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Kaduna State University Environmental Science Journal (KESJ) vol. 1 Issue 1
30
A REVIEW OF UNETHICAL PRACTICES AMONG CONSTRUCTION
PROFESSIONALS AND MEASURES TO CURB THEM
Christiana Ada Adah
Department of Quantity Surveying, Kaduna State University, Kafanchan Campus, Kaduna State,
Nigeria
christiana.paul@kasu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
The construction industry is fraught with unethical practices traceable to construction
professionals which have affected the performance of the industry negatively especially the
negative image it projects the construction industry. Extant studies on unethical practices focused
on the effects and types of unethical practices with some going further to study measures that can
be adopted to curb unethical practices. In the Nigerian construction industry, limited studies exist
on measures to curb unethical practices. The aim of this study is to identify the most prevalent
unethical practices among construction industry professionals and suitable measures adopted to
curb them. This study conducted a desktop literature review of literature from 2003 to 2019 on
unethical practices, prevalent unethical practices and measures adopted to curb unethical
practices within the construction industry. The major findings of this study are: although unethical
practices are difficult and challenging to contain, they can be curbed; 23 prevalent unethical
practices within the construction industry were found and the most prevalent ones are bribery,
collusive tendering, bid cutting, conflict of interest and fraud. The study found that most measures
adopted to curb unethical practices are responsibility-based in nature. These responsibilities are
expected of all stakeholders – Governments of countries, professional bodies/institutions,
construction organizations and construction professionals. The most advocated measures to curb
unethical practices are leadership by example, zero-tolerance policy for unethical practices,
implementation of code of ethics and training/retraining construction professionals on codes of
ethics, promotion of ethical construction culture and appropriate prosecution of professionals
involved in unethical practices.
Keywords: Code of ethics, Construction industry, professionals, unethical practices, contract
administration
INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is vast, diverse and
fragmented with several professionals
collaborating to execute projects (Aigbavboa
Oke & Tyali, 2016; Chartered Institute of
Building, 2013). In order to practice their
trade, these professionals need to be morally
responsible to not just individuals but other
professionals (Bayles, 1989 in Abdul-
Rahman, Wang & Yap, 2010) within the
industry, making professional ethics a
requisite. Extant studies have also assessed
the importance of professional ethics not just
to the professionals but majorly, the entire
construction industry. Some of the
importance of ethics to the construction
industry includes: it influences the quality of
construction projects (Abdul-Rahman et al.,
2010), it enhances the construction industry
to attain success worldwide, it enables
optimal performance within the industry, and
generates lasting economic returns. Hence,
there is a growing demand for ethical practice
within the construction industry (Vee &
Skitmore, 2003).
The uniqueness of the construction industry
particularly with regards to several
professionals (with individual interests)
working together to execute projects, makes
the industry susceptible to unethical
Kaduna State University Environmental Science Journal (KESJ) vol. 1 Issue 1
31
practices. Extant studies including Lee &
Cullen (2018), Shah & Alotaibi (2017) and
Bowen, Edwards & Cattell (2012), revealed
that the construction industry is enmeshed in
unethical practices and is traceable to
construction professionals (Aigbavboa et al.,
2016). By definition, unethical practice is any
act that has harmful effects on others and is
legally/morally unacceptable to a larger
community (Gino, 2015). The existence of
unethical practices within the construction
industry is not just limited to certain countries
but is rather, a global phenomenon (Lee &
Cullen, 2018; CIOB, 2013) with devastating
outcome on the economy of countries.
