitive element, including announcing winners and providing prizes or
funding at the conclusion of the event. This could provide teams with legitimacy when pursuing
23
their ideas further. The organizing team, however, explicitly decided not to employ a competitive
design due to the collective desire to see social solutions emerge and to avoid ending the event
with any feelings of disappointment that participants who did not “win” might feel. However,
this was a difficult decision, as the organizing team also recognizes the potential benefits to team
members’ motivation and commitment if a competitive element is involved. Future organizers
should particularly consider these trade-offs if implementing a Virtual Idea Blitz, particularly in
other contexts where there are lower levels of intrinsic alignment.
Finally, although most of the idea leads performed spectacularly well, the selection of these
leads was predominantly based on their idea submission and not any other leadership
characteristics or professional experience. In some instances, the idea leads did not have the
skills of a manager/entrepreneur to motivate and direct the rest of the team and/or had little
experience managing team members’ with substantially more overall experience or topic-specific
knowledge. Future events may benefit from a more deliberate process of evaluating and
assessing the leadership capabilities of the group prior to assigning an idea lead. Another
possibility would be to separate the role of idea lead from the role of team leader, which could be
assigned separately in advance or even elected by the team following the first meeting.
5. PATHWAYS TO REPLICATION
While the COVID-19 Virtual Idea Blitz is a unique response to an unprecedented grand
challenge, the results of the event suggest transferability of the concept to a number of different
contexts. We discuss some general guidelines that may orient the efforts of others who would
like to replicate, extend and/or implement a similar concept at their institution or organization.
5.1. Before the Idea Blitz
24
A series of discrete steps were taken in the days preceding the Virtual Idea Blitz that now,
in retrospect, appear to have been critical to the successful implementation of the initiative.
These steps included establishing 1) a Champion and an organizing team comprised of advocates
to energize different stakeholder groups; 2) a portal to direct interest of any interested parties; 3)
a rapid and realistic outreach strategy; and 4) a strategy to sort and prioritize ideas submitted by
participants and to select “idea leads. The first step was taken by the Champion, who initiated
the idea and then gathered a set of like-minded advocates who became the organizing team.”
Together, the Champion and the emergent organizing team energized different stakeholder
groups to bring them on board to the project. In this case, the Champion issued a call to action to
other motivated members of the department while simultaneously building a coalition of external
supporters composed of well-respected and influential business professionals.
Second, a portal was established to collect information from potential participants. The
portal allowed for two different paths, one for those who had an idea or had identified a pain
point, and a second path for those who wished to be involved as a team member, a mentor or a
funder. The portal and the respective paths were created in Qualtrics as a survey with
idiosyncratic question sets contingent on the self-identified path (see Appendix IV for a screen
capture of landing page). Third, due to the short timeline and unknown circumstances regarding
participation and scale, the organizing faculty team decided to recruit participants exclusively by
publicizing the event on the organizing team’s professional and social networks.
Fourth, three members of the organizing team met virtually for approximately four hours to
narrow the scope of the Virtual Idea Blitz to the most promising ideas. A key dilemma to be
addressed was minimizing the possibility that those who had submitted ideas would not
participate if their own idea was not selected, while seeking to identify the highest impact ideas
25
that should be the focus of those participating. The organizing team sought to balance this
dilemma by abductively identifying key themes from the submissions in order to systematically
generate an organizing framework (consistent with best practices in qualitative research methods
[Corbin & Strauss, 2015]). Ultimately, the organizing team selected five overarching idea themes
to organize the 95 submitted ideas or pain points and selected 11 general ideas that fit into these
themes. For each idea, one to three idea leads were identified (that is, the individual/s who had
submitted a pertinent idea) and notified that they had been given the opportunity to share their
idea with a working team. Idea leads were also notified that they were welcome to invite other
colleagues or friends to enroll in the weekend to assist, which enabled the Virtual Idea Blitz to
have a core group of “idea evangelists” that were bought in from the very start.
5.2. During the Idea Blitz
There were several essential components to effective execution of the Virtual Idea Blitz.
First, the kickoff meeting is of the utmost importance in aligning and orienting diverse
stakeholders to the shared objectives of the Virtual Idea Blitz. Knowing that as many as 200
individuals would attend the kickoff on a Friday night of their own volition, the organizing team
wanted the kickoff meeting to generate excitement and energy to preserve the participation of as
many participants as possible. Thus, the organizing team instilled a number of guiding principles
to demonstrate focus and cohesion all kickoff presentations centered around a clear call to action
regarding responding to the multiple salient problems created by the crisis.
Second, outcomes and goals were stressed heavily and included a set of minimum
outcomes: (1) to be able to do some good… right now, and alleviate feelings of helplessness; (2)
to socialize, work and develop a group of new colleagues/friends/mentors (i.e., to reduce the
impact of social distancing); (3) to learn some entrepreneurial tools and techniques from some of
26
the world’s best faculty in the discipline; (4) to understand what an idea blitz is and develop an
idea to MVP in two days; and (5) to develop a video startup pitch by Sunday with a group of
highly motivated people. There was also a set of “gold standard” or aspiration outcomes
discussed. These included the potential to get funding for an idea, the potential to enlist
innovation partners to further develop a concept past the weekend (e.g., innovation centers,
incubators, accelerators), and the potential to scale an idea without constraints. Allied to the call
to action, structure and outcomes discussion, the presenters delivered two brief 20-minute
seminars on relevant topics.
