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Coffee and Hereditary Hair Loss The End of The Story

Authors:

Abstract

Background: Study of the historical information and finds showed few presents of today's bald head „AGA“. The deeper we look in the past the less it appears to be present. We've noticed a link between the historic coffee spread and the baldness spread. Countries in east asia have been showing increasing in the baldness prevalence since coffee imports. Methods: We conducted a two stage study. In the first stage we conducted a survey on 1466 People. We divided them in two groups, with and without relevant bald areas. In the second stage we conducted an experimental study on 320 experimentees with hair loss and bald areas. Thus we divided them in 4 groups and tested the coffee effect with and without exposure. Results: A significant common denominator among the people with relevant bald areas in the survey at stage 1 was exposure to coffee. In stage 2 groups protected from coffee exposure including protection from volatile coffee compounds shows a significant new hair growth and a significant decline of the bald areas and compeletly stop of the hair loss. Conclusions: The hair loss according to Norwood-Hamilton pattern occurs on the effect of coffee or coffee compounds in the first line.
Coffee & Hereditary Hair Loss
Alopecia Androgenetica
New study and new insight
Current theories are questioned
The end of the era Hereditary Hair Loss
Author: Dr. Ramzi Abumuaileq , Palestinian Ministry of Health
Graduation: M.D. University of Cologne / Germany
Worked at: University Hospital Zurich / Swizerland
Total research time: 2009-2019
Contact information
E-Mail: dr.r.abumuaileq@outlook.de
Telefon: 00970599693180
00970592530094
Adress: Deir Al Balah / Gaza / Palestine
Word count: 1702
Figures and tables: 5
1
Abstract
Background: Study of the historical information and finds showed few presents of today's bald head
„AGA“. The deeper we look in the past the less it appears to be present.
We've noticed a link between the historic coffee spread and the baldness spread. Countries in east
asia have been showing increasing in the baldness prevalence since coffee imports.
Methods: We conducted a two stage study. In the first stage we conducted a survey on 1466 People.
We divided them in two groups, with and without relevant bald areas.
In the second stage we conducted an experimental study on 320 experimentees with hair loss and
bald areas. Thus we divided them in 4 groups and tested the coffee effect with and without
exposure.
Results: A significant common denominator among the people with relevant bald areas in the survey
at stage 1 was exposure to coffee.
In stage 2 groups protected from coffee exposure including protection from volatile coffee
compounds shows a significant new hair growth and a significant decline of the bald areas and
compeletly stop of the hair loss.
Conclusions: The hair loss according to Norwood-Hamilton pattern occurs on the effect of coffee or
coffee compounds in the first line.
Introduction
The baldness according to Norwood-Hamilton pattern „AGA“ is a plague of humanity since many
centuries. It hits millions of people in an upward trend, doctors, poets, thinkers, popes, kings,
presidents and well-known personalities. And the cause is not finally clarified. There are to much
assumptions and superstitions. Currently, in some region, Turkey as example the rate of bald heads
there reaches over 67.1% of men in average and reaches over 90% in men over 70 years old1. In India
the rate of bald heads reaches 58% of men under 50 years old2, and the prevalence increases with
age. According to Hamilton's study in 1951 the prevalenz of AGA reaches approximately 50% in men
at the age of 50. Recently according to the American Hair Loss Association by the age of 50
approximately 85% of men will have significant hair thinning. The observation in the last decads
shows even an increase in regions traditionally known for high rates of balding. Other regions with so
far lower rates are currently showing rising rates, following this trend3. The research shows that the
trend of balding had its origin around and after the 12th century, mainly in the mediterranean area.
However, it began to expand between the 15th and 16th century and later became an omnipresent
problem. We can observe this happening by increased mention in the literature as well as sculptures
originating from this time, but also the newly created wigs culture of the 17 century. The old history
shows that this phenomenon in its current known form was not a trendy or less present. As we have
seen it through sculptures and finds of earlier times, particularly in sculptures and finds of
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, but even in the original Roman and Greek finds unlike some copies
after the 14th century. The clear trend was to see a full head of hair until old age and even without
relevant receding hairline.