There are extant studies on unethical
practices within the construction industry
conducted in Australia (Vee & Skitmore,
2003), China (Zou, 2006), UK (Stansbury &
Stansbury, 2018), South Africa (Aigbavboa
et al., 2016), Malaysia (Adnan, Hashim,
Yusuwan & Ahmad, 2012), and several
countries. These studies not just outlined the
types and effects of unethical practices within
the construction industry but also proffered
strategies on how to contain unethical
practices among construction industry
professionals. These solutions need to be
explored as Stansbury & Stansbury (2018)
opined that unethical practices could be
prevented whereas Vee & Skitmore (2003)
stressed that curbing it could be difficult. In
Nigeria, there are extant studies like that of
Oyewobi, Ganiyu, Oke, Ola-Awo & Shittu
(2011), Usman, Inuwa & Iro (2012),
Adeyinka, Jagboro, Ojo & Odediran (2014),
Inuwa, Usman & Dantong (2015), Olatunji,
Oke, Aghimien & Ogunwoye (2016),
Adeniyi, Adegbembo & Ojo (2018) and
Akinrata, Ogunsemi & Akinradewo (2019),
on unethical practices within the Nigerian
construction industry. However, most of
these studies focus more on code of ethics
implementation, existence, effects and
outcomes of unethical practices with limited
studies on how to contain unethical practices
within the industry.
The construction industry consists of several
construction professionals who are required
to execute their distinct roles professionally
(Aigbavboa et al., 2016; CIOB, 2013). A
typical construction project team is made up
of Architects, Interior Designers, Surveyors,
Civil / Structural Engineers, Quantity
Surveyors, Mechanical Engineers and
Electrical Engineers. These professionals
deal with time, money, equipment,
technology, people, and materials in the
course of managing construction projects
(Hussin & Omran, 2009). The divergent
interests of these professionals lead to
competitive behaviour among them resulting
to unethical practices considering the fact that
they have direct influence on construction
projects (Aigbavboa et al., 2016). In the
Nigerian construction industry, construction
professionals, according to Olatunji et al.
(2016) and Oyewobi et al. (2011) get
entangled in unethical practices due to the
challenging economic situation of the
country exposing them to the temptation of
being involved in unethical practices to make
ends meet.
This research is aimed at identifying the most
prevalent unethical practices among
construction professionals within the
construction industry and the suitable
measures adopted to curb them based on
existing literature. This is with the view to
identify measures that can be adopted to curb
unethical practices among construction
professionals in the Nigerian construction
industry in subsequent research. The dearth
of research on measures that can curb
unethical practices within the Nigerian
construction industry makes this study
important.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Unethical Practices
Unethical practices in extant studies like Vee
& Skitmore (2003), Zou (2006), CIOB
Kaduna State University Environmental Science Journal (KESJ) vol. 1 Issue 1
32
(2013), Stansbury & Stansbury (2018) is
portrayed as corruption within the
construction industry. Their occurrence cut
across all countries and no construction
project is immune to unethical practices
(Stansbury & Stansbury, 2018). Unethical
practices reportedly takes place at all stages
of construction projects – planning and
design, pre-qualification and tender, project
execution, operation and maintenance with
lasting and detrimental effects (Stansbury &
Stansbury, 2018; CIOB, 2013; Adnan et al.,
2012; Oyewobi et al., 2011; CIOB, 2008).
However, extant studies like Ameh (2018)
reported that contractor pre-qualification,
tendering procedure and award of contract
are the construction project stages most prone
to unethical practices.
Extant studies revealed that unethical
practices exist in the construction industry for
several reasons. According to Aigbavboa et
al. (2016), the prevalence of unethical
practices within the construction industry is
due to greed, favouritism, political influence,
and monopoly of bigger companies over
smaller and emerging companies and
pressure to meet unrealistic company
objectives and deadlines. While Shah &
Alotaibi (2017) opined that unethical
practices exist in the industry due to conflict
of interest among the various professionals
and stakeholders. CIOB (2013) also reported
cultural practices and the economic climate
as the reason for unethical practices within
the construction industry. Meanwhile, Auoad
(2018) posited that unethical practices exist
in the industry due to nepotism and self-
interests. From a different perspective,
Usman et al. (2012) in a study on unethical
practices in the Nigerian construction
industry opined that the absence of
punishment for corruption is the major cause
of unethical practices.