Third, clear timelines and milestones were established to ensure teams were advancing
their ideas appropriately and to allow mentors to intervene if/as necessary. Specifically, the
organizing team designed the overall Virtual Idea Blitz process to align with the approach of
creating a vision of synchronized clock time (Saunders, Van Slyke, & Vogel, 2004), providing
structure and time pressure to help motivate teams to achieve certain steps as they moved
through the Virtual Idea Blitz (consistent with Knapp et al., 2016). Most teams had two academic
mentors and two industry/professional mentorsthese consisted of volunteers who wished to
add their expertise to the weekend and were primarily angel investors, venture capitalists, or
individuals with experience in accelerators. Fourth, the importance of an editable document for
participants to regularly update their progress was also deemed important. This was
implementing using a Google Sheet where each team had their own tab (aligned with their team
number and name). Navigating through each team’s spreadsheet allowed the organizing team to
see idea pivots, and also allowed latecomers to catch up on materials information that they
potentially had missed.
5.3. After the Virtual Idea Blitz
27
The organizers decided to have a virtual celebration that would take place at 9pm on
Sunday evening, after the Virtual Idea Blitz officially concluded. The organizing team developed
several items to feature during the celebration including a website with all teams’ video pitches,
edited to include a standardized intro and outro slide with music, a “highlight reel video
recapping the weekend and including brief clips from several of the teams’ pitches, and
recognition of individuals who were not part of the organizing team but played important
supporting roles over the course of the weekend. Upon conclusion of the event, publicizing the
ideas and prototypes was identified as a key action to take. The purpose of publicizing the ideas
and prototypes is two-fold. First, this publicity can help attract new team members or critical
support (e.g., technical skills) to the teams who elected to implement their prototype, possibly
contributing to execute the idea more rapidly or at greater scale. Second, it can also help attract
funding. This focus on disseminating ideas that could create social value was a key distinction
compared to events which may prioritize commercialization and protection of intellectual
property. Appendix VI provides details and screenshots of these publication efforts.
Finally, the organizing team committed to maintaining momentum with mentors and other
supporters after the fact. There were more than 40 volunteer mentors that were engaged all
weekend and each leveraged their extensive networks and skills that could not only benefit the
team they were mentoring for but also the other 20 teams. Thus, at times, mentors called on other
mentors for support, either to join the conversation with another team or to help disseminate
surveys or identify important professional contacts.
6. CONCLUSION
The emergence of COVID-19 can be considered a black swan-type event, a rare event
with extreme consequences for people and organizations that is difficult to predict using typical
28
models (Taleb, 2007). While pandemic threats will hopefully receive greater attention, scenario
planning and more rapid mitigation going forward, this article is intended to help
entrepreneurship, management, and business scholars and practitioners to collectively consider
how we can draw on our research expertise to stimulate community responses to a variety of
acute and more chronic societal grand challenges facing our world (George et al., 2016). Our
experience suggests that universities can play a valuable role in linking professionals, students
and research in shared endeavors that have the potential for substantial societal benefits. This
article describes how such efforts can be rapidly mobilized and lead to high-impact results. In
recounting this experience, describing the integrative and community-building approach, and
providing a detailed description of specific actions and tools, we hope to encourage and inspire
other organizers, provide them with a guide to accelerate their efforts, and detail shortcomings
they might avoid. As we write this, we remain unsure of the final health consequences and
economic loss that will result from COVID-19. However, we hope that other organizers,
including professors, professionals, and students, can use this article to stimulate their own
progress in tackling the evolving challenges posed by this pandemic and/or the many other
societal grand challenges.
29
REFERENCES
Bacq, S. & Aguilera, R.V. (2019). Responsible governance in the organizational pursuit of
societal grand challenges. Working paper.
Bacq, S., & Janssen, F. (2011). The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of
definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria. Entrepreneurship &
Regional Development, 23(5-6), 373-403.
Béland, D., & Cox, R. H. (2016). Ideas as coalition magnets: Coalition building, policy
entrepreneurs, and power relations. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(3), 428-445.
Bishop, J. W., & Scott, K. D. (2000). An examination of organizational and team commitment in
a self-directed team environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 439-450.
Briscoe, G. (2014). Digital innovation: The hackathon phenomenon.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for
Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Drabek, T. E., & McEntire, D. A. (2003). Emergent phenomena and the sociology of disaster:
lessons, trends and opportunities from the research literature. Disaster Prevention and
Management: An International Journal, 12(2), 97-112.
Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. (2006). Explaining compassion organizing.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(1), 59-96.
Feld, B. (2012). Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in your City.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Fisher, G., Stevenson, R., Burnell, D., Neubert, E. & Kuratko, D. 2020. Entrepreneurial hustle:
Navigating uncertainty and enrolling venture stakeholders through urgent unorthodox
action. Working Paper.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry,
12(2), 219-245.
Furst, S. A., Reeves, M., Rosen, B., & Blackburn, R. S. (2004). Managing the life cycle of
virtual teams. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 6-20.