2
Now, what has changed in the last few centuries? What came new in the world? Has the genetics of
humans changed or was the Dihydrotestosterone "DHT" what is the body's own at one time on
certain hair follicles without the others incompatible?
Much more coffee is the new thing in the world, it's the new healer. We noticed that the coffee
culture and baldness spread at the same time around 12th to 16th century and conquered the entire
Mediterranean area. In the same context, until yet this region shows so far the highest values of
baldness in the world.
At the same period of time, the Kippah has spread among Jews, the Taqiyah among Muslims and the
Zucchetto among Christians. And so this became after that the culture of each group. Later in the
17th century we saw the wig among the Europeans7-11.
The historical research shows the same common course of coffee spreading and the well-known
rituals of hiding the bald spot.
The evolution of the examined values over the time line, in percent for the respective groups
The baldness phenomenon become later so firmly anchored in people's consciousness that they saw
it as a natural phenomenon. They probably thought this had been everytime like that, and it
appeared repeatedly in the history books and works like something very normal. To date, scientists
are searching in genetics for guilty, but without success.
This is not the only aspect that we observed, the evidence has increased enormously that we would
have to scientifically check whether coffee has an effect on balding or not. See additional information
and discussion.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-3000 -1500 -500 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2019 2100
Coffee spreading
Baldness
Taqyah
Kippah
Zucchetto
Wigs & other means
Chart 1: Shows the relation between coffee spreading and baldness or the means against over the time line
Data according to the references 4-11
3
Study
We conducted a two stage study. In the first stage, we asked 1466 male subjects between the ages of
22 and 45 about their lifestyle and circumstances, and we asked particularly three questions as
shown below. Among those were 716 persons with clearly visible bald areas and 750 persons with no
relevant bald areas. In the second stage we performed an experiment with 320 subjects.
People with alopecia areata, a. universalis or patients under the influence of chemotherapy were
excluded. Because we wanted to investigate exactly the cause of hereditary hair loss and not the
other forms of hair loss. So the patient must have a bald head that can be classified according to the
Norwood-Hamliton pattern and the hair loss must be in the crown area.
Methods
Stage 1
1466 people were interviewed and divided into two groups. First group counts 716 people
who had bald areas. The second group counts 750 people without relevant bald areas.
Both groups 1&2 were asked the same questions as follows:
1- Do you drink coffee daily or are you exposed to coffee flavor every day?
2- Do you occasionally drink coffee or are you occasionally exposed to coffee flavor?
3- Do you rarely drink coffee or are you rarely exposed to coffee flavor?
Respondents could answer these 3 questions with yes or no.
Stage 2
320 male subjects with hair loss problems participated in the experiment, they were between the
ages of 19 and 40. They were selected according to their degree of baldness and divided into two
main groups. The first group included persons with visible bald areas, there were 280 subjects. The
second group included persons with hair loss without visible bald areas, there were 40 subjects
between the ages of 19 and 27 years.
First group was divided into two subgroups of 140 persons each, group 1 A and group 1 B.
Group 1 A was asked to give up coffee completely, but also coffee flavor should be avoided.
Group 1 B was asked to eat healthily but continue to drink coffee as usual.
Second group was divided into two subgroups of 20 people each. Group 2 A and Group 2 B.
Group 2 A was asked to give up coffee completely, but also coffee flavor should be avoided.
4
Group 2 B was asked to drink more coffee. At least 3 cups spread throughout the day.
We did monthly image checks. And each time we asked the participants how they felt about it and
how they kept to the commandment.
Outcomes
Stage 1
From group 1 people with bald areas have 620 people answered the question - Do you drink
coffee daily or are you exposed to coffee flavor daily? - with yes. From group 2 people without
relevant bald areas“ have 80 people answered the same question with yes.
