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Sports Vision: Influence on Athlete's Performance Acta Scientific Ophthalmology (ISSN: 2582-3191)

Authors:

Abstract

The ability to see and then create an appropriate motor response is central to optimal sports performance. Elite athletes face intense visuo-motor demands requiring millisecond-level decision making to convert vision into action. Some crucial skills in competition are directly linked to the visual process. It is helpful to classify the areas of assessment in order to better understand how the factors affect performance. It is analyzed a routine check in sports vision consultation, which involves the evaluation plan routine of primary and secondary skills with direct influence on sports performance. These abilities are assessment with an approach to direct correlation with the sporting skill that interferes; the way it should be evaluated and the instruments available on the market. Sport vision training aproaches provide another opportunity for the athlete to enhance vision and visual performance factors that are importante for their sport. In most sports, vision is critical element for sucessful performance and an eyecare professional should be proficient in assessing and training athletes' high-performance vision skills.
Acta Scientific Ophthalmology (ISSN: 2582-3191)
Volume 3 Issue 5 May 2020

Patrícia Rodrigues*
Optometrist and Sport Vision Specialist, Portugal
*Corresponding Author:


Received:
Published:
Patrícia
Rodrigues., et al.
Abstract
Keywords: 
Introduction
            
               


         

 


Abbreviation


 
  
          
        



    
       
          

    



  

   
      
 

    
         
        
Figure 1:

Citation:  
     
         







    



     
      
     
  

  
        
   
    
       
        
  

   

         
       
        




  
     




     
        
  


          



Sports vision evaluation
Primary skills in sports vision
        
    





• Static visual acuity:
   



          

• Dynamic visual acuity:      
  

          
   
     
      



        
  

  
    


   

• Retinoscopy/Refraction:    
       
         


Citation:  
   
      
     
        
    



• Eye motility:      
       

 
     




    

  
     
     
      


  

• Accommodative system: 
       
   


  


     

   

• Binocular vision:
        
         
        
      
  
    


        


• Stereopsis: 

       
  

       
  
 

        
      
       


         


• Contrast sensitivity:
        

  
 
        



     
   

• Ocular health exams:
  

 



• 


  
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
Citation:  

  
      
   


• Color vision:
        
      
        
  


• Dominant eye:




 

      
    
        
        

    
  

nant eye 
  

Secondary skills in sports vision
 

  

• Eye-hand/eye-foot/eye-body coordination: 
       
   

           
         
         
      
      

    
       
         

      
      
       
      
   

 

tion tests
• Eye tracking:        

        
        
    
       
       
         
         

   
         


      
       
       


 

• Motor response time and visual-motor reaction time: Mo
         
       
      
  
    
     
    

         



Citation:  
        





        
        
      


     

• Speed of recognition:      
       
  
       

   
      



       


  


    

•        In
       
        
     




 



  




        
    

      



     
  
      

  

• Visual memory:  
      
         
    




         

Sports vision training (SVT)





  
        
    


         
  
        
        



Citation:  
  

         



     
 
   
  

    
     
      






        
       
 
   
     

 

      
   


            


        
      

       
    
       

      
         






      



      

           
 
  
sion

       
      
 
   



  





Figure 2: 


Citation:  
Conclusion






 
 
       
         
 
  





     

    
        
        
 


  


      
     

Bibliography
            
      

 

        


   et al     
       29

  et al      


 et al
       

   et al     
       

      
Biomedical

  et al  
 -
ence
 
        
Journal of Sports Medicine
       
  

         
     
Journal of Sports Sciences
 et al
    -

 


 
 -

          
     American Journal

   
Neuro Report
          


  

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
Citation:  
 
 

   et al     
     55

        
 Inter-


 et al
  -

 
Sport Performance
 
     -


 et al
-

 
-

 
International Journal of Exercise Science 

 


 
  

 
Elsevier
 et al 


  et al   
      

        
      
      Neuroreport  

   et al       
        


 
       
      