Gates, B. (2020). Responding to Covid-19A Once-in-a-Century Pandemic? New England
Journal of Medicine, February 28.
George, G., Howard-Grenville, J., Joshi, A., & Tihanyi, L. (2016). Understanding and tackling
societal grand challenges through management research. Academy of Management Journal,
59(6), 1880-1895.
Hannah, S. T., Uhl-Bien, M., Avolio, B. J., & Cavarretta, F. L. (2009). A framework for
examining leadership in extreme contexts. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 897-919.
Hilbert, D., 8: 437-479. Earlier, & Germ, p. i. t. o. (1902). Mathematical problems. Bulletin of
the American Mathematical Society. Gottinger Nachrichten, 8, 253-297.
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (1993). A test of the social support deterioration model in the
context of natural disaster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 395-408.
Knapp, J., Zeratsky, J., & Kowitz, B. (2016). Sprint: How To Solve Big Problems and Test New
Ideas in Just Five Days. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
Komonews (2020). UW Doc: Coronavirus like a natural disaster happening in slow motion.
March 11, 2002. https://komonews.com/news/coronavirus/uw-doc-coronavirus-like-a-
natural-disaster-happening-in-slow-motion
Komssi, M., Pichlis, D., Raatikainen, M., Kindström, K., & Järvinen, J. (2014). What are
hackathons for? IEEE Software, 32(5), 60-67.
30
Mihalcik, C. (2020). Facebook, Microsoft, TikTok partner with WHO for coronavirus
hackathon. CNET, March 25. https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-microsoft-tiktok-
partner-with-who-for-coronavirus-hackathon/
Nager, M., Nelsen, C., & Nouyrigat, F. (2011). Startup weekend: How to take a company from
concept to creation in 54 hours. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Powell, A., Galvin, J., & Piccoli, G. (2006). Antecedents to team member commitment from near
and far: A comparison between collocated and virtual teams. Information Technology &
People, 19(4), 299-322.
Quarantelli, E. L. (1985). What is disaster? The need for clarification in definition and
conceptualization in research. Disasters and Mental Health: Selected, 10, 41-73.
Reid, S. W., Anglin, A. H., Baur, J. E., Short, J. C., & Buckley, M. R. (2018). Blazing new trails
or opportunity lost? Evaluating research at the intersection of leadership and
entrepreneurship. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 150-164.
Saunders, C., Van Slyke, C., & Vogel, D. R. (2004). My time or yours? Managing time visions
in global virtual teams. Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(1), 19-37.
Shah, R. J. (2012). Building resilience to recurrent crisis: USAID policy and program guidance,
United States Government: Washington, DC.
Taleb, N. N. (2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of The Highly Improbable (Vol. 2). Random
House.
Trainer, E. H., Kalyanasundaram, A., Chaihirunkarn, C., & Herbsleb, J. D. (2016). How to
hackathon: Socio-technical tradeoffs in brief, intensive collocation. Paper presented at the
proceedings of the 19th ACM conference on computer-supported cooperative work & social
computing.
USAID. 2020. Working in crises and conflict. http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/working-crises-
and-conflict (Accessed March 31, 2020).
U.S. News & World Report (2020).
Weinberger, M. (2017). There are only two rulesFacebook explains how hackathons, one of its
oldest traditions, is also one of its most important. Business Insider.
https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-hackathons-2017-6
Wildman, J. L., Shuffler, M. L., Lazzara, E. H., Fiore, S. M., Burke, C. S., Salas, E., & Garven,
S. (2012). Trust development in swift starting action teams: A multilevel
framework. Group & Organization Management, 37(2), 137-170.
Williams, T. A., Gruber, D., Sutcliffe, K., Shepherd, D. A., & Zhao, E. Y. (2017). Organizational
response to adversity: Fusing crisis management and resilience research streams. Academy
of Management Annals, 11(2) 733-769.
Williams, T. A., & Shepherd, D. A. (2016). Victim entrepreneurs doing well by doing good:
Venture creation and well-being in the aftermath of a resource shock. Journal of Business
Venturing, 31(4), 365-387.
Williams, T. A., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). To the rescue!? Brokering a rapid, scaled and
customized compassionate response to suffering after disaster. Journal of Management
Studies, 55(6), 910-942.
Xu, N., Chen, Y., Fung, A., & Chan, K. C. (2018). Contributing Forces in Entrepreneurship
Research: A Global Citation Analysis. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(1), 179-
201.
31
Appendix I: Initial Email
Subject: Your input - COVID-19 Social Entrepreneurship Initiative (later renamed “Virtual Idea Blitz:)
Team,
I've been trying to brainstorm a social entrepreneurship initiative that we could lead in response to the COVID-19
situation. Essentially what I’ve come up with is facilitating a rapid entrepreneurship accelerator and matchmaking
program that brings together students faculty and alums to generate ideas and build solutions related to issues that
have arisen due to COVID-19 (could include tech applications, social distancing products/service, remote working,
repurposing of facilities/resources-see link below). Think of it like a digital startup weekend focused on entirely on
COVID-19 solutions of all types (note: this was later renamed a “Virtual Idea Blitz”).
I have sketched this as a landing page/place to save ideasstill fine tuning (see here). This program would draw on
our entrepreneurial toolkit and workshop strengths. The goal would be to move ideas into the prototype stage
rapidly.