To the second question - Do you occasionally drink coffee or are you occasionally exposed to coffee
flavor? - answered 90 from group 1 with yes and 300 from group 2 with yes.
To the third question - Do you rarely drink coffee or are you rarely exposed to coffee flavor? -
answered only 6 from group 1 with yes and 370 from group 2 with yes.
In chart 2 & 3, the relation between coffee exposure and baldness is clearly visible in the 1466 people survey.
Group 1
1. Daily coffee exposed
2. Occasionally coffee exposed
3. Rarely coffee exposed
Chart 2: Shows that the most bald people have a coffe exposure, in 87% daily and in 12% occasionally.
5
Stage 2
21 subjects in group 1 A "which was asked to keep away from coffee" have abandoned the attempt.
119 continued with for at least 3 months. In 108 subjects, we could see new hair growth and a
decline of bald areas after 3 months at the latest. In subjects with hair loss, this has completely
stopped within the first month. 10 subjects showed stable conditions. The younger the subject was
the stronger the decline of baldness. Another part of the subjects we could track over a longer period
than 3 months. We found a period of 6 months is better to document a clear difference for before
and after.
11 subjects in group 1 B "which was asked to continue with coffee as usual" have abandoned the
attempt. The experiment continued with 129 subjects. After 3 months, 69 subjects showed
worsening. 59 subjects showed stable conditions. No relevant improvement was recorded.
3 subjects in group 2 A "which was asked to keep away from coffee" have canceled the experiment.
17 subjects participated in the experiment for 8 weeks. In 16 subjects hair loss has stopped
completely.
4 subjects in group 2 B "which was asked to drink more coffee" have canceled the experiment. 16
subjects participated for 8 weeks. In 14 subjects, we could see a significant deterioration. 2 subjects
showed stable conditions. No improvement was noted.
The 40 subjects in group 2 were individuals who showed initial hair loss, thus showing sensitivity to
coffee. This has increased with the increase in coffee quantity and have improved a lot when they
leave it out.
Chart 3: Shows that people without bald areas in average have less coffe exposure than people with bald areas.
6
In chart 4 the coffee effect on progression of baldness or decline can be seen very well.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Group 1 A Group 1 B Group 2 A Group 2 B
Stable conditions
Deterioration
Improvement
Canceled
Chart 4: Shows coffee effect on all groups
7
Our assessment shows that people show a different sensitivity to coffee compounds, where the
hereditary component plays a role „sensitivity to coffee compounds. Tissue anatomy and
metabolism vary depending on the genetic. Approximately 40% of men react to coffee compounds
with hair loss and baldness within 1-10 years. Another 40% react delayed and get a visible bald head
after 10 to 30 years or more. The remaining 20% are not sensitive or less sensitive. And here's the
difficulty, why no one could find the cause of hair loss until now. It is up to the 20% who are not
sensitive. They have camouflaged this effect.
We can summarize the following: Not every coffee drinker is bald but almost every bald head
according to Norwood-Hamliton pattern is exposed in a way to coffee compounds.
Conclusions:
The hair loss according to Norwood-Hamilton pattern occurs on the effect of coffee or coffee
compounds in the first line. Hereditary is only the degree of sensitivity of individuals on coffee
compounds. Some individuals respond in very short time to very small amounts and some take much
longer time and need larger amounts.
Abbreviations:
AGA: Alopecia androgenetica
ANH: Alopecia according to Norwood-Hamilton
Acknowledgment: I confirm that I have not received any funds from any side. I have been
following and completing this work myself.
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8
Additional information and discussion:
Currently the coffee effect can be observed clearly on tea cultures in east asia as they since decades
gradually evolve into coffee cultures. Japan and South Korea but also China are good examples. They
have been showing lower levels of bald heads than the Mediterranean and Europian until recently,
but they have been catching up lately.