Effect of Unethical Practices
It is noteworthy that no extant study on
unethical practices within the construction
industry reported any merit associated with
unethical practices rather; they all reported its
negative impact on the industry. Generally,
unethical practices have lasting impact
detrimental to the construction industry
(Akpomiemie, Adedokun & Aje, 2018). For
instance, Maseko (2017) reported that
unethical practices give the industry a bad
reputation; while Aigbavboa et al. (2016) and
Olatunji et al. (2016) further opined that
unethical practices affects the economic
development of countries and their human
resources. Olatunji et al. (2016) also reported
that unethical practices distorts the entire
construction process, hinder free play of
market forces, and even discourages
investors from investing in the construction
industry. Other effects of unethical practices
reported by Akinrata et al. (2019) and
Aigbavboa et al. (2016) includes poor quality
infrastructure, reduction in building lifespan,
low productivity/efficiency by project team,
clients’ dissatisfaction, conflicts between
stakeholders and loss of public trust.
Meanwhile, Akpomiemie et al. (2018) also
reported wasted tender expenses, tendering
uncertainty, increased project costs,
economic damage, blackmail, criminal
prosecutions, fines, blacklisting and
reputational risks as effects of unethical
practices. Unethical practices also leads to
loss of income by clients and governments,
continuous insecure practices that risks lives
and properties, needless and baseless
expenditures raising poverty levels and
reducing quality of life (Shah & Alotaibi,
2017). According to Stansbury & Stansbury
(2018), unethical practices could also costs
ethical organizations and professionals their
jobs to those willing to indulge in unethical
practices. Furthermore, unethical practices
makes completed construction projects
vulnerable to frequent maintenance work
Kaduna State University Environmental Science Journal (KESJ) vol. 1 Issue 1
33
due; whilst causing delays and cost overruns
as well (Inuwa et al., 2015).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research papers on ethics, unethical practices
and measures to curb unethical practices were
searched using GOOGLE SCHOLAR search
engine, with outputs restricted to English and
construction-related articles. Google Scholar
was used as it provided the option to assess
free published articles online. The articles
retrieved were critically reviewed, and most
prevalent unethical practices within the
construction industry and measures to curb
unethical practices were identified. The
figure below depicts the research design for
the study.
Figure 1: Research Design
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Prevalent Unethical Practices within the
Construction Industry
The desktop review of articles reveals that
there are several unethical practices within
the construction industry. However,
prevalent unethical practices vary within the
industry from country to country. From the
articles reviewed, 23 prevalent unethical
practices within the construction industry
were reported and the numbers of occurrence
were recorded for each prevalent unethical
practice. As depicted in the table below, the
five most prevalent unethical practices were
bribery, collusive tendering, bid cutting,
conflict of interest and fraud.
Table 1 Prevalent Unethical Practice within the Construction Industry
S/N
Prevalent Unethical
Practices
Freq.
Source
1
Cover pricing
2
Adnan et al. (2012), Bowen et al. (2012)
2
Bid cutting
5
Lee & Cullen (2018), Shah & Alotaibi (2017),
Kang et al. (2017), Adnan et al. (2012), Abdul-
Rahman et al. (2010)
3
Poor documentation
1
Adnan et al. (2012)
Google Scholar Search:
“Ethics in construction industry”
“Unethical practices in construction
industry”
“Measures to curb unethical practices
in the construction industry”
Confine articles to English Language and
construction related
Critical reviews of the articles
Measures to curb unethical practices
Prevalent unethical practices
Kaduna State University Environmental Science Journal (KESJ) vol. 1 Issue 1
34
4
Late and poor payment
1
Adnan et al. (2012)
5
Subcontractors' lack of
safety ethics
1
Adnan et al. (2012)
6
unfair treatment of
contractors in tender/final
account negotiations
1
Adnan et al. (2012)
7
Illegal award of tenders
1
Aigbavboa et al. (2016)
8
falsification of experience
and qualifications
2
Aigbavboa et al. (2016), Adnan et al. (2012)
9
Capital flight
1
Oyewobi et al. (2011)
10
Government policy
1
Adnan et al. (2012)
11
Conflict of interest
5
Shah & Alotaibi (2017), Ameyaw et al. (2017),
Adnan et al. (2012), Bowen et al. (2012), Vee
& Skitmore (2003)
12
Collusive tendering
8
Ibrahim et al. (2019), Lee & Cullen (2018),
Ameyaw et al. (2017), Aigbavboa et al. (2016),
Adnan et al. (2012), Bowen et al. (2012),
Stansbury & Stansbury (2005), Vee & Skitmore
(2003)
13
Bribery
9
Lee &Cullen (2018), Shah &Alotaibi (2017),
Kang et al. (2017), Ameyaw et al. (2017),
Aigbavboa et al. (2016), Oyewobi et al. (2011),
Abdul-Rahman et al. (2010), Stansbury &
Stansbury (2005), Vee & Skitmore (2003)
14
Corruption
2
Ibrahim et al. (2019), Abdul-Rahman et al.