I’ve vetted the concept with some student entrepreneurs who have tech/coding skills and they have interest in
participating. In general they believe other students would rally to assist in any way they can (e.g., design, web,
social media marketing, etc.). I also have some initial interest from groups and individuals that would want to
fund/support viable solutions that may come out of this initiative. Beyond that, I think that our alumni and
community would quickly rally to support any viable initiatives that emerge.
Please share thoughts/concerns via email if you have any. If this is something you want to participate in please let
me know if you can jump on a zoom call at 10:00 am tomorrow to discuss/vet/adapt this concept.
32
Appendix II: Full Schedule
Friday
5:30 - 6:30 PM
Kickoff Meeting & Workshop #1: Social Value & Idea Sprint Principals
All participants join session to receive instructions and overview
ON ZOOM - zoom link here
Welcome & Idea Blitz Overview - led by Regan Stevenson
Situation/Case Overview - led by Matt Josefy
Creating Social Value - led by Sophie Bacq
Idea Sprint Principals - led by Trent Williams
6:30 - 7:00 PM
Breakout Instructions: Team Assignments, Mentors & Introductions
All participants join session to receive instructions
Led by Will Geoghegan
Teams have been identified according to complimentary skill sets, problem
category, and the choice they made earlier about the idea they would like
to work on. Each team has an assigned team/idea number and a series of
mentors to assist them in developing their idea throughout the weekend (see the
Teams, Coaches & Mentors” table below).
Breakout Process:
When instructed, participants and mentors accept the breakout room of
the team number they have been assigned.
After brief team introductions, the mentors will help teams develop their
own system of online communication and workflow, including setting
up an independent Zoom link hosted by the team lead. This Zoom link
will also be shared with the mentor for later check in’s (e.g., @ 9:00
PM).
Once the independent link is established and shared, teams will leave
the call and join theirindependent” Zoom calls to start the event.
7:00 - 7:30 PM
Optional Break We suggest you eat something!
7:30 PM -
Flexible
Team Working Session #1: Research on pains/solutions in other locations,
ideation, map MVP, identify customers and weekend deliverables.
9:00 PM
Mentor Check In #1: Each team consults with assigned mentors on Zoom.
33
Saturday
9:30 - 10:30
AM
Workshop #2: Customer Validation, Prototyping
Led by Trent Williams
10:30-12:30
PM
Team Working Session #2: Refine MVP concept, start building
12:30 - 1:00
PM
Optional Break - Eat some lunch.
1:00 - 2:00 PM
Mentor Check In #2: Each team consults with assigned mentors on Zoom.
2:00 - 7:00 PM
Team Working Session #3: Pain-Product validation, iteration, keep building
5:00 - 6:00 PM
Optional Break - Virtual dinner anyone?
7:00 PM
Mentor Check In #3: Each team consults with assigned mentors on Zoom.
8:00 PM - Flex
Team Working Session #4: Finalize MVP, Discuss Business Model (if
applicable) and begin mapping out the structure of the pitch
Sunday
9:30 -
10:30 AM
Workshop #3: Effective Pitches
Led by Greg Fisher
10:30 -
2:00 PM
Team Working Session #5: Continue to validate and iterate, work on pitch
12:30-1:00
PM
Optional Break Eat some lunch
2:00 PM
Mentor Check In #4: Each team consults with assigned mentors on Zoom.
3:00 - 5:00
PM
Team Working Session #6: Finalize presentation
5:00 PM
Teams record and submit their final presentations
CONGRATULATIONS ON COMPLETING THE SPRINT!
9:00 PM
Optional Virtual Reception
(Bring Your Own Drinks. And Your Own Food. And Your Own Chair)
Join us to look at some highlights of our collective efforts and to give us a
chance to thank you for your investment in this initiative.
zoom link here
34
Appendix III: Screen Captures of some of the Successes of one of the teams
#realheroesneedmasks
35
Appendix IV: Qualtrics Landing Page
Original landing page www.covid19ideas.org
Current webpage www.virtualideablitz.com
36
Appendix V: Screen Captures of the Call to Action on LinkedIn
37
Appendix VI: Posts detailing the outcomes and celebration event
Upon conclusion of the event, publicizing the ideas and prototypes was identified as a key action to take
in order to help attract new team members or critical support (e.g., technical skills) for implementation of
prototypes and to help attract funding. Specific publicizing efforts included:
All members of the organizing team shared summaries of the event and its outcomes on LinkedIn,
posting links to the website and sharing posts by participant teams that often linked directly to their
team’s video. In addition, a LinkedIn post with a screenshot of the final reception, showing dozens
of participants on the video call (see Appendix VII for a screen capture of this post) was shared by
each member of the organizing team (and in turn, reposted by dozens of others who had been
involved in the project).
One participant offered to write a blog post to be shared on her department’s website. The
organizing team supported this effort by supplying quotes and photographs.
Progress and updates were shared regularly with the Indiana University and Kelley School Media
teams so that they could draft a press release for dissemination.
The organizing team hired a video editor to create a 10-minute highlight reel of the weekend for
participants and a second shorter 4-minute promotional video to be added to the main website.