A chart example of Japan. Here it is clear to see the relation between increasing coffee consumption and
increasing number of bald people. Similar increase in both values in many asian countries.
We can also observe the same developments in South Korea. Since the beginning of the 20th
century, South Korea has gradually developed into coffee culture, while the last 30 years have been
the culmination of this development12-14. To notice is too, that in 20 years trend between 1990-2010
the number of the AGA under the alopecia patient is nearly doubled from 38.9% to 76.7% 3&15.
The next chart shows the relation between coffee consumption and AGA prevalence among alopecia
patients between 1990-2010. This also indicate an increase in the general AGA prevalence among the
korean population.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1,7 kg per capita
1982/83
3,2 kg per capita
2003/04
Coffee consumption and prevalence of baldness in Japan
1982-2004
Baldness
Chart 5: Shows the relation between coffee consumption and the prevalence of baldness in the case of Japan
Data according to All Japan Coffee Association & a survey conducted by Aderans Co.Ltd Japan
9
If we compare the data from the Chung-Ang University Hospital in Seoul between 1990 to 1993 and 2007 to
2010. Then we would see a significant progression in baldness among Koreans. Within 4 years between the
years 1990-1993, 286 male patients with AGA visited "The Department of Dermatology" at Chung-Ang
University Hospital. In the same 4 years period 17 years later between 2007 and 2010, 701 male patients with
AGA visited the same hospital for treatment. So we have an increase in incidence of 145% within 17 years. So
we estimate that the prevalence of AGA among Korean men 1990 and bevor would have to be around 10% or
below. 2010 the prevalance of AGA reaches over 20% and the trend is increasing so that we expect it will reach
over 30% in the next survey if the coffee trend continues. The age of AGA onset is also gradually decreased
from 34.1±10.1 years 2006 to 31.6±10.9 years 20103.
Between 1997-1999, the prevalence of baldness among Korean men was 14.1%, thus about 6.4 million korean
men until 2000 were affected16, in 2010 this nummber increased to about 10 million men with a prevalence
Increases to about 20-22% and the number is constantly increasing 17&18.
Interestingly, similar consumption of coffee quantity in Japan and South Korea shows closer "AGA" prevalence
numbers.
With consumption of 1.7 kg of coffee per capita in the years 1982/83 in Japan, the AGA prevalence there was
15.6% and with consumption of 1.4 kg of coffee per capita in the year 1999 in South Korea, the AGA prevalence
was 14.1% there. The numbers have continued to rise and the prevalence is rising and getting closer and closer.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1,17 kg per capita
1990
2,63 kg per capita
2010
Coffee consumption and prevalence of AGA among
alopecia patients in South Korea 1990-2010
AGA Baldness among alopecia
patients
Chart 6: Shows the relation between the increase of coffee consumption and the increase of AGA among alopecia patients
Data according to the international coffee organization (ico) and Chung-Ang University hospital in Seoul.
10
5
0,00%
1,00%
2,00%
3,00%
4,00%
5,00%
6,00%
Both are growing at a CAGR of 5.5%
Global alopecia market
Global coffee market
This comparison shows how similar coffee quantity show similar baldness prevalence compared Japan to South
Korea.
This shows also a 2% increased sensitivity to coffee of the Koreans as the Japanese, otherwise it is only due to
the accuracy of the data. Calculated as follows: 1.4/(1.4+1.7)x100 = 45% this number meets 47% baldness
prevalence equivalent, it shows increase in 2%.
The global trade statistics for the next few years also show clearly the relation between the two values
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Prevalence of baldness
1.4 kg coffee consumption per
capita in South Korea 1999
1.7 kg coffee consumption per
capita in Japan 1982
Chart 8: Shows the relation between the global coffee market and the global alopecia market for the next few years
Data according to Mordor Intelligence & Inkwoodresearch 19&20
Chart 7: Compare the coffee quantity and the baldness prevalence in comparison between Japan and South Korea
According to the data above
11
The current flood of studies on the very healthy effect of coffee „caffeine“ is encouraging more and
more people to become coffee drinkers and this boosts the hair loss effect very clearly.