(2010)
15
Fraud
4
Ameyaw et al. (2017), Aigbavboa et al. (2016),
Stansbury & Stansbury (2005), Vee & Skitmore
(2003)
16
Deception
1
Stansbury & Stansbury (2005)
17
Unfair conduct
2
Ibrahim et al. (2019), Vee & Skitmore (2003)
18
Negligence
3
Ibrahim et al. (2019), Abdul-Rahman et al.
(2010), Vee & Skitmore (2003)
19
Favouritism
1
Ibrahim et al. (2019)
20
Confidentiality and
propriety breach
1
Vee & Skitmore (2003)
21
Kickbacks (Extortion)
2
Ameyaw et al. (2017), Bowen et al. (2012)
22
Violation of environmental
ethics
3
Ibrahim et al. (2019), Oyewobi et al. (2011),
Vee & Skitmore (2003)
23
Gifts
1
Shah & Alotaibi (2017)
Source: Author’s Compilation
Kaduna State University Environmental Science Journal (KESJ) vol. 1 Issue 1
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Curbing Unethical Practices
Although a difficult venture fraught with
challenges, unethical practices according to
Stansbury & Stansbury (2018) can be
prevented within the construction industry.
One of such challenge is the lack of
information on unethical practices across
several construction industries making it
difficult to assess and address its prevalence
(CIOB, 2013).
Literature reviewed on ethics and unethical
practices within the construction industry
revealed that some studies proffered
numerous measures on how to curb unethical
practices within the industry. These measures
are responsibility-based in nature;
responsibilities on the part of construction
industry stakeholders and regulatory bodies.
In curbing unethical practices among
construction professionals, all hands
(including that of leaders of government,
professional institutions, contractors,
consultants and all organizations) must be on
deck (Stansbury & Stansbury, 2018).
Governments’ role in curbing unethical
practices: the role of leaders of government
according to Stansbury & Stansbury (2018) is
to lead by example, have zero-tolerance
policy on unethical practices, refuse to
participate in any unethical practice, have
transparency policy regarding public sector
projects, and implementation of preventive
measures against unethical practices.
According to CIOB (2008), Government of
nations need to be dogged in curbing
unethical practices considering the huge
amount spent annually on government
procurement worldwide. Although CIOB
(2013) reported that governments are not
doing enough to curb unethical practices.
Professionals’ role in curbing unethical
practices: curbing unethical practices
amongst construction professionals is a
difficult task (Vee & Skitmore, 2003). Aouad
(2018) and Akinrata & Ogungbile (2018)
both opined that professionals (especially the
leaders) need to lead by example in order to
achieve high ethics and standards within the
construction industry. While Inuwa et al.
(2015) suggested adherence to professional
ethics, and transparency and professional
accountability among professionals in order
to curb unethical practices. However,
Aigbavboa et al. (2016) and Chilipunde &
Kaima (2015) reported that most construction
professionals hardly adhere to their code of
ethics. In Nigeria, Akpomiemie et al. (2018)
recommended the development of an ethical
compliance culture by professional bodies
among professionals to enhance ethical
conduct.