... A clear example of an abrupt change in the environment is the global COVID-19 pandemic. Such a pandemic created several challenges due to the massive unemployment, the closure of large, small, and medium-sized companies, the change in the way business is done, thousands of people falling into conditions of extreme poverty, and millions of people dying from the COVID-19 pandemic (Bacq et al., 2020;Buera et al., 2020;Guerrero & Siegel, 2024). Likewise, the pandemic also affected the way in which universities reached out to students and continued to operate with all of their different departments (e.g., faculties and offices with specific functions), including UTTOs, which were also affected. ...
... This reconfiguration aligns with dynamic capabilities theory, which emphasizes the importance of organizational agility in adapting to rapid environmental changes (Teece et al., 1997). UTTOs have been compelled to pivot strategically, incorporating new methods for technology absorption and aligning their initiatives with the societal challenges posed by the pandemic (Bacq et al., 2020;Guerrero & Pugh, 2022;Guerrero & Siegel, 2024). ...
... Implementation of New Internal Regulations: UTTOs are revising internal regulations to facilitate quicker decision-making and more flexible approaches to technology transfer. This regulatory agility is crucial for responding to rapidly evolving societal needs (Bacq et al., 2020;Guerrero & Siegel, 2024). ...
Article
Full-text available
Over the last decades, the University Technology Transfer Offices (UTTOs) literature has focused on how technology transfer contributes to economic development and only a few studies have focused on social development. This study explores how UTTOs transform into ambidextrous organizations capable of simultaneously addressing economic and social challenges, during external crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, we explore which dynamic capabilities and strategies should be developed or reconfigured by UTTOs to respond to complex societal challenges. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 20 UTTO officials from universities across Europe, North America, and Latin America, carried out in 2020 and 2021. Our findings show that UTTOs reconfigured their dynamic capabilities and implemented inclusive strategies, such as flexible intellectual property models, inclusive technology transfer practices, and newmetrics that integrate social value. These adaptations enable UTTOs to respond effectively to the COVID-19 pandemic by facilitating the translation of impactful technologies to societal needs. We propose a theoretical framework that incorporates the role of dynamic capabilities—sensing, seizing, and transforming—into how UTTOs align economic and social goals by translating knowledge-creation processes to make discoveries that address social needs and financial opportunities. This study highlights some strategic implications based on the emergence of ambidextrous UTTOs, which focus on simultaneously driving both economic and social impacts.
... Drucker emphasises that entrepreneurial endeavours must have a focus on change and innovation, and having a profit motive is not obligatory for entrepreneurship. Building upon this opportunity-oriented definition, Bacq et al. (2020) incorporated a resourcefulness element, stating that the core of entrepreneurial management lies in pursuing opportunities without being constrained by currently possessed resources. according to their research, entrepreneurs keep their personal resource pool open to various possibilities for poverty reduction. ...
Article
In Iraq, social entrepreneurship is increasingly recognised as a promising path towards alleviating poverty and fostering holistic societal development. Poverty eradication is crucial for sustainable progress, and social entrepreneurship offers avenues for job creation, accessible goods and services, and overall economic growth. This study aims to enhance the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship in Iraq by improving economic, social, and environmental efficiencies. The research developed three hypotheses, drawing on theories such as Opportunity-Based Entrepreneurship, Social Network Theory, and the Schumpeterian Innovation Model. Through purposive sampling and 220 structured questionnaires, 217 responses were analysed. The findings indicate that social impact strongly predicts poverty alleviation, followed by economic empowerment and social value, though social innovation showed mixed results. Government policies were found to have insignificant result on the relationship between social entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation, attributed to perceived inadequate support for the private sector. Recommendations include regular evaluation of social innovation strategies, brainstorming sessions, empowerment programs, and fostering social impact through community and individual empowerment. By fostering an environment conducive to social entrepreneurship, Iraq can harness local innovations and community strengths to combat poverty effectively, ensuring sustainable development and societal well-being.
... The Covid-19 pandemic has caused extensive damage to the world's social, economic, and healthcare systems (Bacq et al., 2020). Furthermore, the global COVID-19 epidemic caused a worldwide recession, negatively affecting the industrial job market worldwide, particularly in Indonesia. ...
Article
Full-text available
This research investigates the effect of shared leadership on employee innovation and the mediating and moderating roles of knowledge-sharing and interactive work culture in the relationship between shared leadership and employee innovation. A total of 840 respondents from 120 local beverage companies in three provinces in Indonesia were selected using purposive sampling. The survey instruments were initially tested for validity and reliability as a preliminary analysis. Data obtained during the survey were then analyzed using the hierarchical regression method with Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). This research reveals that shared leadership positively affects knowledge sharing and employee innovation. In addition, knowledge sharing partially mediates the relationship, while interactive work culture moderates the relationship between shared leadership and employee innovation behavior. This study is among the first to discuss the relationship between shared leadership and employees’ innovative behavior using knowledge sharing as a mediator and interactive work culture as a moderator in the context of local beverage companies in Indonesia.