Could coffee be that harmful? let us make a look deeper into the coffee compounds.
Coffee under the magnifying glass.
Coffee does not just contain caffeine, we think further than just looking at studies on caffeine.
Dissolved active substances as well as volatile active substances are in our focus.
The coffee aroma contains many bioactive compounds, there are far more than 1000 compounds. In
the picture below is a result of an analysis of the coffee aroma with the Gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry "GC-MS". Here you could see the immense density of chemical compounds. Among
them are proven harmful compounds.
To read the GC-MS analysis, proceed as shown in Picture 3.
Picture 3: It shows how to proceed with the GC-MS analysis
Picture 2: GC-MS analysis of coffee compounds
12
We take only two compounds as an example of the harmful effect.
Carbon disulfide:
Carbon disulfide is good fat-soluble, it is easily absorbed through the lungs and skin. Prolonged exposure leads
to symptoms of intoxication:
Coronary heart disease, retinal angiopathy, color discrimination, effects on peripheral nerves,
psychophysiological effects, morphological and other central nervous system (CNS) effects, and fertility and
hormonal effects. Decreased libido and or impotence among males occupationally exposed to high
concentrations of carbon disulfide.
Menstrual disorders are more frequent than in the case of the healthy women, the average menopausal age is
statistically earlier, and complex disturbances in neurohormonal system including diminished secretion of
estrogens and progesterone in ovaries and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the adrenal gland.
DNA damage in human buccal cells of workers occupationally long-term exposed to carbon disulfide was
monitored with comet assay, and the possibility of DNA damage was significantly higher in exposure group
than that in control group. In human sperm exposed to carbon disulfide in vitro, there was a significant
increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and in the frequency of chromosomal breaks. DNA
damage in mice sperm was detected. In experimental animals, carbon disulfide is embryotoxic and fetotoxic at
high concentrations and is teratogenic at exposure levels toxic to the dam. Reduced hatching and
developmental effects, particularly notochord deformities, were observed in the frog Microhyla ornata
exposed to carbon disulfide.
Neurological effects such as hind-limb motor difficulties, reduced nerve conduction velocity, and degeneration
of nerve fibers were seen in rats exposed to 700 ppm of carbon disulfide for 5 hours a day, 5 days a week, for
12 weeks. Other behavioral effects in rats included decreased responsiveness to a visual stimulus and mild
tremors, reactivity in response to handling was increased, and excitability in the open field was decreased.24-25
Cresol:
Cresols is good fat-soluble, it is easily absorbed through the lungs and skin. Cresol can be perceived as odorous
even in concentrations of a few micrograms per cubic meter of air. Contaminated open mucous membranes
(oral cavity, nose, anus) they go directly into the blood, where they are rapidly distributed in the body and lead
to multiple protein damage to the internal organs.
Poisoning causes quite unspecific symptoms. Signs of chronic poisoning include headache, cough and nausea,
loss of appetite, and dullness and insomnia. Acute poisoning with kidney damage and central nervous system
disorders such as seizures, unconsciousness and respiratory paralysis can be the result. Cresols are considered
carcinogenic.
Phenols and especially cresols have a strong protein decomposition. Because they are highly corrosive, they
cause acute skin damage on contact with the skin, destroy the protein of the skin cells and overcome the
protective mechanism of the skin, which is slightly acidic, almost immediately.
In mice exposed to a mixture of o-cresol aerosol and vapor 2 hr/day, 6 days/week for 1 month no mortality was
recorded. Clinical signs of toxicity during the daily exposure periods were limited to signs of respiratory
13
irritation at the start of the exposure, followed by a period of hypoactivity lasting until the end of the exposure.
Microscopic examination revealed signs of irritation in the respiratory tract. Other lesions included
degeneration of heart muscle, liver, kidney and nerve cells and glial elements of the central nervous system.