Professional institutions’ role in curbing
unethical practices: Professional
bodies/institutions have a great role in
curbing unethical practices. They are saddled
with the responsibility of dictating how
members behave ethically through their code
of ethics (Adnan et al., 2012). Professional
bodies play the role of enhancing
construction professionals’ integrity and
respectability as they practice their trade
(Blythe, 2018; Vee & Skitmore, 2003). In
curbing unethical practices, Stansbury &
Stansbury (2018), Ameh & Odusami (2010)
and Vee & Skitmore (2003) suggested the
implementation of ethical guidelines and
policies by professional bodies via technical
sessions and public lectures about the costs
and risks of unethical practices. While
Olatunji (2007) recommended consistent
training and retraining of professionals on
current trends in ethical issues, and record
keeping of members’ ethical issues by
professional bodies for future reference.
Oyewobi et al. (2011) further opined that
laws be enacted to strengthen professional
institutions to punish erring construction
professionals. However, Olatunji (2007)
further reported that these recommendations
are only feasible where professional bodies
Kaduna State University Environmental Science Journal (KESJ) vol. 1 Issue 1
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do not deliberately cover up unethical
practices to increase membership as is
obtainable in most developing countries.
Construction organizations’ role in curbing
unethical practices: Stansbury & Stansbury
(2018) opined that stakeholders like
companies, governments, project owners and
funders need to develop a zero-tolerance
policy on unethical practices, refuse to
participate in any unethical practice, and set
up organizational controls to prevent
unethical practices. Furthermore, Ameh &
Odusami (2010) recommended prompt and
adequate remuneration for services rendered
by construction professionals to eliminate the
temptation to participate in unethical
practices. Zou (2006) recommended three
strategies to organizations to prevent
unethical practices - develop honest and
ethical construction cultures, institute
random and regular checks of officials
involved in construction projects, and
supervise processes and work over project
life cycle.
The general measures for curbing unethical
measure according to Adeniyi et al. (2018),
Shah & Alotaibi (2017), Aigbavboa et al.
(2016), Chilipunde &Kaima (2015) and
Oyewobi et al. (2011) are:
Transparency
Whistleblower protection
Reducing incentives for corruption
Taking action on ethical violation
Legislative laws spelling out
punishments for unethical practices
Reviewing, monitoring and reporting
unethical behaviour
Development of honest and ethical
construction culture
Establishment of annual ethics
training for employees and employers
Punish offenders / rigorous
prosecution
Initiation of constant and random
ethics checks
Constant supervision of ethics
Verbally promote ethical
environment
Good whistle-blowing mechanism
Avoid conflicts of interest by
managing projects under a single
authority
Increase employees benefits
Banning erring professionals
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the aim of this study is to
identify the most prevalent unethical
practices among construction within the
construction industry and the suitable
measures adopted to curb them. The study
found that unethical practices are not limited
to certain countries but cuts across several
countries globally. Findings of the study also
revealed that the most prevalent unethical
practices are bribery, collusive tendering, bid
cutting, conflict of interest and fraud. The
study found that even though unethical
practices are difficult to contain, they can be
prevented when the right measures are put in
place. The role of construction industry
stakeholders in preventing unethical
practices within the construction industry
according to the findings of this study is very
crucial. Some of the outstanding measures
found to curb unethical practices include
Governments, construction professionals and
construction organizations leading by
examples, a zero-tolerance policy for
unethical practices among stakeholders, and
ethics implementation and training/retraining
of professionals about ethics by professional
bodies. Finally, the study found that there is
a dearth of research on measures to curb
unethical practices in the construction
industry of some developing countries like
Nigeria.
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Economic Development Research
and Investment, 3(2), 124-129.
Vee, C. and Skitmore, R. (2003).
Professional ethics in the
construction industry. Engineering
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Zou, P. (2006). Strategies for Minimizing
Corruption in the Construction
Industry in China. Journal of
Construction in Developing
Countries , 11(2), 15-29.