Article
Emerging economies, often characterized by significant social and economic disparities, provide a critical context for examining how social entrepreneurs can drive sustainable development to reduce poverty and inequality. It has been identified that developing countries are facing numerous economic, social, and bio-environmental problems, such as income disparity, unequal access to education, unemployment, information asymmetry, and corruption. In response to these identified problems, this study employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach to investigate the sustainability of social entrepreneurship in the context of poverty and inequality interventions in emerging countries. Studies were selected through identification, screening, eligibility, and analysis. The findings underscore the potential of social entrepreneurship to contribute significantly to sustainable development goals by fostering inclusive growth and reducing disparities in areas of poverty and inequality in emerging economies; the findings can help researchers, practitioners, social entrepreneurs, and governments make strategic investment decisions and overcome challenges in poverty and inequity. Several recommendations for future research are underscored, including the need to conduct more studies to better understand social entrepreneurship and poverty and inequality reduction.
Article
Full-text available
Previous studies indicate the adverse effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship sustainability and socio-economic development. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic caused an economic crisis in global economies. This study acknowledged that entrepreneurship is a crucial component to consider in mitigating the aftereffects of the pandemic on economies and their recovery. The study examines the characteristics that encourage the survival of entrepreneurship in the COVID-19 pandemic environment and investigates the link between entrepreneurship and long-term development. The study evaluated the relevant literature to validate the correlations between the key variables to accomplish this goal. Given the setting of the Coronavirus pandemic, the study determines what the future of entrepreneurship will look like. The study is interested in knowing what path the entrepreneurs will choose regarding recovery. The method used to perform this study was a judgemental survey on the future trends in entrepreneurship. According to the findings, the top three positions are freelancing, internet and innovative entrepreneurship, and business globalisation, which will follow the trend in entrepreneurship. The practical implications of this research support entrepreneurs in their pursuit of new business trends.
Thesis
This PhD thesis investigates the growing sector of social enterprises in Greece, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and shortly afterwards, by selecting a sample of these enterprises and examining both the organizational growth strategies they implemented to develop their social impact and the impact of their organizational social capital on the two dimensions (social and economic) of their organizational performance. This thesis enriches the international and Greek literature in the field of social enterprises and offers a multifaceted theoretical approach to the issues under investigation, combining and integrating knowledge from previous studies in the international literature regarding the organizational growth strategies that contribute to the development of the social impact of these enterprises, as well as from the resource-based theory, the organizational social capital theory and the behavioral entrepreneurship theory. In the first part of the thesis, which consists of the exploratory study, emphasis is placed on the investigation of the organizational development strategies that a sample of Greek social enterprises implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to develop its social impact. A qualitative methodological approach, involving a multiple case study of ten Greek social enterprises, reveals the strategies by which these organizations developed organizationally and simultaneously developed their social impact during the socio-economic crisis that resulted from the outbreak of the pandemic. The empirical results of this thesis showed that the pandemic led the social enterprises in the sample to adopt four main organizational growth strategies: expanding their geographical coverage and size, increasing their activities, indirect strategies to broaden their social impact and, finally, strengthening and ensuring their organizational sustainability. In particular, in the first empirical part of this thesis, a new sub-activity of organizational growth that contributes to the development of the social impact of social enterprises is highlighted in the context of the above fourth main strategy, under the term "strategic organizational change", which mainly involves the adaptation of these enterprises to both local and remote markets through the rapid digitalization of their services. This part of the thesis contributes significantly to our understanding of the organizational growth strategies by which social enterprises can effectively maximize their social impact, especially in times of crisis. The second part of this thesis, which consists of the explanatory study, examines the influence of organizational social capital separately on the social and economic performance of a sample of Greek social enterprises, with emphasis on the mediating role of social entrepreneurship orientation in these relationships. Synthesizing, in the light of the resource-based theory, the organizational social capital theory and the behavioral entrepreneurship theory, this thesis offers a comprehensive and multifaceted theoretical framework with which to analyze with quantitative statistical methods data collected from 345 Greek social enterprises. The statistical technique of structural equation modeling with the bootstrap method was used to test the research hypotheses and estimate the path coefficients. The results showed that organizational social capital has a positive influence on the social and economic performance of the sampled Greek social enterprises. Moreover, it was found that social entrepreneurship orientation played a statistically significant and positive mediating role only in the relationship between organizational social capital and social performance of these firms and not in the relationship between organizational social capital and economic performance of these firms. This finding highlights the importance of organizational social capital and social entrepreneurship orientation in enhancing the two dimensions (social and economic) of organizational performance of social enterprises. The originality of this thesis lies a) in its systematic approach to investigating the organizational growth strategies that a sample of social enterprises in Greece implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to expand its social impact and b) in the integration of fundamental theories for understanding the relationships among organizational social capital, social entrepreneurship orientation and the two dimensions (social and economic) of organizational performance of a sample of Greek social enterprises. Moreover, this thesis provides valuable insights for academic researchers, practitioners of various disciplines, stakeholders, and public policy makers in the field of social entrepreneurship. By highlighting the importance of strategic organizational change, organizational social capital and social entrepreneurship orientation, this thesis not only enriches the academic discourse, but also provides practical guidance for social enterprises seeking to achieve sustainable economic growth and enhanced social impact both in challenging environments and difficult socio-economic circumstances, as well as in environments and periods afterwards.