Hair depigmentation and microscopic effects on hair and skin biopsies. Repeats rough coat in experimental
animals.
Without immediate initiation of countermeasures, cresols can have a life-threatening effect even in small
quantities.26-27
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discussion:
As we have shown above, coffee is the cause of the development and spreading of hair loss and
baldness ANH. Other hair loss forms such as alopecia areata were not considered here.
How does the coffee effect come about and why does it mainly affect the crown?
Possibly, in the coffee or in the coffee aroma volatile compounds with a light density accumulate
there at the highest point and remain trapped in a way and trigger an inflammatory reaction or a
tissue-damaging effect.
Why are women less affected than men and why do women show a different reaction pattern than
men?
Men and women have different physiology and different types of hair and fat.
Possible reasons could be e.g. on physiology, tissue anatomy or the different reparative mechanisms
of the two sexes.
The reparative mechanisms in women and young people could be more effective than those of adult
men. Possibly in females the female hormone could play an effect.
Women's tissue anatomy could possibly tolerate more damage than the male.
The physiological status of the man could potentially trigger stronger or aggressive repair attempts,
resulting in repeated reactions to tissue damage. Possibly male hormone could have an effect here.
Or there are predominantly in women but also in some men a metabolic situation which makes
coffee effect more compatible. Or all the above factors play complementary roles for each other.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The theory of the determined genetics, which says hair loss ANH is a genetically determined
phenomenon, would need to be reformed. And also the theory of the androgens need to be
reformed as well.
14
Here we show a summary in picture series, which makes the topic easier to understand.
Determined genetics occurs without trigger, it begins at birth, or begins directly and could progress
as the process progresses. A phenomenon that occurs in average after at least 18 years and which
must first be triggered is not a determined genetics. However, there would be genetic susceptibility if
the trigger factor affects it, so the phenomenon then becomes visible.
To accuse the DHT as a trigger factor is not tenable for many reasons.
15
For example, DHT is present in abundant concentration in the organism before the age of 18, and
continuously decreases after the age of 40. But the hair loss usually does not occur before the age of
18, and in many people the baldness develops after the age of 40 years. Respectively for what
reasons should the hair follicles not tolerate the DHT at once? And why only the hair follicles in the
crown and not the remaining hair follicles?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our recommendation:
It is important to formulate a new definition for the above-discussed hair loss form, where it is now
quite clear that the term hereditary or hormone-induced hair loss is no longer appropriate.
We recommend treating coffee the same way as smoking. Excluding coffee from workplaces and
confined spaces would put an end to baldness at early age.
The therapy of young people with hair loss according to Hamliton-Norwood Pattern is the complete
protection from coffee and coffee compounds especially in the coffee aromas. At latest after 3
months, the first signs of improvement should be noticeable.
We appeal to the decision-maker to check whether coffee is really suitable for human consumption.
Because we found a link to certain diseases during our work. Such as hypertention, heart arrhythmia,
bowel disease, hemorrhoid, memory and impaired concentration, hand tremors, increased sweating
and seborrheic dermatitis.
16
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25- Source: HSDB
Record Name: Carbon disulfide
URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/52
Description: HSDB is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially
hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency
handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related
areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel.
26- Source: HSDB
Record Name: o-CRESOL
URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1813
Record Name: p-CRESOL
URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1814
Description: HSDB is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially
hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency
handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related
areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel.