        
International Journal of Exercise Science

 et al   
   Attention, Per-

        
International Journal of Exercise Science

 et al

   et al     
       Journal of
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  et al  
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 et al
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... 5 High-achieving athletes perform better than non-athletes or lower-performing athletes on various measures of visual, perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities, all due to a better visual-motor reaction time. 6 Moreover, experts have shown to be superior to sub-elite and/or novices in sport-specific tasks including advanced visual-cue utilization and visual search strategies.Click or tap here to enter text. 7 In addition, visual capabilities not only influence sport performance directly, but also affect the achievement of motor skills. ...
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a holistic test (Soccer Skills and Cognitive Aptitude Test [SoSCAT]) that assesses soccer skills and performance in a dual-task (DT) context. A total of 73 male soccer players aged 12–18 years joined in this study. They were playing in three official Spanish regional leagues, and were divided according to their age into under 14 (U14, n = 25), under 16 (U16, n = 26), and under 18 (U18, n = 22). Additionally, players were categorized dichotomously into high-talented (n = 20) and lower-talented (n = 53) groups. Several soccer-skill and cognitive tests were evaluated. Regarding absolute reliability, the standard error of measurement (SEM) was 2.27 (5.30%) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) was 4.17 (9.75%). In relative reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.908 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.826–0.951, p < 0.001). By category, the U18 group showed a higher performance in SoSCAT (p < 0.001) than U16 and U14. In addition, the DT cost (DTC) and ΔTime were the lowest in the U18 group (p = 0.041). Moreover, the high-talent group showed the best performance in SoSCAT (p = 0.001), DTC (p < 0.001), and in ΔTime (p < 0.001). To sum, the SoSCAT is a reliable tool for use under the DT context and it discriminates between levels of players and determines several variables that are relevant to soccer performance and that could help to early identify soccer talent.
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Background : Visual abilities and motor performance are the key factor in athletes to improve their performance. One emerging technology to enhance athletes' visuomotor and cognitive abilities is SVT. This paper aims to show how SVT can be used as an intervention technique in athletics to enhance athletes' performance. Any research that examined the use of strobe glasses as a training aid for physically fit athletes was taken into consideration for this evaluation. Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of stroboscopic visual training on athletes. Methods: In January 2024, searches were conducted using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, ProQuest databases. Screening publications that included strobe glasses as a training aid was done by two independent reviewers. 13 of the 25 full-text articles that were evaluated for inclusion and exclusion satisfied the requirements. Results: The results of the SVT intervention were: enhanced visual and visuomotor function; improved reaction time; enhanced eye-hand coordination; enhanced perceptual skills; enhanced short-term memory; enhanced central visual field motion; enhanced anticipatory timing; no improvement in peripheral field motion; some athletes reported feeling mentally exhausted and unable to identify colours. Conclusions: More research is necessary to establish the ideal strobe dosage and administration since there are no established guidelines for SVT intervention settings, duration, and outcomes in athletes. With future recommendations to athletes and coaches to incorporate SVT as part of sports training to improve their on-field performance, this review outlines the advantages of SVT intervention in athletes as well as the current research gaps addressing the usage of SVT.
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This paper aimed at comparing expert and novice volleyball players in a visuomotor task using realistic stimuli. Videos of a volleyball setter performing offensive action were presented to participants, while their eye movements were recorded by a head-mounted video based eye tracker. Participants were asked to foresee the direction (forward or backward) of the setter's toss by pressing one of two keys. Key-press response time, response accuracy, and gaze behaviour were measured from the first frame showing the setter's hand-ball contact to the button pressed by the participants. Experts were faster and more accurate in predicting the direction of the setting than novices, showing accurate predictions when they used a search strategy involving fewer fixations of longer duration, as well as spending less time in fixating all display areas from which they extract critical information for the judgment. These results are consistent with the view that superior performance in experts is due to their ability to efficiently encode domain-specific information that is relevant to the task.
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The visual system has developed to transform an undifferentiated and continuous flow of information into discrete and manageable representations, and this ability rests primarily on the uninterrupted nature of the input. Here we explore the impact of altering how visual information is accumulated over time by assessing how intermittent vision influences memory retention. Previous work has shown that intermittent, or stroboscopic, visual training (i.e., practicing while only experiencing snapshots of vision) can enhance visual-motor control and visual cognition, yet many questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms that are altered. In the present study, we used a partial-report memory paradigm to assess the possible changes in visual memory following training under stroboscopic conditions. In Experiment 1, the memory task was completed before and immediately after a training phase, wherein participants engaged in physical activities (e.g., playing catch) while wearing either specialized stroboscopic eyewear or transparent control eyewear. In Experiment 2, an additional group of participants underwent the same stroboscopic protocol but were delayed 24 h between training and assessment, so as to measure retention. In comparison to the control group, both stroboscopic groups (immediate and delayed retest) revealed enhanced retention of information in short-term memory, leading to better recall at longer stimulus-to-cue delays (640-2,560 ms). These results demonstrate that training under stroboscopic conditions has the capacity to enhance some aspects of visual memory, that these faculties generalize beyond the specific tasks that were trained, and that trained improvements can be maintained for at least a day.