Article
Full-text available
Összefoglalás. A KDP keretében folytatott kutatómunkám a szabványos irányítási rendszerek szerepének változása válsághelyzetben a vállalati működésben. A válság valamennyi hosszú távú hatása még nem ismert, de az nagy valószínűséggel kijelenthető, hogy ilyen és ehhez hasonló válságokra a jövőben a vállalatoknak fel kell készülniük, gyors reagálással, ellenálló képességgel, kockázatkezeléssel, illetve ahol szükséges, a folyamataik át- és újragondolásával. A válsághelyzetre való alkalmazkodáshoz, a folyamatok újragondolásához járulnak hozzá szervezeti szinten a szabványos irányítási rendszerek. Jelen írásom azt mutatja be, a kutatásom során mi volt a kutatási témám relevanciája, milyen kutatási célt tűztem ki, milyen módszertanokat használtam és milyen várható eredményeket tudhat magáénak a kutatás. Summary. My research work within the framework of the KDP is the change in the role of standard management systems in a crisis situation in company operations. Just like society as a whole, the daily life of companies was also significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that began in March 2020. This crisis situation presented organizations with unprecedented challenges. It had a powerful impact on the world economy, the national economy, large corporations, small and medium-sized enterprises, and especially entrepreneurs, which had significant consequences. In my KDP research, I focus on the effects of the crisis situation appearing at the company level. All the long-term effects of the crisis are not yet known, but it can be said with high probability that companies must prepare for such and similar crises in the future, with quick response, resilience, risk management and, where necessary, rethinking and rethinking their processes. At the organizational level, standard management systems contribute to adapting to these crisis situations and rethinking processes. The framework provided by the requirements of the ISO standard provides assistance in managing these challenges, management and strategic planning, and in ensuring organizational sustainability and continuous development. In the current circumstances, it is advisable for organizations to adopt and operate an integrated framework, taking into account the various requirements of ISO standards. These standards require, among other things, monitoring, measurement, analysis and performance evaluation, development and effectiveness of implementation for the organization’s management systems. The ISO 9000 standard defines the term management system as follows. Management system A set of interrelated or interacting elements of an organization to establish policies and objectives and processes to achieve those objectives. The concept of crisis is mainly related to an extreme, unexpected and unforeseeable event to which organizations must respond. So the crisis, for which companies must prepare, requires the use of a system of tools with which they can react quickly and efficiently to unexpected situations in the future. It can therefore be said that standard management systems, and beyond this, integrated management systems, have a right to exist in crisis management. My research objective is therefore the examination of integrated management systems, in relation to which standard requirements have strengthened and which have decreased in a crisis situation in the organizations operating integrated management systems. My present paper shows the relevance of my research topic during my research, what research goal I set, what methodologies I used and what expected results the research can have.
Article
Full-text available
Plain language summary Understanding What Drives People to Recommend Online Platforms: Insights from a Study on Consumer Practices Have you ever wondered why some people are eager to recommend online contests and platforms to others? Our study dives into this question, focusing on online consumer practices (OCPs) - basically, how people engage with online contests and platforms. We explored several factors that might influence someone’s decision to recommend these platforms to friends or colleagues. Firstly, we looked at “outcome expectations”– the belief that participating in an online contest can lead to positive outcomes, like learning something new or improving skills. Then, we considered “career benefits”– the idea that winning a contest could help someone’s job prospects. We also examined how the reputation of the company hosting the contest might affect recommendations, alongside “task identity” (how clear and specific the contest details are) and the duration of the contest (how long it runs). Our findings revealed some interesting points. For example, people are more likely to recommend contests when they believe participating could yield personal or professional gains. However, not all factors influenced recommendations equally. The reputation of the company hosting the contest mattered more to people than how well-defined the contest tasks were or how long the contest lasted. These insights are crucial for anyone organizing online contests or platforms, as they highlight the importance of framing these opportunities in a way that resonates with potential participants. By understanding what drives recommendations, organizers can better design and promote their contests, making them more appealing to a broader audience. In short, our study sheds light on the complex motivations behind recommending online platforms and contests, offering valuable guidelines for enhancing their appeal and reach.
Article
Full-text available
Entrepreneurs need to act under conditions of uncertainty with severe resource constraints to bring new, often-unrecognizable products to market and convince an unknown set of stakeholders to support their endeavors. Yet the type of action entrepreneurs take to navigate uncertain entrepreneurial contexts is underspecified and generally not well understood. We analyzed 48 interviews with entrepreneurs to inductively identify and develop an action-oriented construct we labeled as entrepreneurial hustle-an entrepreneur's urgent, unorthodox actions that are intended to be useful in addressing immediate challenges and opportunities under conditions of uncertainty. In a follow-up study, we use an experimental vignette approach to assess the impact of an entrepreneur's hustle on venture stakeholders. Findings from this follow-up study suggest that entrepreneurial hustle positively influences stakeholder perceptions of the entrepreneur's leadership effectiveness and a venture's legitimacy, mediated by perceptions of the entrepreneur's ability-based trustworthiness. We conclude with a discussion of entrepreneurial hustle as a fundamental, but overlooked, behavior that enables entrepreneurs to enroll new venture stakeholders and lead their entrepreneurial efforts under conditions of uncertainty.