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18
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BACKGROUND: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a patterned hair loss occurring due to systemic androgen and genetic factors. It is the most common cause of hair loss in both genders. In recent years, many studies investigating the relation between systemic diseases and androgenetic alopecia presented controversial results. OBJECTIVES: In this study we aimed to investigate the frequency of androgenetic alopecia, the presence of accompanying systemic diseases, the relation between body mass index and androgenetic alopecia severity and the association of hyperandrogenemia signs with androgenetic alopecia in patients who referred to our outpatient clinic. METHODS: Patients who referred to our clinic between October 2013 and May 2014 were included in the study. Diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia was made upon clinical findings. Presence of seborrhea and acne in both genders, and hirsutism in women, were examined. Age, gender, smoking habit and alcohol consumption, age of onset of androgenetic alopecia, family history, accompanying systemic diseases and abnormalities of menstrual cycle were recorded. RESULTS: 954 patients (535 women, 419 men) were included in the study. Androgenetic alopecia prevalence found was 67.1% in men and 23.9% in women. Androgenetic alopecia prevalence and severity were correlated with age in both genders (p=0,0001). Frequency of accompanying systemic diseases were not significantly different between patients with and without androgenetic alopecia (p=0,087), except for hypertension, which was significantly more frequent in men with androgenetic alopecia aged between 50 and 59 years. Study limitations: Despite the exclusion of other causes of alopecia, differentiation of Ludwig grade 1 AGA from telogen effluvium based on clinical features alone is difficult. CONCLUSIONS: In our study the rate of androgenetic alopecia was found to be higher than the other studies made in Asian and Caucasian populations.
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Background: There is need for an updated systematic review of associations between occupational exposures and ischaemic heart disease (IHD), using the GRADE system. Methods: Inclusion criteria: (i) publication in English in peer-reviewed journal between 1985 and 2014, (ii) quantified relationship between occupational exposure (psychosocial, organizational, physical and other ergonomic job factors) and IHD outcome, (iii) cohort studies with at least 1000 participants or comparable case-control studies with at least 50 + 50 participants, (iv) assessments of exposure and outcome at baseline as well as at follow-up and (v) gender and age analysis. Relevance and quality were assessed using predefined criteria. Level of evidence was then assessed using the GRADE system. Consistency of findings was examined for a number of confounders. Possible publication bias was discussed. Results: Ninety-six articles of high or medium high scientific quality were finally included. There was moderately strong evidence (grade 3 out of 4) for a relationship between job strain and small decision latitude on one hand and IHD incidence on the other hand. Limited evidence (grade 2) was found for iso-strain, pressing work, effort-reward imbalance, low support, lack of justice, lack of skill discretion, insecure employment, night work, long working week and noise in relation to IHD. No difference between men and women with regard to the effect of adverse job conditions on IHD incidence. Conclusions: There is scientific evidence that employees, both men and women, who report specific occupational exposures, such as low decision latitude, job strain or noise, have an increased incidence of IHD.
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Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by the local and gradual transformation of terminal scalp hair into vellus hair, which has a shorter and thinner shaft. There are no studies that analyze annual changes in age, patterns, family history, and associated disease. We investigated the severity of hair loss, age of onset, the frequency of family history, and past medical histories in Korean patients with AGA. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify all patients with AGA referred to the Dermatology Clinic at Chung-Ang University Hospital from January 2006 to December 2010. The age of onset was also gradually decreased from 34.1±10.1 years to 31.6±10.9 years between 2006 and 2010. In female patients, specific annual changes were not observed. Hamilton-Norwood Type IIIv AGA was most common in male patients and Ludwig Type I AGA was most common in female patients at all times between 2006 and 2010. The majority of patients with AGA had a family history of baldness and was most commonly associated with a paternal pattern of inheritance. Seborrheic dermatitis was the most common associated disease in male and female patients. Our results show the possibilities that the average age of onset is decreasing. The period of the present study was only 5 years, which is not sufficient for the precise determination of onset age for AGA. Clearly, a long-term study is needed.