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Humans have a remarkable capacity to learn and adapt, but surprisingly little research has demonstrated generalized learning in which new skills and strategies can be used flexibly across a range of tasks and contexts. In the present work we examined whether generalized learning could result from visual–motor training under stroboscopic visual conditions. Individuals were assigned to either an experimental condition that trained with stroboscopic eyewear or to a control condition that underwent identical training with non-stroboscopic eyewear. The training consisted of multiple sessions of athletic activities during which participants performed simple drills such as throwing and catching. To determine if training led to generalized benefits, we used computerized measures to assess perceptual and cognitive abilities on a variety of tasks before and after training. Computer-based assessments included measures of visual sensitivity (central and peripheral motion coherence thresholds), transient spatial attention (a useful field of view – dual task paradigm), and sustained attention (multiple-object tracking). Results revealed that stroboscopic training led to significantly greater re-test improvement in central visual field motion sensitivity and transient attention abilities. No training benefits were observed for peripheral motion sensitivity or peripheral transient attention abilities, nor were benefits seen for sustained attention during multiple-object tracking. These findings suggest that stroboscopic training can effectively improve some, but not all aspects of visual perception and attention.
Article
Background The aim of this study was to investigate static and dynamic visual acuity, refractive error, and the use of visual compensation of elite football players. Methods From 2015 to 2017, 147 professional players from five teams were analysed. Screening consisted of a survey about the use of visual correction, and measurement refractive error, static visual acuity and dynamic visual acuity. Refractive error was assessed using an autorefractor. Distance static visual acuity was evaluated using a Snellen chart. Dynamic visual acuity was measured at five metres using the software COI‐SV. All athletes were male with a mean age of 24.6 ± 4.1 years. Results The mean refractive error of the athletes was −0.04 ± 0.83 D, and 16.4 per cent were myopic. Statistically significant differences were found for dynamic visual acuity (p = 0.033), based on the position occupied. Goalkeepers displayed the best dynamic visual acuity and forwards had the lowest values (0.82 ± 0.14 and 0.62 ± 0.17, respectively). The forwards presented with the highest prevalence of myopia and goalkeepers the lowest, at 22.5 per cent and 12.5 per cent, respectively. All goalkeepers who needed to use a correction for play used it, whereas only 16 per cent of the forwards who needed a correction used it. Conclusion Dynamic visual acuity of forwards is lower than that of other players. Twenty‐five per cent of players who need to use visual correction to practice sports actually use it.
Book
From basic eye care services to visual performance enhancement training, this evidence-based resource explores a wide range of sports vision services, addressing many of the questions you may have regarding assessment and treatment procedures, outcome expectations, and applications to sport. You'll find a thorough review and discussion of the role of vision care in an athlete's performance, as well as practical recommendations for applying current research findings to clinical practice. The accompanying CD-ROM enables you to easily print your own copies and versions of evaluation forms, screening forms, sample profiles, and patient handouts, plus other samples and resources used in client assessment and training! Evidence-based information covers a wide range of sports vision services. A task analysis approach used throughout the text allows the reader to develop solid reasoning skills and evaluate information needed for clinical practice. Coverage of goals, expectations, and strategies assists in determining the treatment options for a multitude of sports. Practical, clinically oriented chapters on assessment, prescribing, and ocular injuries provide the essential information needed for clinical practice in an easy-to-use reference. Addresses vision training from the certified athletic trainers (ATC) perspective, reflecting the collaboration between athletic trainers, optometrists, and ophthalmologists in managing athletes. Visual aids including photographs, tables, and boxed text help to clarify important concepts and allow ease of access to important information. A CD-ROM is included allowing quick access to important resources used in client assessment and training.
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Describes a series of experiments conducted on the racquet sports of badminton and squash to determine the location of the advance cues that provide critical anticipatory information and to document any expert–novice differences in anticipatory cue usage. Data suggest movement of the arm and racquet and outward flight of the struck ball (or shuttle) as the source of the critical cues for racquet sports, and a close match was found between the visual search sequence and the proximal-to-distal kinematic development of the opponent's stroke. Expert racquet sport players differed from novices in terms of their ability to use the earlier occurring, more proximal arm cues as a basis for predicting resultant stroke speed and direction, but these differences in information pick-up were not matched by differences in visual search strategy. (French, Spanish, German & Italian abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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To investigate whether the ocular dominance affects laterality in the activity of the primary visual cortex, we examined the relationship between the ocular dominance and latency or dipole moment measured by checkerboard-pattern and magnetoencephalography in 11 right-handed healthy male participants. Participants with left-eye dominance showed a dipole moment of 21.5+/-6.1 nAm with left-eye stimulation and 16.1+/-3.6 nAm with right, whereas those with right-eye dominance showed a dipole moment of 18.0+/-5.2 and 21.5+/-2.7 nAm with left-eye and right-eye stimulation of the infero-medial quadrant visual field, respectively. Thus, the dipole moment was higher when the dominant eye was stimulated, which implies that ocular dominance is regulated by the ipsilateral occipital lobe.
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The speed of visual processing in the sighting-dominant and nondominant eyes was assessed using a simultaneity procedure in which an auditory target was set to apparently coincide with the onset of a visual stimulus. Under two types of monocular testing, the information from the sighting dominant eye was processed approximately 14 msec faster than the information from the nonsighting eye. These results suggest that the monocular channels are not completely interchangeable, and that response characteristics may vary as a function of sighting dominance.
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We assessed the effectiveness of two generalized visual training programmes in enhancing visual and motor performance for racquet sports. Forty young participants were assigned equally to groups undertaking visual training using Revien and Gabor's Sports Vision programme (Group 1), visual training using Revien's Eyerobics (Group 2), a placebo condition involving reading (Group 3) and a control condition involving physical practice only (Group 4). Measures of basic visual function and of sport-specific motor performance were obtained from all participants before and immediately after a 4-week training period. Significant pre- to post-training differences were evident on some of the measures; however, these were not group-dependent. Contrary to the claims made by proponents of generalized visual training, we found no evidence that the visual training programmes led to improvements in either vision or motor performance above and beyond those resulting simply from test familiarity.