Article
Full-text available
This prospective longitudinal study examined stress-mediating potentials of 3 types of social support: social embeddedness, perceived support from nonkin, and perceived support from kin. As participants in a statewide panel study, 222 older adults were interviewed once before and twice after a severe flood. It was hypothesized that disaster exposure (stress) would influence depression directly and indirectly, through deterioration of social support. LISREL analyses indicated that postdisaster declines in social embeddedness and nonkin support mediated the immediate and delayed impact of disaster stress. No evidence was found for the mediational role of kin support. Findings are in accord with conceptualizations of social support as an entity reflecting dynamic transactions among individuals, their social networks, and environmental pressures.
Article
Full-text available
Suffering comes in many forms that significantly impact organizations' operations and performance. As a result, recent research on compassion organizing seeks to explain how efforts to notice, feel, and respond to suffering create organizational (and societal) benefits. Widespread suffering can be generated by natural disasters, which in turn can trigger compassionate organizational responses. In this paper, we build on social capital theory to theorize about how compassionate ventures leverage network relationships to identify and mobilize resources. We also explore how differences in these approaches influence the magnitude, speed, and customization of the response, all of which are theorized indicators of the effectiveness of compassion organizing in alleviating suffering. We use structural equation modeling to test our model and find that compassionate ventures with stronger ties to the local community are more likely to bundle (i.e., stretch) resources, which facilitates a speedy, customized, and large magnitude response. In contrast, those with stronger ties outside the local community are more likely to pursue (i.e., chase) new resources, which results in a large magnitude response, but one that is not associated with speed or customization. We discuss the implications of our findings and make recommendations for future research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Article
Full-text available
Research on crisis management and resilience has sought to explain how individuals and organizations anticipate and respond to adversity, yet—surprisingly—there has been little integration across these two literatures. In this paper, we review the literatures on crisis management and resilience and discuss opportunities to both integrate and advance these streams of research. We identify unique lines of work on crisis and crisis management—crisis-as-an-event and crisis-as-process. We review complementary streams of research in the resilience literature and explore their implications for studies of crisis. Building on these reviews, we develop an integrative framework that is focused around key themes of both crisis and resilience, including capabilities for durability; organizing and adjusting; responding to major disturbances; and a feedback loop from these experiences. Following this, we offer a research agenda that centers on understanding and explaining the interaction between crisis and resilience as they occur in a dynamic process. We then discuss research opportunities that explore the dynamic relationship of resilience and crisis as it relates to leadership, time, complexity, and mindfulness. Finally, we note how researchers can consider the dark side of resilience.
Article
Full-text available
"Grand challenges" are formulations of global problems that can be plausibly addressed through coordinated and collaborative effort. In this Special Research Forum, we showcase management research that examines societal problems that individuals, organizations, communities, and nations face around the world. We develop a framework to guide future research to provide systematic empirical evidence on the formulation, articulation, and implementation of grand challenges. We highlight several factors that likely enhance or suppress the attainment of collective goals, and identify representative research questions for future empirical work. In so doing, we aspire to encourage management scholars to engage in tackling broader societal challenges through their collaborative research and collective insight.
Article
More than a decade ago, scholars formally conceptualized the potential synergy between leadership and entrepreneurship scholarship. Our work highlights research accomplishments occurring at the interface of these two intellectual areas as well as identifying untapped possibilities for continued research. We highlight how recent efforts have witnessed a mutual exchange of ideas that present opportunities benefiting both fields. Drawing from four key domains of entrepreneurship previously proposed to mutually inform future leadership research efforts, we make suggestions for integrating entrepreneurial opportunities, the roles of individual and entrepreneurial teams, the modes of organizing entrepreneurial ventures, and differing entrepreneurial environments with key trends important to leadership research, such as servant leadership and leader-member exchange theory. Overall, our work provides an assessment of the state of the art surrounding the coalescence of leadership and entrepreneurship research and sets an agenda for the next decade of research at this intersection.
Article
We use Resource Dependency Theory and Human Capital Theory to explain entrepreneurship research, which is a relatively new research field over the last decade. Using citation analysis based on a rich database of 191,695 citations on 2,154 entrepreneurship articles published in leading journals from 2002 to 2013, we find that geographic diversity, international collaboration, top research scholars, and top research institutions enhance entrepreneurship research quality, which is measured by the number of citations per article. Leading institutions in entrepreneurship research are not long-established research institutions. Entrepreneurship presents itself as a unique opportunity for a wider range of institutions and scholars to collaborate and develop expertise and leadership research.
Conference Paper
Hackathons are events where people who are not normally collocated converge for a few days to write code together. Hackathons, it seems, are everywhere. We know that long- term collocation helps advance technical work and facilitate enduring interpersonal relationships, but can similar benefits come from brief, hackathon-style collocation? How do participants spend their time preparing, working face-to- face, and following through these brief encounters? Do the activities participants select suggest a tradeoff between the social and technical benefits of collocation? We present results from a multiple-case study that suggest the way that hackathon-style collocation advances technical work varies across technical domain, community structure, and expertise of participants. Building social ties, in contrast, seems relatively constant across hackathons. Results from different hackathon team formation strategies suggest a tradeoff between advancing technical work and building social ties. Our findings have implications for technology support that needs to be in place for hackathons and for understanding the role of brief interludes of collocation in loosely-coupled, geographically distributed work.