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Male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common condition. There is limited information on its prevalence and patterns. (1). To find the prevalence and most common pattern (2). To correlate the age and pattern of alopecia. Population-based study. This is a population-based study from the public. The selection was random. The method involved was asking the age and, if found to between 30 and 50 years, the scalp was examined for alopecia and the pattern was determined using the Hamilton Norwood classification. Of 1,005 subjects, the youngest was 30 years old and the oldest 49 years old, with a mean age of 37.05 ± standard deviation 4.79. 39.2% of the subjects were in the age group of 30-35, 34.4% in the 36-40 year age group, 26.0% in the 41-45 years age group and 0.4% in the 46-50 years age group. Five hundred and eighty-three subjects (58%) had AGA, the most common type being grade II (27.27%) followed by grade I (22.12%) and grade III (21.78%). 47.5% (P = 0.003) had pattern alopecia in the 30-35 years age group, 58.7% in the 36-40 years age group (P = 0.8) and 73.2% in the 41-45 years age group (P ≤ 0.001). In the 30-35 years age group, grade I was 51.18%, grade II was 42.77% and grade VI was 18.52%. In the 41-45 years age group, grade I was 13.38%, grade III was 33.85% and grade VI was 66.67%. Fifty-eight percent of the male population aged 30-50 years had AGA. Its grade increased with increase in age. 12.9% of the male population had grades IV to VI, and would benefit from hair transplantation while 44.1% had grades I to III and are potential candidates for medical treatment.
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Coffee beans are an important worldwide merchandise and consumer good. To get the typical taste of coffee, the coffee beans has to be roasted. The roasting process depends on the kind of roasting, the roasting process and its parameters. These are especially the roasting-temperature and the roasting-time. The project aim is a better knowing about the roasting process of coffee beans. An important point of view are the changing material properties and the generation of emissions. Hereby the roasting of coffee beans can be considered better and the roasting process can be designed more efficient and environmently friendly. Coffee beans were roasted in a fluidized bed with air or steam at two different temperatures and four different gas-mass-flows. The parameters particle-humidity, particle-mass, particle-diameter, density and color, that changes while roasting coffee beans, were measured. The generated roasting-emissiones were detected too. All results are shown in the annex. The examination results were shown as mathematical functions for Santos coffee, roasted in a fluidised bed at 230 °C and 250 °C.
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There are racial differences in the prevalence and types of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). There have been several reports on the prevalence and types of AGA in the general population of caucasians, but few studies on Koreans with samples of sufficient numbers have been reported. To obtain a more precise estimate of the prevalence and types of AGA in Korean men and women and to compare the results with those in caucasians. The prevalence and types of AGA were analysed in 10,132 Koreans (5531 men and 4601 women) who had visited the Health Examination Centre at Kyung Hee University Hospital for regular health examinations between December 1997 and July 1999. To classify the degree of hair loss for each subject, the Norwood classification was used in men and the Ludwig classification in women. For AGA in men, 'female pattern' was added to the Norwood classification. In Korean men, the prevalence of AGA (Norwood III or above) at all ages was 14.1%. It increased steadily with advancing age, but was lower than that of caucasians: 2.3% in the third decade, 4.0% in the fourth decade, 10.8% in the fifth decade, 24.5% in the sixth decade, 34.3% in the seventh decade and 46.9% over 70 years. Type III vertex involvement was the most common type in the third decade to the seventh decade; over 70 years, type VI was most common. A 'female pattern' was observed in 11.1% of cases. In Korean women, the prevalence of AGA (Ludwig I or above) at all ages was 5.6%. It also increased steadily with advancing age: 0.2% in the third decade, 2.3% in the fourth decade, 3.8% in the fifth decade, 7.4% in the sixth decade, 11.7% in the seventh decade and 24.7% over 70 years. Grade I was the most common type up to the sixth decade; over 60 years, grade I and II were similar in prevalence. Grade III (total baldness) was not observed. A family history of baldness was present in 48.5% of men and 45.2% of women with AGA. The prevalence of AGA in Korean men and women was lower than that in caucasians, as recorded in the literature. Korean men tend to have more frontal hairline preservation and show a more 'female pattern' of hair thinning than caucasians. Therefore, 'female pattern' should be added to the classification of AGA.
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